BibTex RIS Cite

Career barriers of women managers in sports organisations

Year 2016, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 82 - 92, 22.09.2016
https://doi.org/10.18826/ijsets.04634

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to carry out in order to determine the career impediments of career barriers of women managers in sports organizations.

Material and Methods: Interview method as a qualitative research technique was used in the research. Semi-structured interview form was preferred for this purpose. Sample consists of a total of 12 people who accepted the interview request, of which 6 women executives who work as branch managers and chiefs in Central Organization of Youth and Sports General Directorate and 6 women executives who work as presidents and members of board of directors in Sports Federations.  The themes and codes are determined by performing content analysis on the data obtained via “Nvivo 8”.

Results: As a result, it is found that sports organizations are subject to prejudices as well like other institutions and it is observed that organizational barriers are more prominent than others as career impediments.

Conclusion: These findings have shown that gender-oriented behaviours are valid for the sport organizations as they are for the other organizations. Accordingly, individual, organizational and social improvements are deemed necessary in context of career barriers.

References

  • Adler, N. J. and Izraeli, D. N. (Eds) (1994). Competitive Frontiers: Women Managers in a Global Economy, Blackwell, Cambridge, M.A.
  • Akoğlan M. (1997). Konaklama Endüstrisinde Kadın Yöneticiler. Eskişehir. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları. Yayın No: 994.
  • Akpınar, (2012). C.Career barriers for women executives and the Glass Ceiling Syndrome: the case study comparison between French and Turkish women executives. 2nd International Conference on Leadership, Technology and Innovation Management, Istanbul, Turkey, 11.
  • Arikan S. (1999). Yönetsel Kademelerde Kadın Yöneticilerin Karşılaştıkları Güçlükler. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(4): 147-154.
  • Aycan Z. (2004). Key Success Factors for Women in Management in Turkey. USA International Association for Applied Psychology, 53(3): 453-477.
  • Aytaç S. (1997). Çalışma Yaşamında Kariyer Yönetimi Planlaması Geliştirilmesi Sorunları. İstanbul. Epsilon Yayıncılık.
  • Baxter, J. & Wright E. O. (2000). The Glass Ceiling Hypothesis a Comparative Study Of The United States, Sweden and Australia. Gender & Society, Vol: 14, Ed: 2, pp. 275-294.
  • Cooper, V. W. (1997). Homophily or the Queen Bee syndrome: Female Evaluation of Female Leadership. Small Group Research, 28(4), 483.
  • Deaux K. & Lewis L. (1983). Components of Gender Stereotypes. Psychological Documents, 13, 25-34.
  • Demir Ö. & Acar M. (1997). Sosyal Bilimler Sözlüğü. Ankara. Vadi Yayınları.
  • Diekman, A.B., Eagly A.H. & Kulesa, P. (2002). Accuracy and Bias in Stereotypes about the Social and Political Attitudes of Women and Men. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (38): 268-282.
  • Eagly A. H. & Steffen V. J. (2000). Gender Stereotypes Stem From The Distribution of Women and Men İnto Social Roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1(46): 735-754, 1984Reprinted İn C. Stangor (Ed.). Stereotypes and Prejudice: Essential Readings (Pp. 142-160). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
  • Eagly A. H. & Wood W. & Diekman A.B. (2000). “Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: A Current Appraisal,” ECKES, T./TRAUTHER, H. M. (eds.), The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrance Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 123-160.
  • Eckes, T. (1994). Explorations in Gender Cognition: Content And Structure Of Female And Male Subtypes. Social Cognition, 12, 37–60.
  • Ergeneli A. & Akçamete C. (2004). Bankacılıkta Cam Tavan: Kadın ve Erkeklerin Kadın Çalışanlar ve Kadınların Üst Yönetime Yükselmelerine Yönelik Tutumları. Ankara: Hacettepe Ü. İİBF Dergisi, 22(2)
  • Fels A. (2004). Do Women Lack Ambition. USA. Harvard Business Review. 82(4), 50-60
  • Fidan F. İşçi Ö. & Yilmaz T. (2006). Kadın Mesleği Kavramı: Anlamlılığı ve İçeriği. Women’s Studies Conference, Oral presentation,
  • http://cws.emu.edu.tr/en/conferences/2nd_int/pdf/Fatma%20Fidan,%20Oznur%20Isci,%20Tuncay%20Yilmaz.pdf
  • Glick, P. & Fiske, S. T. (1996) “The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, pp. 491-512.
  • Greenhaus, J. H., & Parasuraman, S. (1999). Research on work, family, and gender: Current status and future direction. In G. N. Powel (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. pp. 391–412.
  • Guldal, D. (2006). A Study on Identifying The Factors Motivating and Demotivating Women Managers. Cukurova University, Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished Master Thesis, Adana.
  • Günindi-Ersöz A. (1998). Kamu Yönetiminde Yönetici Olarak Çalışan Kadınların Geleneksel Ve Çalışan Kadın Rollerine İlişkin Beklentiler. 20. Yüzyılın Sonunda Kadınlar ve Gelecek. Editör: Çitçi O. TODAİE İnsan Hakları Araştırma ve Derleme Merkezi Yayınları. Ankara. 255-264.
