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Investigation of Elite Taekwondo Training and Competition Loads by Determining the Active and Passive Work Intervals of the Changing Competition System

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 227 - 236, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1715380

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of recent rule changes implemented in 2022 by examining: (i) the retrospective distribution of active/passive phases and the diversity of techniques applied during matches at the Turkish National Taekwondo Championships, and (ii) the impact of altered match demands on training load of elite men taekwondo athletes.
Methods: Eighteen elite-level male taekwondo athletes (age: 22.10±2.4 years; body mass: 72.337.72 kg; height: 183.843.54 cm; BMI: 21.32.31 kg/m²; body fat: 8.382.70) participated. After anthropometric assessments and a taekwondo-specific warm-up, a three-round match simulation based on 2024–2025 national data was conducted. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded after each round and following a 7-minute recovery. Data were analyzed via One-Way ANOVA and Pearson correlation (p<0.05).
Results: Mean RPE scores for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd rounds and recovery were 6.722.11; 7.221.86; 8.111.53 and 5.831.42, respectively. Although no significant differences in RPE were found between phases (p=0.070), a moderate positive correlation existed between the 1st and 3rd rounds (r=0.539, p<0.05), and a strong correlation between the 2nd and 3rd rounds (r=0.864, p<0.001).
Conclusion: The 2022 rule changes increased physical demands by altering match dynamics. High RPE scores, including during recovery, indicate elevated physiological load.

References

  • Agopyan, A., Yesilcimen, T., Gocmez, H., Ozturk, B., Gulesce, S., Bulut, T., & Ramazanoğlu, N. (2022). Comparison of kinanthropometric profiles of elite Turkish taekwondo players with or without medals in European championships. International Journal of Morphology, 40(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022022000100043
  • Baykan, E. (2022). Dünya Taekwondo Şampi̇yonasinin Tekni̇k ve Takti̇k Anali̇zi̇. Doktora Tezi. Hitit Üniversitesi.
  • Borg, G. (1998). Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales. Human Kinetics.
  • Bozkurt, S., & Yeşilçimen, T. (2023). The effect of taekwondo training applied with differential learning approach on the technical skills.
  • Bridge, C. A., Ferreira da Silva Santos, J., Chaabène, H., Pieter, W., & Franchini, E. (2014). Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(6), 713–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0159-9
  • Bridge, C. A., Jones, M. A., & Drust, B. (2009). Physiological responses and perceived exertion during international taekwondo competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 4(4), 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.4.485
  • Chaabene, H., Hachana, Y., Franchini, E., Mkaouer, B., & Chamari, K. (2015). Physical and physiological profile of elite karate athletes. Sports Medicine, 42(10), 829–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262297
  • Dönmez, Ö. (2019). Taekwondo spor dalına özgü geri bildirim için tasarlanan ölçüm materyali ve uygulaması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi.
  • Falco, C., Landeo, R., Menescardi, C., Bermejo, J. L., & Estevan, I. (2012). Match analysis in a university taekwondo championship. Advances in Physical Education, 2(1), 28–31. https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2012.21005
  • Haddad, M., Chaouachi, A., Wong, D. P., Castagna, C., Hambli, M., Hue, O., & Chamari, K. (2011). Validity of session rating of perceived exertion method for quantifying training load in young Taekwondo athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(11), 3353–3359. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318212de4b
  • Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., Coutts, A. J., Sassi, A., & Marcora, S. M. (2004). Use of AZD-based training load in soccer. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(6), 1042–1047. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000128199.23901.2F
  • Jeong, T. S., Reilly, T., Morton, J., Bae, S. W., & Drust, B. (2007). Quantification of the physiological loading of one week of “pre-season” and one week of “in-season” training in elite youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(12), 1297–1305. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410601149829
  • Ko, J., Wang, D., Song, X., & Jin, Y. (2025). A structural empirical analysis of kicking techniques in modern Taekwondo competition. European Journal of Sport Sciences, 4(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2025.4.4.239
  • Lupo, C., Capranica, L., Cugliari, G., & Tessitore, A. (2017). Session-AZD for quantifying the load of different youth taekwondo training sessions. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 57(9), 1185–1190. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06387-6
  • Menescardi, C., López-López, J. A., Falco, C., Hernández-Mendo, A., & Estevan, I. (2019). Technical-tactical actions used to score in taekwondo: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2708. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02708
  • Quiñones Rodríguez, Y., Hernández Hernández, E., Camerino, O., & Losada, J. L. (2025). Which behavioral patterns score points in taekwondo matches? An analysis of the Roma 2019 World Grand Prix finalists. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7, 1572945. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1572945
  • Sulu, B., Kayğusuz, Ş., Sinici, E., & Hassani, F. (2023). The effect of psychological well-being on self-confidence in exercise participants. Uluslararası Egzersiz Psikolojisi Dergisi, 5(1), 1–8.
  • Tayech, A., Arbi Mejri, M., Makhlouf, I., Uthoff, A., Hambli, M., Behm, D. G., & Chaouachi, A. (2022). Reliability, criterion concurrent validity, and construct discriminant validity of a head marking version of the taekwondo anaerobic intermittent kick test. Biology of Sport, 39 (4), 951–963. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.109459
  • Tornello, F., Capranica, L., Minganti, C., Chiodo, S., Condello, G., & Tessitore, A. (2014). Technical-tactical analysis of youth Olympic taekwondo combat. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(4), 1151–1157. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000240
  • Türkiye Taekwondo Federasyonu. (2025). Resmi YouTube kanalı. https://www.youtube.com/@tkdfed Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2025
  • Yeşilçimen, T., & Şenyurt, A. F. (2024). Türkiye Büyükler Taekwondo Şampiyonasında ilk sekize giren sporcuların maksimal vuruş kuvveti ile antropometrik profilinin karşılaştırılması. Sağlık ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 17–27.

