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Ghrelin

Year 2009, Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 67 - 74, 01.06.2009

Abstract

Ghrelin is an acylated polypeptide hormone secreted predominantly by endocrine X (A) cells of the stomach. It acts as a regulator for GH release, energy balance, food intake and body weight. Ghrelin is a 28- amino acid peptide with an essential fatty acid modification at 3aa. And according to this modification it termed as ‘acyl ghrelin’ or ‘des-acyl ghrelin’. The biological active one is ‘acyl ghrelin’. Ghrelin shows it’s effects by binding to it’s special receptor, GH secretagoque receptor (GHS-R). Although primarily expressed in stomach, ghrelin also determined in different tissues such as intestine, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and placenta. Ghrelin which stimulates the secretion of growth hormone, has an effective role nearly on whole tissues that has a growth ability like bone, cartilage and muscle. 

References

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Ghrelin

Year 2009, Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 67 - 74, 01.06.2009

Abstract

Ghrelin, öncelikli olarak midedeki endokrin X(A) hücreleri tarafından salgılanan polipeptid yapıda bir
hormondur. Ghrelin, büyüme hormonunun salınımı, enerji dengesi, besin alımı ve vücut ağırlığının ayarlanmasında
görev alır. 28 aminoasitten oluşan moleküler yapısında, 3. aminoasite bir yağ asidinin bağlanıp bağlanmamasına
göre açillenmiş ya da des-açil ghrelin olarak adlandırılan 2 formu bulunur. Aktif olan, yağ asidi bağlanmış,
açillenmiş formudur. Bu formdaki ghrelin etkisini özellikle kendisine özgü olan büyüme hormonu salgılatı-
cı reseptöre bağlanarak gösterir. Ghrelinin, büyük oranda sentezi midede gerçekleşmesine rağmen bağırsak, kalp,
böbrek, karaciğer, akciğer, pankreas, plasenta gibi birçok organda varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Büyüme hormonu
salgılatıcı hormonun salınımını uyaran ghrelin başta kemik, kıkırdak, kas olmak üzere vücudun büyüme yetene-
ğinde olan hemen bütün dokuları üzerinde etkin bir role sahiptir.

