The Effect of Graded Running Protocols On Peak Oxygen Consumption and Intramuscular Oxygen Saturation

Year 2024, , 72 - 83, 15.06.2024

Orkun Pelvan , Savaş Akbaş , Birol Çotuk

https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1481068

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this investigation was to examine the impact of two different running protocols on peak oxygen consumption (VO2max) and regional intramuscular oxygen saturation (SmO2) levels in one highly trained runner.
Methods: VO2 and SmO2 were measured simultaneously during a gradually ascending running protocol and a Bruce protocol. VO2 was measured by breath-by-breath spiroergometer gas analysis system (ZAN®, Germany), and SmO2 was measured from both gastrocnemius muscles using a wireless near-infrared spectroscopy device (BSXinsight®, USA). The correlation between VO2 and SmO2 data was determined by Pearson correlation coefficients over the test stage mean values. The change of VO2 and SmO2 within each stage was determined by first-degree polynomials.
Results: Peak VO2 in the Bruce protocol (4640 ml/min) was higher than peak VO2 in the running protocol (4390 ml/min), but no difference was observed in end-test SmO2 decreases. There were highly significant negative correlations between VO2 values and SmO2 values (r=-0.960-0.990, p<0.001). SmO2 values measured in the right and left gastrocnemius muscle decreased similarly in both protocols (r=0.993, r=0.987, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Central and peripheral physiological processes of oxygen consumption are not always congruent, and the test protocol exert an influence due to the complex interplay of physiological and biomechanical factors.

Keywords

MaxVo2, Near İnfrared Spectroscopy, Muscle oxygenation

Kademeli Koşu Protokollerinin Tepe Oksijen Tüketimi ve Kas İçi Oksijen Doygunluğu Üzerindeki Etkisi

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, üst düzey antrenmanlı bir koşucuda, iki farklı koşu protokolünün zirve oksijen tüketimi (VO2max) ile bölgesel kas içi oksijen satürasyonu (SmO2) üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir.
Yöntem: Kademeli artan koşu protokolü ve Bruce protokolü esnasında VO2 ve SmO2 eş zamanlı olarak ölçülmüştür. VO2, her nefeste spiroergometre gaz analiz sistemi (ZAN®, Almanya) ile ölçülürken SmO2, kablosuz yakın kızılötesi spektroskopi cihazı (BSXinsight®, ABD) kullanılarak her iki gastroknemius kasından ölçülmüştür. VO2 ve SmO2 verileri arasında ilişki, test kademe ortalamaları üzerinden Pearson korelasyon kat sayıları ile belirlenmiştir. Her bir kademe süresince VO2 ve SmO2 değişimi 1. derece polinomlarla belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: Bruce protokolünde zirve VO2 (4640 ml/dk) değeri koşu protokolü zirve VO2 (4390 ml/dk) değerine göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur, ancak test sonu SmO2 düşüşleri arasında fark gözlenmemiştir. VO2 değerleri ile SMO2 değerleri arasında negatif yönde çok yüksek düzeyde anlamlı ilişki mevcuttur (r=-0,960-0,990, p<0,001). Her iki protokolde sağ ve sol gastroknemius kasında ölçülen SmO2 değerleri benzer şekilde düşüş göstermiştir (r=0,993, r=0,987, p<0,001).
Sonuç: Oksijen tüketiminin merkezi ve periferik fizyolojik süreçleri her zaman uyumlu değildir ve test protokolü, fizyolojik ve biyomekanik faktörlerin karmaşık etkileşimi nedeniyle bir etki oluşturur.