Değişen Müsabaka Sisteminin Aktif ve Pasif Çalışma Aralıklarının Belirlenmesi ile Elit Taekwondo Antrenman ve Müsabaka Yüklerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 227 - 236, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1715380

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Dünya Taekwondo Federasyonunun (DTF) yaptığı son kural değişikliklerinin i) Türkiye Şampiyonalarındaki aktif/pasif aralıklar ile uygulanan teknik çeşitliliğine etkisini retrospektif olarak oraya koyarken, ii) Değişen müsabaka yükü ile farklılaştığı varsayılan antrenman yükünün değerlendirilmesidir.
Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya 18 üst düzey siyah kuşak erkek taekwondocu katılmıştır (yaş: 22,10±2,4 yıl; vücut ağırlığı: 72,337,72 kg; boy: 183,843,54 cm; VKİ: 21,32,31 kg/m²; vücut yağ oranı: %8,382,70). Sporculara önce antropometrik ölçümler ve taekwondoya özgü ısınma protokolü uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra, 2024-2025 Türkiye Şampiyonası verilerine dayanarak hazırlanan 3 rauntluk müsabaka simülasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üç raunt ve 7 dakikalık toparlanma süresince Algılanan Zorluk Düzeyi (AZD) ölçümleri alınmıştır. Verilerin analizinde One-Way ANOVA ve Pearson korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır (p<0,05).
Bulgular: Araştırmada sporcuların 1., 2., 3. raunttaki ve 7 dakikalık toparlanma sürecine ait ortalama AZD değerleri sırasıyla 6,722,11; 7,221,86; 8,111,53 ve 5,831,42 olarak belirlenmiştir. Üç raunt ve toparlanma süreci arasındaki AZD değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (p=0,070). Birinci ve üçüncü rauntlar arasında orta düzeyde ve anlamlı bir pozitif ilişki tespit edilmiştir (r=0,539; p<0,05). İkinci ve üçüncü rauntlar arasında ise çok güçlü ve yüksek düzeyde anlamlı bir pozitif ilişki bulunmuştur (r=0,864; p<0,001).
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, 2022’de değişen taekwondo kuralları müsabaka aktif süresini artırmış ve sporcuların uyguladığı tekniklerde değişimlere yol açmıştır. Müsabaka aktif süresi ile AZD değerlerinin çarpımı ile ortaya çıkan müsabaka yükünün yüksek kalması, yeni kuralların taekwondo’nun fiziksel yükünü artırırken, fizyolojisinin değiştiğini göstermektedir. Bu bulgular, antrenmanların yeniden planlanması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir.