  • Hale M. (1999). He Says She Says : Gender and Worklife. Public Administration Review. USA. 59(5): 410-425.
  • Isık, V. (2009). Gender Discrimination Applications Against Women Workforce in Business Life”, Journal of Social Policy in Public, Ankara, 11. Edition, 67-72.
  • Koca, C. (2011). “Spor Kurumlarının Yönetim Kademelerinde Kadınların Temsili”, Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 22(1): 1–12.
  • Kottis, A. P. (1993). "Women in Management: The “Glass Ceiling” and How To Break it", Women in Management Review, 8(4).
  • Langdridge, D. (2007). Phenomenological psychology: Theory, research and methods. London: Pearson, 7.
  • Maddokck S. (1999). Challenging Women: Gender, Culture and Organization. London. Sage Publications, 76.
  • Mat N. (2004). İnsan Kaynakları Yönetiminde Kariyer Yönetiminin Değerlendirilmesi, Kardar Trade Company (Turkuaz) Uygulaması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Bişkek. Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı.
  • Melkas, H. & Anker, R. (1997). Occupational segregation by sex in Nordic countries: an empirical investigation. International Labour Review, 136, 341-363.
  • Mills A. J. (1988). Organization Gender and Culture”. Organization Studies, 9(3): 351-369.
  • Mills-Lamont A. Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity in Sport. (1998). The Inaugural Wendy Ey Women in Sport Essay Prize 1998: Exploring Perceptions of Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity in Australian Sport. Department of Psychology Master Thesis. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
  • Mizrahi R. (2010). A Research on Women Managers and Glass Ceiling Syndrome”. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, (2)1; 149-156.
  • Morrison, A. M., White, R. P., & Van Velsor, E. (1987). Breaking the glass ceiling. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Nancy B. E. & Fitzgerald F. L. The Career Psychology of Women. Academic Press Inc. s. 151-157,1987.
  • Noe R. A. (!988). An Investigation of the Determinants of Successful Assigned Mentoring Relationships” Personnel Psychology, 41(3): 457-479.
  • Ögüt A. (2006). Türkiye’de Kadın Girişimciliğin ve Yöneticiliğin Önündeki Güçlükler: Cam Tavan Sendromu. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi. (1)1: 56-78.
  • Oswald, S. L. & VanMatre, J.G. (1990). “Arbitration and the Queen Bee Syndrome”, Review of Business and Economic Research, 26 (1): 38-46.
  • Öge, S., Karasoy, A. & Kara, Ö., (2014). A Research on Glass Ceiling Syndrome Career Barriers of Women Academics” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering 8(9), 3011-3020.
  • Onay, Özkaya, M., (2001). Factors Affecting the Achievement of Women in Business Life”, Çukurova University, V. National Economtry and Statistics Symposium, Adana.
  • Palankök N. Y. (2004). Kariyer Yönetimi Araçları Olarak Mentorluk ve Koçluk. Dönem Projesi. Ankara. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi ve Kariyer Danışmanlığı Anabilim Dalı Tezsiz Yüksek Lisans Programı.
  • Powell D.A. & Butterfield G.N. (1994). Investigating the ‘Glass Ceiling’ Phenomenon: an Empirical Study of Actual Promotions to Top Management. Academy of Management Journal, (37): 68-86.
  • Rosenthal P. (1995). Gender Differences in Managers' Attributions for Successful Work Performance. Women in Management Review (10)6: 26-31.
  • Sefer S. R. (2006). Üsküdar İlçesindeki Okullarda Çalışan Bazı Kadın Yöneticilerin Mesleklerine İlişkin Beklenti ve Sorunları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Sakarya. Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eğitim Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı.
  • Spence J T & Helmreich R L. (1978). Masculinity & Femininity: Their Psychological Dimensions, Correlates, & Antecedents. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, p.297.
  • Stacey M. (1970). Methods of Social Research. Exeter-Britain: Pergamon Press.
  • Stevens, G. & Denisi A. (1980). Women as Managers: Attitudes and Attributions for Performance By Men And Women. Academy of Management Journal, (23): 355-361.
  • Temel, A., Misci, S. & Yakın, M. (2006). Reflections of Organizational Gender in Organizational Behavior, Journal of Management and Economics Celal Bayar University The Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences Journal, 13(1), 27-38.
  • Üstüngüler H. (2004). Türk Kamu Yönetiminde Kadın Yöneticiler: Sakarya İli Örneği. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Sakarya. Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Wood, G. & Newton, J. (2006). Childlessness and women managers: ‘choice’, context and discourses. Gender, Work and Organization, 13(4): 338-58.
  • Yaylacı G. Ö. (2004). Kadın Yöneticiler İçin Kariyer Gelişmelerinde Örgüt İçi Kişilerarası İlişki Ağları”nı Yönetmek. İstanbul. Yeditepe Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi. Kadın Çalışmalarında Disiplinlerarası Buluşma. 1: 75-82.
  • Yıldırım A. & Şimşek H. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara. Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2011.
  • Zel U. (2002). İş Arenasında Kadın Yöneticilerin Algılanması ve Kraliçe Arı Sendromu. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 35(2), 39-48.