Keywords

Vo2Max, Yakın Kızılaltı Spektroskopi, Kas Oksijenlenmesi

References

• Allen, D., Freund, B. J., & Wilmore, J. H. (1986). Interaction of test protocol and horizontal run training on maximal oxygen uptake. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18(5), 581-587.
• Astrand, P. O., & Saltin, B. (1961). Maximal oxygen uptake and heart rate in various types of muscular activity. Journal of applied physiology, 16(6), 977-981.
• Austin, K. G., Daigle, K. A., Patterson, P., Cowman, J., Chelland, S., & Haymes, E. M. (2005). Reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy for determining muscle oxygen saturation during exercise. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 76(4), 440-449.
• Biçer, B., & Çotuk, H. B. (2022). Lokal Kas Yorgunluğunun Anlaşılmasında Yakın Kızılaltı Spektroskopi ve Yüzeysel Elektromiyografi Kullanımı1. Spor & Bilim-2022, 101.
• Cotuk, H. B., Duru, A. D., Pelvan, O., & Akbaş, S. (2020). Muscle blood content and muscle oxygen saturation in response to head down and head up tilt. Acta Astronautica, 166, 548-553.
• Gostill, D. L., Jansson, E., Gollnick, P. D., & Saltin, B. (1974). Glycogen utilization in leg muscles of men during level and uphill running. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 91(4), 475-481.
• Crum, E. M., O’connor, W. J., Van Loo, L., Valckx, M., & Stannard, S. R. (2017). Validity and reliability of the Moxy oxygen monitor during incremental cycling exercise. European journal of sport science, 17(8), 1037-1043.
• Freund, B. J., Allen, D., & Wilmore, J. H. (1986). Interaction of test protocol and inclined run training on maximal oxygen uptake. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18(5), 588-592.
• Hill, A. V., & Lupton, H. (1923). Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilization of oxygen. QJM: Quarterly Journal of Medicine, (62), 135-171.
• Kang, J., Chaloupka, E. C., Mastrangelo, M. A., Biren, G. B., & Robertson, R. J. (2001). Physiological comparisons among three maximal treadmill exercise protocols in trained and untrained individuals. European journal of applied physiology, 84(4), 291-295.
• Kasch, F. W., Wallace, J. P., Huhn, R. R., Krogh, L. A., & Hurl, P. M. (1976). VO2max during horizontal and inclined treadmill running. Journal of Applied Physiology, 40(6), 982-983.
• Kathy, Sietsema., Harry, B., Rossiter. (2023). Exercise Physiology and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. DOI:10.1055/s-0043-1770362
• Meyer, T., Welter, J. P., Scharhag, J., & Kindermann, W. (2003). Maximal oxygen uptake during field running does not exceed that measured during treadmill exercise. European journal of applied physiology, 88, 387-389.
• Mohajan, D., & Mohajan, H. (2023). Long-Term regular exercise increases VO2max for cardiorespiratory fitness.
• Nabi, T., Rafiq, N., & Qayoom, O. (2015). Assessment of cardiovascular fitness [VO2 max] among medical students by Queens College step test. Int j Biomed adv res, 6(5), 418-21.
• Nolan, P. B., Beaven, M. L., & Dalleck, L. (2014). Comparison of intensities and rest periods for VO2max verification testing procedures. International journal of sports medicine, 1024-1029.
• Pokan, R., Schwaberger, G., Hofmann, P., Eber, B., Toplak, H., Gasser, R., ... et al. (1995). Effects of treadmill exercise protocol with constant and ascending grade on levelling-off O2 uptake and VO2max. International journal of sports medicine, 16(04), 238-242.
• Quaresima, V., Lepanto, R., & Ferrari, M. (2003). The use of near infrared spectroscopy in sports medicine. Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 43(1), 1.
• Scheer, V., Ramme, K., Reinsberger, C., & Heitkamp, H. C. (2018). VO2max testing in trail runners: is there a specific exercise test protocol?. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(06), 456-461.
• Shibuya, K. I., & Tanaka, J. (2003). Skeletal muscle oxygenation during incremental exercise. Archives of physiology and biochemistry, 111(5), 475-478.
• Sietsema, K. E., & Rossiter, H. B. (2023). Exercise Physiology and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. In Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc..
• Skinner, J.S. and McLellan, T.H. (1980). The transition from Aerobic to Anaerobic Metabolism. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 51(1), 234-248.
• Snell, P. G., & Mitchell, J. H. (1984). The role of maximal oxygen uptake in exercise performance. Clinics in chest medicine, 5(1), 51-62.
• Spencer, M. D., Murias, J. M., & Paterson, D. H. (2012). Characterizing the profile of muscle deoxygenation during ramp incremental exercise in young men. European journal of applied physiology, 112, 3349-3360.
• Spriet, L. L. (2022). Anaerobic metabolism during exercise. In Exercise metabolism (pp. 51-70). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
• Taylor, H. L., Buskirk, E., & Henschel, A. (1955). Maximal oxygen intake as an objective measure of cardio-respiratory performance. Journal of applied physiology, 8(1), 73-80.
• Vanhoy, R. A. (2012). A Comparison of two different treadmill protocols in measuring maximal oxygen consumption in highly trained distance runners.
• Wilson, B. A., Monego, A., Howard, M. K., & Thompson, M. (1979). Specificity of maximal aerobic power measurement in trained runners. Science in Athletics-J. Terauds and GG Dales (eds.) Del Mar, CA: Academic Publications, 213-217.
• Yano, T., Horıuchı, M., Yunokı, T., Matsuura, R., & Ogata, H. (2005). Relationship Between Maximal Oxygen Uptake And Oxygenation Level in inactive Muscle at Exhaustion in incremental Exercise in Humans. Physiological Research, 54, 679-685.