Effect of BMI on Fundamental Motor Skill Proficiency Among 9 to 10 years-old Turkish Children

Year 2020, , 110 - 116, 15.12.2020

Fatma İlker Kerkez , Varol Tutal

https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.816482

Abstract

Aim: To examine the effect of body mass index (BMI) on Fundamental Motor Skill Proficiency among 9 to 10 years-old Turkish children.

Methods: A total of 214 children (mean age 9.45±0.49) were included in the study (110 girls, 104 boys). Fundamental Motor Skill Proficiency was assessed with the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition (TGMD-2). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated according to the formula [kg/height2] after the height and weight measurement for each child and classified according to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Agency (CDC) guidelines.

Results: 72% of the children have a healthy weight, 14.5% were overweight and 13.6% were obese. The ratio of overweight and obese is higher for boys than for girls. There was a significant difference between BMI groups in terms of TGMD-2 locomotor subtest scores (p <0.05), but no significant difference in terms of manipulative subtests. It can be said that being overweight restricts mobility for Turkish children but does not affect object control skills that doing the mostly static position.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates inadequate fundamental motor skills proficiency levels among Turkish 9-10 years old children. Childhood education centers should provide 'planned' movement programs under the supervision of physical education teachers in order to support motor skills development and prevent obesity among Turkish children.

Keywords

Motor Skill Proficiency, BMI, 9-10 years-old, children

References

• Boz, M. & Gungor Aytar, A. (2012). The Effect of Fundamental Movement Education on Pre-school Children’s Movement Skills. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, Special Issue 1: 51-59.
• Catenassi, F, Marques, Z.I., Bastos, C.B., Basso, L., Vaz Ronque, E.R. & Gerage, A.M. (2007). Relationship between body mass index and gross motor skill in four to six-year-old children. Rev Bras Med Esporte, 13(4), 203-206. DOİ: 10.1590/S1517-86922007000400003.
• CDC. (2019). BMI Percentile Calculator for Child and Teen, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/bmi/calculator.html on 20 October 2019.
• Cliff, D.P., Okely, A.D., Morgan, P.J., Jones, R.A., Steele, J.R. & Baur, L.A. (2012). Proficiency deficiency: Mastery of fundamental movement skills and skill components in overweight and obese children. Obesity, 20, 1024–33. DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2011.575154.
• D’hondt, E., Deforche, B., Bourdeaudhuij, I.D. & Lenoir, M. (2009). Relationship Between Motor Skill and Body Mass Index in 5- to 10-Year-Old Children. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 26, 21-37. DOI: 10.1123/apaq.26.1.21.
• Ersoz, Y. (2012). Effect of Multi-Skill Sport Education on Motor Development of Boys aged 7 to 10. Unpublished Sport Physiology Master’s Thesis, Izmir, Turkey, Dokuz Eylül University.
• Gallahue, D.I., Ozmun, J.C. & Goodway, J.D. (2012). Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults Motor (7th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
• Guven, O. & Yildiz, O. (2014). Expectations of the Classroom Teachers from Play and Physical Activities Lesson. Kastamonu Education Journal, 22 (2), 525-538.
• Lin, S-J. & Yang, S-C. (2015). The Development of Fundamental Movement Skills by Children Aged Six to Nine. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 2015; 3(12): 1024-1027, DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2015.031211.
• Lopes, V.P., Stodden. D.F., Bianchi. M.M., Maia. J.A. & Rodrigues. L.P. (2012). Correlation between BMI and motor coordination in children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2012; 15, 38–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.07.005.
• Marmeleira, J., Veiga. G., Cansado. H. & Raimundo. A. (2017). Relationship between motor proficiency and body composition in 6- to 10-year-old children. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 53, 348–353. DOI:10.1111/jpc.13446.
• Nobre, G.C., Bandeira, P.F.R. & Valentini, N.C. (2016). The Relationship Between General Perceived Motor Competence, Perceived Competence Relative to Motor Skill and Actual Motor Competence in Children. Journal of Physical Education, 27, e2744. DOI: 10.4025/jphyseduc.v27i1.2744.
• OECD Obesity Update (2016). Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/health/obesity-update.htm on 20 October 2020.
• Poulsen, A.A., Desha, L., Ziviani, J., Griffiths, L., Heaslop, A., Khan, A. & Leong, G.M. (2011). Fundamental movement skills and self-concept of children who are overweight. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 6, e464–71. DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2011.575143.
• Ré, A.H.N., Logan, S.W., Cattuzzo, M.T., Henrique, R.S., Tudela, M.C. & Stodden, D.F. (2018). Comparison of motor competence levels on two assessments across childhood. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36:1, 1-6, DOI:10.1080/02640414.2016.1276294.
• Saygın, Ö., & Ceylan, H. İ. (2017). A Comparison of body mass index and daily step numbers of secondary school and high school students according to age and gender. Int J Sport Exer & Train Sci, 3 (4), 142-152. DOI: 10.18826/useeabd.337683
• Southall, J., Okely, A. & Steele, J. (2004). Actual and perceived physical competence in overweight and non-overweight children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 16, 15 – 24. DOI: 10.1123/pes.16.1.15.
• Stodden, D.F., Goodway, J.D., Langendorfer, S.J., Roberton, M.A., Rudisill, M.E., Garcia, C. & Garcia, L.E. (2008). A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship. Quest, 60(2), 290–306. DOI: 10.1080/00336297.2008.10483582.
• The Preschool Curriculum. (2019). Ministry of Education, Ankara, Turkey, 2013. Retrieved from https://tegm.meb.gov.tr/dosya/okuloncesi/ooproram.pdf on 20 October 2019.
• Turkey Nutrition and Health Research. (2014). Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey, 2014. Hyperlink: [https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/saglikli-beslenme-hareketli-hayat-db/Yayinlar/kitaplar/diger-kitaplar/TBSA-Beslenme-Yayini.pdf]. Retrieved on 14 January 2020.
• Ulrich, D. (2000). Test of gross motor development: second edition Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
• Ulutas, A., Demir, E. & Yayan, E.H. (2017). Effect of Motor Development Program on Rough and Fine Motor Development of Five-Six-Year-Old Children. Abant İzzet Baysal University Education Faculty Journal, 17 (3), 1523-1538.
• Wearing, S.C., Hennig, E.M., Byrne, N.M., Steele, J.R. & Hills, A.P. (2006). The impact of childhood obesity on musculoskeletal form. Obesity Reviews, 7: 209–18. DOİ:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00216.x.
• Whitehead, M. (2010). Physical literacy: Throughout the life course, Oxon, MD: Routledge.
• WHO. (2019). Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, 5–17 years old, USA, 2011. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/