Career barriers of women managers in sports organisations

Year 2016, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 82 - 92, 22.09.2016
https://doi.org/10.18826/ijsets.04634

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to carry out in order to determine the career impediments of career barriers of women managers in sports organizations.

Material and Methods: Interview method as a qualitative research technique was used in the research. Semi-structured interview form was preferred for this purpose. Sample consists of a total of 12 people who accepted the interview request, of which 6 women executives who work as branch managers and chiefs in Central Organization of Youth and Sports General Directorate and 6 women executives who work as presidents and members of board of directors in Sports Federations.  The themes and codes are determined by performing content analysis on the data obtained via “Nvivo 8”.

Results: As a result, it is found that sports organizations are subject to prejudices as well like other institutions and it is observed that organizational barriers are more prominent than others as career impediments.

Conclusion: These findings have shown that gender-oriented behaviours are valid for the sport organizations as they are for the other organizations. Accordingly, individual, organizational and social improvements are deemed necessary in context of career barriers.

References

  • Adler, N. J. and Izraeli, D. N. (Eds) (1994). Competitive Frontiers: Women Managers in a Global Economy, Blackwell, Cambridge, M.A.
  • Akoğlan M. (1997). Konaklama Endüstrisinde Kadın Yöneticiler. Eskişehir. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları. Yayın No: 994.
  • Akpınar, (2012). C.Career barriers for women executives and the Glass Ceiling Syndrome: the case study comparison between French and Turkish women executives. 2nd International Conference on Leadership, Technology and Innovation Management, Istanbul, Turkey, 11.
  • Arikan S. (1999). Yönetsel Kademelerde Kadın Yöneticilerin Karşılaştıkları Güçlükler. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(4): 147-154.
  • Aycan Z. (2004). Key Success Factors for Women in Management in Turkey. USA International Association for Applied Psychology, 53(3): 453-477.
  • Aytaç S. (1997). Çalışma Yaşamında Kariyer Yönetimi Planlaması Geliştirilmesi Sorunları. İstanbul. Epsilon Yayıncılık.
  • Baxter, J. & Wright E. O. (2000). The Glass Ceiling Hypothesis a Comparative Study Of The United States, Sweden and Australia. Gender & Society, Vol: 14, Ed: 2, pp. 275-294.
  • Cooper, V. W. (1997). Homophily or the Queen Bee syndrome: Female Evaluation of Female Leadership. Small Group Research, 28(4), 483.
  • Deaux K. & Lewis L. (1983). Components of Gender Stereotypes. Psychological Documents, 13, 25-34.
  • Demir Ö. & Acar M. (1997). Sosyal Bilimler Sözlüğü. Ankara. Vadi Yayınları.
  • Diekman, A.B., Eagly A.H. & Kulesa, P. (2002). Accuracy and Bias in Stereotypes about the Social and Political Attitudes of Women and Men. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (38): 268-282.
  • Eagly A. H. & Steffen V. J. (2000). Gender Stereotypes Stem From The Distribution of Women and Men İnto Social Roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1(46): 735-754, 1984Reprinted İn C. Stangor (Ed.). Stereotypes and Prejudice: Essential Readings (Pp. 142-160). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
  • Eagly A. H. & Wood W. & Diekman A.B. (2000). “Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: A Current Appraisal,” ECKES, T./TRAUTHER, H. M. (eds.), The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrance Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 123-160.
