Using Google trends to predict birth methods and place: A retrospective analysis of data for Türkiye

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye'nin coğrafi bölgelerine göre doğum şekli ve yeri ile ilgili Google Trends verilerinin retrospektif analizini yapmaktır. Google Trends verileri 01 Ocak 2004 - 31 Aralık 2022 tarihleri arasında altı farklı zaman serisine göre toplanmıştır. Veriler 26 Temmuz 2021 tarihinde Türkiye'nin yedi coğrafi bölgesinden ve Türkiye genelinden “normal doğum”, “sezaryen” anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Doğum yöntemleri arasında “vajinal doğum”, “evde doğum” ve “suda doğum” yer alıyor. Türkiye, coğrafi bölgeler ve zaman serileri dikkate alınarak veri analizi yüzdeler kullanılarak yapılmış olup, çalışmanın niteliği ve verilerin açık olması nedeniyle etik izin gerekmemiştir. Tüm zaman serilerinde, Türkiye ve yedi coğrafi bölgeden seçilen örnek şehirlerde “normal doğum” arayışının popüler olduğu ancak zamanla bu popülerliğin azaldığı görüldü. Bireylerin doğum tercihi ve yeri ile ilgili Google aramaları, yaşadıkları bölgenin kültürel yapısına, kültürel etkileşime, COVİD-19 salgını sırasındaki sağlık politikalarına, sosyoekonomik durumuna, COVİD-19 kısıtlamalarına, COVİD-19 korkusuna ve sağlık hizmetlerine erişime bağlı olarak farklılık gösterebilmektedir.

Keywords

• Google Trendler
• Doğum
• Doğum yöntemleri
• İnternet aramaları

Using Google trends to predict birth methods and place: A retrospective analysis of data for Türkiye

Abstract

The aim of this research was to make a retrospective analysis of the Google Trends data related to birth methods and place according to the geographical regions of Turkey. The Google Trends data were collected according to six different time series between 01 Jan 2004 - 31 Dec 2022. The data were collected on 26 Jul 2021 from the seven geographical regions of Turkey and across Turkey using the keywords “normal birth”, “cesarean section”, “vaginal birth”, “home birth”, and “water birth”, which are among the methods of delivery. Considering Turkey, geographical regions, and time series, the data analysis was performed using percentages, Ethical permission was not required due to the nature of the study and due to the openness of the data. In all time series, it was seen that the search for “normal birth” was popular in the sample cities selected from Turkey and the seven geographical regions, and that the popularity, however, decreased over time. The Google searches of individuals for their birth preferences and place may vary depending on the cultural structure of the region they live in, cultural interaction, health policies during the COVID-19 pandemic, socioeconomic status, COVID-19 restrictions, fear of COVID-19, access to health services.

Keywords

• Google Trends
• Birth
• Birth methods
• Internet searches

References

1. Akgül, I., 1994. Zaman Serisi Analizi ve Öngörü Modelleri. Öneri Dergisi. 1(1), 52-69.
2. Aktaş, S., Yılar, Z., 2018. Annelerin vajinal doğumu tercih etme nedenlerinin incelenmesi: Bir nitel araştırma örneği. Gümüşhane Univ Sağlık Bilimleri Derg . 7(1):111-124.
3. Ay, F., Ekmekçi, K. A., Batuhan, F., Oğuz, A., 2019. What do women share on social media about the normal delivery action? Example of (an example from) www.kadinlarkulubu.com. Acıbadem University Health Sciences Journal. 10(1), 49-54. Doi: 10.31067/0.2019.106.
4. Aydın, O., Aslantaş Bostan, P., Özgür, E. M., 2018. Spatial distribution and modelling of the total fertility rate in Türkiye using spatial data analysis techniques. Journal of Geography. 37, 27-45. Doi: 10.26650/JGEOG434650
5. Betran, A., Temmerman, M., Kingdon, C., Mohiddin, A., Opiyo, N., Torloni, M., Downe, S., 2018. Interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections in healthy women and babies. The Lancet. 392(10155), 1358-1368. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31927-5
6. Betran, A., Ye, J., Moller, A., 2021. Trends and projections of caesarean section rates: global and regional estimates. BMJ Global Health. 6:e005671. Doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005671
7. Black, C., Kaye, J., Jick, H., 2005. Cesarean delivery in the United Kingdom: time trends in the general practice research database. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 5, 106-151. Doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000160429.22836.c0
8. Boerma, T., Ronsmans, C., Melesse, D., 2018. Global epidemiology of use of and disparities in caesarean sections. The Lancet. 392(10155), 1341-8. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31928-7.