References

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  • Ariyasu H., Takaya K., Tagami T., Ogawa Y., Hosoda K., Akamizu T., Suda M., Koh T., Natsui K., Toyooka S., Shirakami G., Usui T., Shimatsu A., Doi K., Hosoda H., Kojima M., Kangawa K., Nakao K., 2001. Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 86, 4753- 4758.
  • Arvat E., Di Vito L., Broglio F., Papotti M., Muccioli G., Dieguez C., Casanueva FF., Deghenghi R., Camanni F., Ghigo E., 2000. Preliminary evidence that Grelin, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans. J Endocrinol Invest., 23 (8), 493-495.
  • Aydın S., Halifeoğlu I., Özercan IH., Erman F., Kılıç N., İlhan N., Ozkan Y., Akpolat N., Sert L., Çaylak E., 2005. A comparison of leptin and grelin levels in plasma and saliva of young healthy subjects. Peptides, 26, 647-652.
  • Aydın S., Özkan Y., Çaylak E., Aydın S., 2006. Ghrelin and its biochemical functions. Türkiye Klinikleri, J Med Sci., 26, 272-283.
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  • Barreiro ML., Tena-Sempere M., 2004. Ghrelin and reproduction: a novel signal linking energy status and fertility?. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 226, 1–9.
  • Bordi C., Dadda T., Azzoni C., Ferraro G., 2000. Classification of gastric endocrine cells at the light and electron microscopical levels. Microsc. Res. Techn. 48, 258–271.
  • Broglio F., Van Koetsveld P., Benso A., Gottero C., Prodam F., Papotti M., Muccioli G., Gauna C., Hofland L., Deghenghı R., Arvat E., Van Der Lely AJ., Ghigo E., 2002. Ghrelin Secretion is Inhibited by Either Somatostatin or Cortistatin in Humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87(10), 4829-4832.
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  • Cassoni P., Papotti M., Ghe C., Catapano F., Sapino A., Graziani A., Deghenghi R., Reissmann T., Ghigo E., Muccioli G., 2001. Identification, characterization, and biological activity of specific receptors for natural (ghrelin) and synthetic growth hormone secretagogues and analogs in human breast carcinomas and cell lines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 86, 1738-1745.
  • Ciampani T., Fabbri A., Isidori A., Dufau ML., 1992. Growth hormone-releasing hormone is produced by rat Leydig cell in culture and acts as a positive regulator of Leydig cell function. Endocrinology, 131, 2785–2792.
  • Clark JT., Karla PS., Crowley WR., Karla SP., 1984. Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behaviour in rats. Endocrinology, 115: 427-429.
  • Cowley MA., Smith RG., Diano S., 2003. The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNS demonstrates a novel hypothalamic cir- cuit regulating energy homeostasis. Neuron, 37, 649–661.
  • Cummings E., Purnell JQ., Frayo SR., 2001. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes, 50, 1714-1719.
  • Date Y., Kojima M., Hosoda H., Sawaguchi A., Mondal MS., Suganuma T., Matsukura S., Kangawa K., Nakazato M., 2000. Grelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans. Endocrinology, 141 (11), 4255-4261.
  • Date Y., Murakami N., Kojima M., Kuroiwa T., Matsukura S., Kangawa K., Nakazato M., 2000. Central effects of a novel acylated peptide, grelin, on growth hormone release in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 275 (2), 477-480.
  • Date Y., Murakami N., Toshinai K., Matsukura S., Niijima A., Matsuo H., Kangawa K., Nakazato M., 2002. The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in grelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats. Gastroenterology, 123 (4), 1120-1128.
  • Davis Jc., 1954. The relation between the pancreatic alpha cells and certain cells in the gastric mucosa. J Pathol Bacteriol., 67 (1), 237- 240.
  • De Ambrogi M., Volpe S., Tamanini C., 2003. Ghrelin: central and peripheral effects of a novel peptydil hormone. Med Sci Monit., 9, 217-224.
  • Dornonville De La Cour C., Lindstrom E., Norlen P., Hakanson R., 2004. Ghrelin stimulates gastric emptying but is without effect on acid secretion and gastric endocrine cells. Regul Pept.,120, 23- 32.
  • Druce M., Bloom SR., 2003. Central regulators of food intake. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 6, 361-367.
  • Dzaja A., Dalal Mac., Himmerich H., Uhr M., Pollmacher T., Schuld A., 2004. Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab., 286, 963-967.
  • Fernandez-Fernandez R., Tena-Sempere M., Aguilar E., Pinilla L., 2004. Ghrelin effects on gonadotropin secretion in male and female rats. Neuroscience Letters, 362, 103–107.
  • Furuta M., Funabashi T., Kimura F., 2001. Intracerebroventricular administration of ghrelin rapidly suppresses pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in ovariectomized rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 288, 780- 785.
  • Gaytan F., Barreiro ML., Caminos JE., Chopin LK., Herington AC., Morales C., Pinilla L., Paniagua R., Nistal M., Casanueva FF., Aguilar E., Dieguez C., Tena-Sempere M., 2004. Expression of Ghrelin and Its Functional Receptor, the Type 1a Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor, in Normal Human Testis and Testicular Tumors. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(1), 400–409.
  • Gnanapavan S., Kola B., Bustin SA., Morris DG., McGee P., Fairclough P., Bhattacharya S., Carpenter R., Grossman AB., Korbonits M. 2002. The tissue distribution of the mRNA of grelin and nsubtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans. Clin Endocrinol Metab., 87, 2988-2991.
  • Groschl M., Topf HG., Bohlender J., 2005. Identification of ghrelin in human saliva: Production by the salivary glands and potential ro- le in proliferation of oral keratinocytes. Clin Chem., 51, 997-1006.
  • Hataya Y., Akamizu T., Takaya K., Kanamoto N., Ariyasu H., Saijo M., Moriyama K., Shimatsu A., Kojima M., Kangawa K., Nakao K., 2001. A low dose of ghrelin stimulates growth hormone (GH) release synergistically with GH-releasing hormone in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 86, 552-4555.
  • Hoffmann K., 2000. A superfamily of membran- bound O_acyltransferases with implications for WNT signaling. Trends. Biochem. Sci., 25, 111- 112.
  • Kaiya H., Van Der Geyten S., Kojima M., Hosoda H., Kitajima Y., Matsumoto M., Geelissen S., Darras VM., Kangawa K., 2002. Chicken grelin: purification, cDNA cloning, and biological activity. Endocrinology, 143 (9), 3454-3463.
  • Kaiya H., Kojima M., Hosoda H., Moriyama S., Takahashi A., Kawauchi H., Kangawa K., 2003. Peptide purification, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and genomic DNA cloning, and functional characterization of grelin in rainbow trout. Endocrinology, 144 (12), 5215- 5226.
  • Karbonits M, Goldstone AP., 2004. Gueorguiev M., Grossman AB., Ghrelin-a hormone with multiple functions. Front in Neuroend., 25, 27-68.
  • Kojima M., Hosoda H., Date Y., Nakazato M., Matsuo H., Kangawa K., 1999. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature, 402, 656-660.
  • Kojima M., Hosoda H., Matsuo H., Kangawa K., 2001. Ghrelin: discovery of the natural endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Trends. Endocrinol. Metab., 12, 118–122.
  • Kojima M., Kangawa K., 2005. Ghrelin: structure and function, Physiol Rev., 85, 495-522.
  • Kress M., Guthman C., Averbeck B., Reeh PW., 1999. Calsitonin gene related peptid and prostaglandin E 2 but not substance P release induced by antidromic nevre stimulation from rat skin in vitro. Neuroscience, 89, 303 – 310.
  • Litwack G., 2008. Ghrelin, Ed: Gerald Litwack, Vol:77, Elsiver, USA, Pp: 13-25.
  • Lu D, Willard D, Patel IR, 1994. Aou protein is an antagonist of the melanocyte- stimulating- hormone receptor. Nature, 371: 799-802.
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There are 69 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tuncay İlhan This is me

Hatice Erdost This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 28 Issue: 1

Cite

APA İlhan, T., & Erdost, H. (2009). Ghrelin. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(1), 67-74.
AMA İlhan T, Erdost H. Ghrelin. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. June 2009;28(1):67-74.
Chicago İlhan, Tuncay, and Hatice Erdost. “Ghrelin”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 28, no. 1 (June 2009): 67-74.
EndNote İlhan T, Erdost H (June 1, 2009) Ghrelin. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 28 1 67–74.
IEEE T. İlhan and H. Erdost, “Ghrelin”, Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 67–74, 2009.
ISNAD İlhan, Tuncay - Erdost, Hatice. “Ghrelin”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 28/1 (June 2009), 67-74.
JAMA İlhan T, Erdost H. Ghrelin. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;28:67–74.
MLA İlhan, Tuncay and Hatice Erdost. “Ghrelin”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 28, no. 1, 2009, pp. 67-74.
Vancouver İlhan T, Erdost H. Ghrelin. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;28(1):67-74.