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Örtü Arkasından Vahiy: Metinlerarası Bir Analiz

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 1 - 13, 31.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.54122/umde.1685849

Abstract

Bu çalışma Kur’ân’daki Hz. Musa’ya verilen vahiy anlatısını eş-Şûrâ 42/51 ayetinde geçen min verāi ḥicābin ifadesi çerçevesinde, Eski Ahid’in Çıkış 34: 33-35 pasajları ile metinlerarası analiz yöntemiyle ele almaktadır. Çalışma ağırlıklı olarak Kitab-ı Mukaddes geleneğinde teofani pasajlarını merkeze almakta, ardından bu pasajları eş-Şûrâ 42/51 ayetinde geçen örtü arkasından vahiy tanımına arz etmektedir. İlgili ayete hem usul hem de tefsir geleneğinde müfessirlerin ekseriyyetle vahiy türlerini tasnif etmek üzere başvurduğu görülmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra ru’yetullâhın imkan dahilinde olmadığını belirten diğer ayet gruplarıyla birlikle eş-Şûrâ 42/51, beşer hüviyetindeki peygamberlerin ilâhi olanı doğrudan müşahede edemeyeceğini anlatmak üzere sıklıkla kendisine başvurulan ayettir. Öte yandan klasik tefsir geleneğinde ayete ilişkin ortaya koyulan yorumlar panoramik biçimde gözden geçirildiğinde ayetteki ḥicāb kelimesinin ilk On Emir’in verilişi esnasında Allah tarafından Hz. Mûsa’ya kendisi yoluyla hitap edilen ateş ile ilişkilendirildiği, böylelikle kelimenin mecaza hamledildiği görülür. Yahudi geleneğinde ise Eski Ahid’in Çıkış 34:33-35 pasajlarında aktarılan hadise, Mûsa’nın Yahve’yi çıblak gözle gördüğünün bir kanıtı olarak kabul görmüştür. İlgili pasajlarda öne çıkan unsur מַסְוֶה masveh (peçe) kelimesidir. Buna göre Hz. Mûsa Mişkan’a (toplanma çadırı) girerek Yahve ile yüz yüze konuşur ancak onun huzurundan ayrıldıktan hemen sonra, ru’yetullâhtan neş’et eden ve yüzüne yerleşen ışıldamayı kapatmak için yüzünü bir peçeyle örter, kendisine verilen emirleri İsrailoğulları’na yüzü peçeyle kapalı hâlde iletir. Bu anlatıya göre Hz. Musa Yahve ile çıplak göz ile konuşmuştur ve Eski Ahid’in metin içi kronolojisine göre bu hadise ilk On Emir’in verilişinde değil, ahidin yenilenmesi esnasında vuku bulmuştur. Bu sebeple pasajlardaki peçe motifi, Hz. Musa’nın kavmi önündeki otoritesinin yanı sıra ru’yetullahın getirdiği bir sonuç olarak tebarüz eder. Bu çalışma iki temel argümana dayanır. İlk olarak Kur’ân’ın Sina vahyine yaptığı metinlerarası göndermelerin ilk On Emir’in verilişi ve yanan çalılık teması ile sınırlı olmadığı öne sürülmektedir. eş-Şûrâ 42/51 ayetine dair esbâb-ı nüzul rivayetleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda ayetteki “örtü arkasından vahiy” ibaresi mecaza başvurulmaksızın anlaşılır hale gelir. Böylelikle Hz. Musa’ya verilen ikinci on emir esnasında Hz. Musa’nın yüzünde bulunan peçenin rolünün Kur’ân tarafından yapısöküme tabi tutulduğu sonucuna ulaşılabilir. İlgili ayet ilk on emirin verilişine değil, ahidin yenilenmesine dair pasaja yönelik bir tashih olarak anlaşılmaya elverişli görülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışma Kur’ân ile diğer kitabî gelenekler arasındaki metinlerarasılık ilişkisinin ve Kur’ân’ın diğer kitabî geleneklere yaptığı dolaylı göndermelerin metindışı kaynaklar yardımıyla daha net şekilde ortaya konabileceği öne sürülmektedir. Zira Kur’ân’ın nüzul periyodunda kendisinin çağdaşı olan ve gündelik hayatlarında Arapça konuşan ehl-i kitapla ilişkisinde; dönemin liturji dili Aramca’nın kayda değer bir yeri olsa da Kur’ân’ın kendisine özgü temalar geliştirdiği, kitâbi gelenek üzerinde kendisini bir düzeltici otorite olarak sunduğu bilinmektedir. Hicāb ve masveh kelimeleri bu konuda birer örneklemdir. Çalışmanın dayandığı bu argümanaların temellendirilmesi amacıyla ilk olarak Hz. Mûsa’ya verilen vahye dair çalışmalar içerisinde metinlerarasılık yöntemini kullanan literatür analiz edilmiştir. Ardından Eski Ahid’deki teofani pasajları ile Çıkış 34: 33-35 anlatısındaki teofani tecrübesi ve bu tecrübede Hz. Musa’nın yüzündeki peçenin yeri ele alınmıştır. Çalışma son olarak Hz. Mûsa’nın yaşadığı vahiy tecrübesi Kur’ân ve klasik tefsir eserleri bağlamında muhtasar şekilde yeniden değerlendirmiştir. Sonuç olarak Kur’ân’ın örtü arkasından vahiy tanımlamasını yaparken Hz. Mûsa’nın peçesine dair Yahudi geleneğinde geç antik çağda var olan inancı yapısöküme uğrattığı söylenebilir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.