References

  • Agopyan, A., Yesilcimen, T., Gocmez, H., Ozturk, B., Gulesce, S., Bulut, T., & Ramazanoğlu, N. (2022). Comparison of kinanthropometric profiles of elite Turkish taekwondo players with or without medals in European championships. International Journal of Morphology, 40(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022022000100043
  • Baykan, E. (2022). Dünya Taekwondo Şampi̇yonasinin Tekni̇k ve Takti̇k Anali̇zi̇. Doktora Tezi. Hitit Üniversitesi.
  • Borg, G. (1998). Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales. Human Kinetics.
  • Bozkurt, S., & Yeşilçimen, T. (2023). The effect of taekwondo training applied with differential learning approach on the technical skills.
  • Bridge, C. A., Ferreira da Silva Santos, J., Chaabène, H., Pieter, W., & Franchini, E. (2014). Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(6), 713–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0159-9
  • Bridge, C. A., Jones, M. A., & Drust, B. (2009). Physiological responses and perceived exertion during international taekwondo competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 4(4), 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.4.485
  • Chaabene, H., Hachana, Y., Franchini, E., Mkaouer, B., & Chamari, K. (2015). Physical and physiological profile of elite karate athletes. Sports Medicine, 42(10), 829–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262297
  • Dönmez, Ö. (2019). Taekwondo spor dalına özgü geri bildirim için tasarlanan ölçüm materyali ve uygulaması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi.
  • Falco, C., Landeo, R., Menescardi, C., Bermejo, J. L., & Estevan, I. (2012). Match analysis in a university taekwondo championship. Advances in Physical Education, 2(1), 28–31. https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2012.21005
  • Haddad, M., Chaouachi, A., Wong, D. P., Castagna, C., Hambli, M., Hue, O., & Chamari, K. (2011). Validity of session rating of perceived exertion method for quantifying training load in young Taekwondo athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(11), 3353–3359. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318212de4b
  • Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., Coutts, A. J., Sassi, A., & Marcora, S. M. (2004). Use of AZD-based training load in soccer. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(6), 1042–1047. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000128199.23901.2F
  • Jeong, T. S., Reilly, T., Morton, J., Bae, S. W., & Drust, B. (2007). Quantification of the physiological loading of one week of “pre-season” and one week of “in-season” training in elite youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(12), 1297–1305. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410601149829
  • Ko, J., Wang, D., Song, X., & Jin, Y. (2025). A structural empirical analysis of kicking techniques in modern Taekwondo competition. European Journal of Sport Sciences, 4(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2025.4.4.239
  • Lupo, C., Capranica, L., Cugliari, G., & Tessitore, A. (2017). Session-AZD for quantifying the load of different youth taekwondo training sessions. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 57(9), 1185–1190. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06387-6
  • Menescardi, C., López-López, J. A., Falco, C., Hernández-Mendo, A., & Estevan, I. (2019). Technical-tactical actions used to score in taekwondo: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2708. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02708
  • Quiñones Rodríguez, Y., Hernández Hernández, E., Camerino, O., & Losada, J. L. (2025). Which behavioral patterns score points in taekwondo matches? An analysis of the Roma 2019 World Grand Prix finalists. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7, 1572945. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1572945
  • Sulu, B., Kayğusuz, Ş., Sinici, E., & Hassani, F. (2023). The effect of psychological well-being on self-confidence in exercise participants. Uluslararası Egzersiz Psikolojisi Dergisi, 5(1), 1–8.
  • Tayech, A., Arbi Mejri, M., Makhlouf, I., Uthoff, A., Hambli, M., Behm, D. G., & Chaouachi, A. (2022). Reliability, criterion concurrent validity, and construct discriminant validity of a head marking version of the taekwondo anaerobic intermittent kick test. Biology of Sport, 39 (4), 951–963. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.109459
  • Tornello, F., Capranica, L., Minganti, C., Chiodo, S., Condello, G., & Tessitore, A. (2014). Technical-tactical analysis of youth Olympic taekwondo combat. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(4), 1151–1157. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000240
  • Türkiye Taekwondo Federasyonu. (2025). Resmi YouTube kanalı. https://www.youtube.com/@tkdfed Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2025
  • Yeşilçimen, T., & Şenyurt, A. F. (2024). Türkiye Büyükler Taekwondo Şampiyonasında ilk sekize giren sporcuların maksimal vuruş kuvveti ile antropometrik profilinin karşılaştırılması. Sağlık ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 17–27.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Training
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Tuğçe Yeşilçimen 0000-0001-5445-2975

Selda Yücel 0000-0003-0066-7182

Submission Date June 5, 2025
Acceptance Date September 22, 2025
Early Pub Date September 26, 2025
Publication Date September 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yeşilçimen, T., & Yücel, S. (2025). Değişen Müsabaka Sisteminin Aktif ve Pasif Çalışma Aralıklarının Belirlenmesi ile Elit Taekwondo Antrenman ve Müsabaka Yüklerinin İncelenmesi. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences - IJSETS, 11(3), 227-236. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1715380