9. Cheng, R., Fisher, A., Nicholson, S., 2022. Interest in home birth during the Covid-19 pandemic: analysis of Google trends data. J Midwifery Womens Health. Doi: 10.1111/jmwh.13341.
10. Çalış, G., Özsoy, S., 2021. Birth at home experiences of women: Phenomenological study. EGEHFD. 37(1), 23-38.
11. Eide, K., Bærøe, K., 2021. How to reach trustworthy decisions for caesarean sections on maternal request: A call for beneficial power. Journal of Medical Ethics. 45-47. Doi: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106071
12. Erol, H., Özdemir, A., 2019. Transformation of health policies in Türkiye after 1980, and its effects on health expenditures. International Journal of Management Economics and Business. 15(15), 119-146. Doi: 10.17130/ijmeb.2019CEEIK201854102
13. Eysenbach, G., 2011. Infodemiology and infoveillance: Tracking online health information and cyberbehavior for public health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 40(5), 154-158. Doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.02.006
14. Filiz, M., 2020. Investigation of study on the cesarean operation carried out in Türkiye. ACU International Journal of Social Sciences. 6(1), 74-83. Doi: 10.22466/acusbd.736529
15. Fioretti, B., Reiter, M., Betrán, A., Torloni, M., 2015. Googling caesarean section: a survey on the quality of the information available on the Internet. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 122(5), 731-739. Doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13091.
16. Gildner, T., Thayer, Z., 2020. Birth plan alterations among American women in response to Covid-19. Health Expect. 23(4). Doi: 10.1111/hex.13077
17. Kamiński, M., Łoniewski, I., Łoniewska, B., 2020. 'Dr. Google, is caesarean section good for me?' - the global Internet searches associated with mode of birth methods: Retrospective analysis of Google trends data. Midwifery. Doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2020.102787
18. Kasai, K. E., Nomura, R. M., Benute, G. R., de Lucia, M. C., Zugaib, M., 2010. Women's opinions about mode of birth in Brazil: A qualitative study in a public teaching hospital. Midwifery. 26(3), 319-326. Doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2008.08.001
19. Kim, S., Han, K., Park, E., Park, H., 2016. Impact of a diagnosis-related group payment system on cesarean section in Korea. Health Policy. 120(6), 596-603. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2016.04.018
20. Kızılkaya, Z. Z., 2021. An ethnographicc exploration of reproduction of motherhood on Youtube. Ata İlet Derg. 41-59. Doi: 10.32952/atauniiletisim.1033023
21. Küçükali, H., Tokaç, A. Z., Hayran, O., 2019. Sezaryen ve vajinal doğum hakkındaki kamuoyunun sosyal medya üzerinden değerlendirilmesi. In 3. International 21. National Public Health Congress.
22. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE], (2021). Caesarean section. National Institute for health and care excellence. [WWW Document] URL: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg132 (accessed: 7.18.22).
23. Serbest, K., 2020. Practices related to birth and marital from cultural actors to internet phenomena. Uluslararası Halkbilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 3(5), 48-69.
24. Shorten, A., Fagerlin, J., Illuzzi, H., Kennedy, H., Lakehomer, H., Pettker, C. M., Saran, A., Witteman, H., Whittemore, R. (2015). Developing an internet-based decision aid for women choosing between vaginal birth after cesarean and planned repeat cesarean. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. 60, 390-400. Doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12298
25. Sönmez, C. I., Sivaslıoğlu, A. A., 2019. Preference of delivery type of pregnant women and the factors effecting them. Konuralp Medical Journal. 11(3), 369-376. Doi: 10.18521/ktd.629706
26. Tanriverdi, G. (2021). Interreligious nursing: A conceptual framework. Journal of Human Sciences. 18(2), 282-291. Doi: 10.14687/jhs.v18i2.6187
27. Taşçı Duran, E., 2020. Kürtlerde kültürel çeşitlilik ve geleneksel sağlık uygulamaları. In: Tanriverdi, G. (Ed), Türkiye’de Kültürel Çeşitlilik ve Geleneksel Sağlık Uygulamaları. Rating Academy Publishing, Çanakkale. pp. 149-166.
28. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health General Directorate of Health Information Systems, 2021. Health Statistics Yearbook 2020 Newsletter. [WWW Document] URL: https://sbsgm.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/41611/0/haber-bulteni-2020pdf.pdf (accessed: 7.15.22).
29. Türkiye Demographic and Health Survey, 2013. Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies Ankara, Türkiye.
30. Türkiye Demographic and Health Survey, 2018. Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies Ankara, Türkiye.
31. Türkiye Demographic and Health Survey, 2021. 2018 Türkiye Demographic and Health Survey Advanced Analysis Study. Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies. Ankara, Türkiye.
32. Tunçalp, Ö., Were, W., MacLennan, C., Oladapo, O., Gülmezoglu, A., Bahl, R., 2015. Quality of care for pregnant women and newborns-the WHO vision. BJOG. 122(8), 1045–1049. Doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13451
33. Ulas, S., Köken, S., Çalım, S., Demirci, H., 2016. Gebelerin Epidural Normal Doğum Hakkındaki Bilgi Düzeyleri. CBU SBED. 3(4), 476-480.
34. World Health Organisation, 2015. WHO statement on caesarean section rates. [WWW Document] URL: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-RHR-15.02 (accessed: 7.15.22).
35. Yılmaz Esencan, T., Karabulut, Ö., Demir Yıldırım, A., Abbasoğlu, D., Külek, H., Şimşek, Ç., Küreşir Ünal, A., Küçükoğlu, S., Ceylan, Ş., Yavrutürk, S., Kılıçcı, Ç., 2018. Type of delivery, time of initial breastfeeding, and skin-to-skin contact of pregnant women participating in childbirth preparation education. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing. 26(1), 31-43. Doi: 10.26650/FNJN.387192
36. Zarifsanaiey, N., Bagheri, A., Jahanpour, F., Nematollahi, S., Azodi, P., 2020. Effect of an interactive training on choosing delivery method among primiparous pregnant women: An interventional study. Invest Educ Enferm. 38(1). Doi: 10.17533/udea.iee.v38n1e04.