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  • Beuken, Wim. “The Manifestation of Yahweh and the Commission of Isaiah: Isaiah 6 Read against the Background of Isaiah 1”. Calvin Theological Journal (Calvin Theological Seminary) 39/1 (2004), 72-87.
  • Boyarin, Daniel. “The Eye in the Torah: Ocular Desire in Midrashic Hermeneutic”. Critical Inquiry 16/3 (1990), 532-550.
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  • Muqātil ibn Sulaymān. al-Tafsīr. ed. ʿAbdallāh Maḥmūd Shiḥāta. 5 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1423/2002.
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  • Savran, George W. Encountering the Divine: Theophany in Biblical Narrative. London: T & T Clark international, 2005.
  • Sinai, Nicolai. The Qur’an: A Historical-Critical Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748695782
  • Sinanoğlu, Mustafa. “Eski Ahid ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Sîna Vahyi”. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 2 (1998), 1-22.
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Revelation Behind the Veil: An Intertextual Analysis

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 1 - 13, 31.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.54122/umde.1685849

Abstract

This article delineates Mosaic revelation in the Qur’ān with special focus on the prepositional phrase min warā’i ḥijābin in al-Shūrā 42/51 through an intertextual analysis method with the biblical material in Exodus 34:33-35. The analysis is primarily based on the theophanic passages in the biblical tradition which are subsequently juxtaposed with the aforementioned Qur’ānic phrase. In the exegetical tradition, the verse in question is a featured excerpt for classifying the types of revelation, a classification also traceable in classical methodological works. Amongst the other Qur’ānic verses refuting theophany, is the verse under discussion deemed a testimonial against visio Dei potential of non-celestial prophets before the Divine. When classical exegetical works revisited panoramically, however, there appears a discernable tendency to corelate vocable ḥijāb, the veil, in the verse metaphorically with the burning bush on Sinai narrative and bestowal of the first ten commandments. Conversely, in the mainstream Judaism, the outline of Mosaic narrative in Exodus 34:33-35 is deemed as a clear manifestation of revelatory theophany, setting a מַסְוֶה masveh (veil) pattern that is believed to be on Moses’ face after he left the Tabernacle. Accordingly, whenever Moses enters the Lord’s presence in the Tabernacle, he removes the veil off until he comes out to inform his folk about divine commandments –after which he covers his radiant face again with the same veil. He is believed to have seen Yahweh by naked eye. Hence, in biblical tradition, the Mosaic veil comes to the fore as Moses’ authority during the grant of second ten commandments, not the first one. The veil pattern is, par excellence, a matter of theophanic course. The main arguments of the paper are twofold. Firstly, I argue that Qur’ān’s references to Mosaic revelation are not limited to Sinaitic fire narrative and the bestowal of the first Covenant. Instead, it seems to deconstruct both the visio Dei credo and role of Mosaic veil in the Tabernacle, as described in Exodus 34:33-35, through an indirect reference to Mosaic veil in al-Shūrā 42/51. I argue that the historical context of the verse, inter alia the concurrent passages in Exodus 34:33-35, rarifies to designate a metaphorical connotation for the vocable veil and Sinaitic burning bush. Rather, it seems eligible for getting comprehended literally as a Qur’ānic deconstruction of veil’s role in the Tabernacle in due course of the second ten commandments grant, namely covenant renewal. I also enounce that, in order to appreciate the phenomena of intertextuality between the former and latter in full, para-scriptural material is of great importance as it sheds light on Qur’ān’s indirect references and deconstruction of biblical themes. While the Qur’ān occasionally applies to a dogmatic re-articulation to its preceding scriptural tradition through lingua franca of the epoch it deployed, it is not always the case for each theological verbum it embodies. Instead, Qur’ān seems to deconstruct biblical themes which were familiar to Judeo-Christian community of its time, who used to speak Arabic in everyday encounters. The semantic irrelevancy of מַסְוֶה masveh and ḥijāb are ensampled in this regard. To this end, subsequent to a critical analysis of the salient literature on the intertextuality between the Qur’ān and the Bible regarding Moses as introductory remarks, the paper revisits revelatory theophany in the Hebrew Bible and elucidates the role of Mosaic veil in due course of visio Dei in Exod. 34:33-35. It then briefly peruses Mosaic revelation through the lenses of the Qur’ān and the Muslim exegetical tradition, as well as extra- Qur’ānic material. Consequentially, it seems safe to argue that Qur’ān deconstructs the veil pattern of Judaic tradition as it existed in the sectarian milieu.