  • Eckes, T. (1994). Explorations in Gender Cognition: Content And Structure Of Female And Male Subtypes. Social Cognition, 12, 37–60.
  • Ergeneli A. & Akçamete C. (2004). Bankacılıkta Cam Tavan: Kadın ve Erkeklerin Kadın Çalışanlar ve Kadınların Üst Yönetime Yükselmelerine Yönelik Tutumları. Ankara: Hacettepe Ü. İİBF Dergisi, 22(2)
  • Fels A. (2004). Do Women Lack Ambition. USA. Harvard Business Review. 82(4), 50-60
  • Fidan F. İşçi Ö. & Yilmaz T. (2006). Kadın Mesleği Kavramı: Anlamlılığı ve İçeriği. Women’s Studies Conference, Oral presentation,
  • http://cws.emu.edu.tr/en/conferences/2nd_int/pdf/Fatma%20Fidan,%20Oznur%20Isci,%20Tuncay%20Yilmaz.pdf
  • Glick, P. & Fiske, S. T. (1996) “The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, pp. 491-512.
  • Greenhaus, J. H., & Parasuraman, S. (1999). Research on work, family, and gender: Current status and future direction. In G. N. Powel (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. pp. 391–412.
  • Guldal, D. (2006). A Study on Identifying The Factors Motivating and Demotivating Women Managers. Cukurova University, Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished Master Thesis, Adana.
  • Günindi-Ersöz A. (1998). Kamu Yönetiminde Yönetici Olarak Çalışan Kadınların Geleneksel Ve Çalışan Kadın Rollerine İlişkin Beklentiler. 20. Yüzyılın Sonunda Kadınlar ve Gelecek. Editör: Çitçi O. TODAİE İnsan Hakları Araştırma ve Derleme Merkezi Yayınları. Ankara. 255-264.
  • Hale M. (1999). He Says She Says : Gender and Worklife. Public Administration Review. USA. 59(5): 410-425.
  • Isık, V. (2009). Gender Discrimination Applications Against Women Workforce in Business Life”, Journal of Social Policy in Public, Ankara, 11. Edition, 67-72.
  • Koca, C. (2011). “Spor Kurumlarının Yönetim Kademelerinde Kadınların Temsili”, Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 22(1): 1–12.
  • Kottis, A. P. (1993). "Women in Management: The “Glass Ceiling” and How To Break it", Women in Management Review, 8(4).
  • Langdridge, D. (2007). Phenomenological psychology: Theory, research and methods. London: Pearson, 7.
  • Maddokck S. (1999). Challenging Women: Gender, Culture and Organization. London. Sage Publications, 76.
  • Mat N. (2004). İnsan Kaynakları Yönetiminde Kariyer Yönetiminin Değerlendirilmesi, Kardar Trade Company (Turkuaz) Uygulaması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Bişkek. Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı.
  • Melkas, H. & Anker, R. (1997). Occupational segregation by sex in Nordic countries: an empirical investigation. International Labour Review, 136, 341-363.
  • Mills A. J. (1988). Organization Gender and Culture”. Organization Studies, 9(3): 351-369.
  • Mills-Lamont A. Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity in Sport. (1998). The Inaugural Wendy Ey Women in Sport Essay Prize 1998: Exploring Perceptions of Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity in Australian Sport. Department of Psychology Master Thesis. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
  • Mizrahi R. (2010). A Research on Women Managers and Glass Ceiling Syndrome”. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, (2)1; 149-156.
  • Morrison, A. M., White, R. P., & Van Velsor, E. (1987). Breaking the glass ceiling. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Nancy B. E. & Fitzgerald F. L. The Career Psychology of Women. Academic Press Inc. s. 151-157,1987.
  • Noe R. A. (!988). An Investigation of the Determinants of Successful Assigned Mentoring Relationships” Personnel Psychology, 41(3): 457-479.