Ethical Statement

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited

References

  • Aktaş, Mehmet. “Kelâmcılar Teorileri Neden Bağdaştırır?”. Mevzu – Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Ö1 – İslami İlimler Özel Sayısı (October 2023), 429-455. https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1343580.
  • Antombikums, Aku S. “Are Religious Experiences Immediate Revelations? A Study of Pentecostal Hermeneutics”. Verbum et Ecclesia 45/1 (20 January 2024). https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v45i1.2915
  • Araz, Ömer Faruk. Yahudi Kaynaklarına Göre Hz. Musa. İstanbul: İFAV, 2022.
  • Arslantaş, Nuh. “Hz. Peygamber’in Çağdaşı Yahudilerin Sosyo-Kültürel Hayatlarına Dair Bazı Tespitler”. İSTEM 11 (2008), 9-46.
  • Barr, James. Old and New in Interpretation. Suffolk: SCM Press, 1982.
  • Beach-Verhey, Kathy. “Exodus 3:1–12”. Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology 59/2 (April 2005), 180-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/002096430505900208
  • Becker-Leckrone, Megan. Julia Kristeva and Literary Theory. England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
  • Beuken, Wim. “The Manifestation of Yahweh and the Commission of Isaiah: Isaiah 6 Read against the Background of Isaiah 1”. Calvin Theological Journal (Calvin Theological Seminary) 39/1 (2004), 72-87.
  • Boyarin, Daniel. “The Eye in the Torah: Ocular Desire in Midrashic Hermeneutic”. Critical Inquiry 16/3 (1990), 532-550.
  • Çınar, Aynur. Antik Dünyada Kutsal Ruh’un Öncüsü Külli Ruh. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2022.
  • Derrida, Jacques. Writing and Difference. trans. Alan Bass. London: Routledge, 1978.
  • Diamond, James A. Naming an Unnamable God. Oxford University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805694.003.0004
  • Dozeman, Thomas B. “Masking Moses and Mosaic Authority in Torah”. Journal of Biblical Literature 119/1 (2000).
  • El-Badawi, Emran Iqbal. The Qur’ān and the Aramaic Gospel Traditions. New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Firestone, Reuven. “The Qur’an and the Bible: Some Modern Studies of Their Relationship”. Bible and Qurʾān: Essays in Scriptural Intertextuality. 1-23. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003.
  • Geiger, Abraham. Judaism and Islam. Vepery: M.D.C.S.P.K. Press, 1898.
  • Gore-Jones, Lydia. “Torah as Wisdom in 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch”. Journal for the Study of Judaism 52/3 (23 February 2021), 388-416. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700631-BJA10005
  • Green, Bradley. “Revelation-Theophany”. The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. ed. George Thomas Kurian. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2011.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. “Yahudi Geleneğinde Vahiy ve Peygamberlik”. Vahiy ve Peygamberlik. 41-57. İstanbul: Kuramer, 2018.
  • Horovitz, Josef. Koranische Untersuchungen. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1926.
  • Hughes, Aaron. “The Stranger at the Sea: Mythopoesis in the Qur’ân and Early Tafsîr”. Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 32/3 (2003), 261-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/000842980303200302
  • Ibn Abī Ḥātim, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad al-Rāzī. Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿAẓīm. Edited by Asʿad Muḥammad al-Ṭayyib. 10 volumes. Riyadh: Maktabat Nizār Muṣṭafā al-Bāz, 1419 AH/1997 CE.