  • Ögüt A. (2006). Türkiye’de Kadın Girişimciliğin ve Yöneticiliğin Önündeki Güçlükler: Cam Tavan Sendromu. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi. (1)1: 56-78.
  • Oswald, S. L. & VanMatre, J.G. (1990). “Arbitration and the Queen Bee Syndrome”, Review of Business and Economic Research, 26 (1): 38-46.
  • Öge, S., Karasoy, A. & Kara, Ö., (2014). A Research on Glass Ceiling Syndrome Career Barriers of Women Academics” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering 8(9), 3011-3020.
  • Onay, Özkaya, M., (2001). Factors Affecting the Achievement of Women in Business Life”, Çukurova University, V. National Economtry and Statistics Symposium, Adana.
  • Palankök N. Y. (2004). Kariyer Yönetimi Araçları Olarak Mentorluk ve Koçluk. Dönem Projesi. Ankara. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi ve Kariyer Danışmanlığı Anabilim Dalı Tezsiz Yüksek Lisans Programı.
  • Powell D.A. & Butterfield G.N. (1994). Investigating the ‘Glass Ceiling’ Phenomenon: an Empirical Study of Actual Promotions to Top Management. Academy of Management Journal, (37): 68-86.
  • Rosenthal P. (1995). Gender Differences in Managers' Attributions for Successful Work Performance. Women in Management Review (10)6: 26-31.
  • Sefer S. R. (2006). Üsküdar İlçesindeki Okullarda Çalışan Bazı Kadın Yöneticilerin Mesleklerine İlişkin Beklenti ve Sorunları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Sakarya. Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eğitim Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı.
  • Spence J T & Helmreich R L. (1978). Masculinity & Femininity: Their Psychological Dimensions, Correlates, & Antecedents. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, p.297.
  • Stacey M. (1970). Methods of Social Research. Exeter-Britain: Pergamon Press.
  • Stevens, G. & Denisi A. (1980). Women as Managers: Attitudes and Attributions for Performance By Men And Women. Academy of Management Journal, (23): 355-361.
  • Temel, A., Misci, S. & Yakın, M. (2006). Reflections of Organizational Gender in Organizational Behavior, Journal of Management and Economics Celal Bayar University The Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences Journal, 13(1), 27-38.
  • Üstüngüler H. (2004). Türk Kamu Yönetiminde Kadın Yöneticiler: Sakarya İli Örneği. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Sakarya. Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Wood, G. & Newton, J. (2006). Childlessness and women managers: ‘choice’, context and discourses. Gender, Work and Organization, 13(4): 338-58.
  • Yaylacı G. Ö. (2004). Kadın Yöneticiler İçin Kariyer Gelişmelerinde Örgüt İçi Kişilerarası İlişki Ağları”nı Yönetmek. İstanbul. Yeditepe Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi. Kadın Çalışmalarında Disiplinlerarası Buluşma. 1: 75-82.
  • Yıldırım A. & Şimşek H. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara. Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2011.
  • Zel U. (2002). İş Arenasında Kadın Yöneticilerin Algılanması ve Kraliçe Arı Sendromu. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 35(2), 39-48.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section SCIENCE of SPORTS MANAGEMENT
Authors

Feyza Meryem Kara

Tekin Çolakoğlu

Esin Esra Erturan Ogut

Publication Date September 22, 2016
Submission Date April 8, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kara, F. M., Çolakoğlu, T., & Erturan Ogut, E. E. (2016). Career barriers of women managers in sports organisations. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences - IJSETS, 2(3), 82-92. https://doi.org/10.18826/ijsets.04634