  • Kabakçı, Ersin. “Âyetler Arası Münasebet Meselesinin Tefsirlere Yansımasının Tarihî Kökenine Yönelik Bir Sorgulama: Tefsîru Mukâtil Örneği”. Tefsir Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/2 (2020), 420-442. https://doi.org/ 10.31121/tader.763761
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  • Kuntz, John Kenneth. The Self-Revelation of God. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967.
  • al-Māturīdī, Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Taʾwīlāt Ahl al-Sunnah: Tafsīr al-Māturīdī. ed. Majdī Bāsalūm. 10 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2005.
  • Meral, Yasin. “‘Senin Derdin Neydi Ey Sâmirî?’ (20/Ta-Ha:95)”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi LVIII/2 (2017), 183-192.
  • Meral, Yasin. Yahudi Kaynakları Işığında Yahudilik. İstanbul: Milel Nihal, Birinci Baskı. 2021.
  • Muqātil ibn Sulaymān. al-Tafsīr. ed. ʿAbdallāh Maḥmūd Shiḥāta. 5 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1423/2002.
  • Neuwirth, Angelika. Scripture, Poetry, and the Making of a Community: Reading the Qurʼan as a Literary Text. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2014.
  • Nieahus, Jeffrey Jay. God at Sinai: Covenant and Theophany in the Bible and Ancient Near East. Michigan: Zondervan Publishing, 1995.
  • Philpot, Joshua Matthew. The Shining Face of Moses: The Interpretation of Exodus 34:29–35 And Its Use in the Old And New Testaments. Louisville: The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2013.
  • al-Qummī, ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm. Tafsīr al-Qummī. ed. al-Sayyid Ṭayyib al-Mūsawī al-Jazāʾirī. 2 vols. Qum: Dār al-Kitāb, 1387/1967.
  • Reynolds, Gabriel Said. The Qur’an and Its Biblical Subtext. London ; New York: Routledge, 2010.
  • Reynolds, Gabriel Said. The Qur’an and the Bible: Text and Commentary. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018.
  • Robinson, H. Wheeler. Inspiration and Revelation in the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946.
  • Rooker, M.F. “Theophany”. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch. ed. T.Desmond Alexander. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2008.
  • Savran, George W. Encountering the Divine: Theophany in Biblical Narrative. London: T & T Clark international, 2005.
  • Sinai, Nicolai. The Qur’an: A Historical-Critical Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748695782
  • Sinanoğlu, Mustafa. “Eski Ahid ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Sîna Vahyi”. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 2 (1998), 1-22.
  • Sommer, Benjamin D. “Revelation at Sinai in the Hebrew Bible and in Jewish Theology”. The Journal of Religion 79/3 (1999), 422-451.
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There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tafsir
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Merve Kurt Palanci 0000-0002-0257-1830

Early Pub Date July 30, 2025
Publication Date July 31, 2025
Submission Date April 28, 2025
Acceptance Date July 14, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Kurt Palanci, Merve. “Revelation Behind the Veil: An Intertextual Analysis”. UMDE Dini Tetkikler Dergisi 8/1 (July 2025), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.54122/umde.1685849.

UMDE Dini Tetkikler Dergisi is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).