Alt Ekstremiteye Uygulanan Kan Akışı Kısıtlama Antrenmanının Bacak Hacmi Bacak Kütlesi ve Bacak Kuvveti Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 82 - 93, 27.09.2022

Necdet Eray Pişkin Zait Burak Aktuğ

https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1095896

Abstract

Amaç: Günümüzde sporcuların kuvvetlerini geliştirmek için farklı antrenman yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Bu sebeple birden fazla antrenman metodu bulunmakta ve bu metotların da birbirinden farklı etkileri olabilmektedir. Kuvvet gelişimi için uygulanan yöntemlerden birisi de kan akışı kısıtlama antrenman metodudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, alt ekstremiteye kan akışı kısıtlama (KAK) yöntemi ile uygulanan düşük şiddetli kuvvet antrenmanının bacak hacmi, bacak kütlesi ve bacak kuvveti üzerine etkisinin incelenmesidir.

Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmaya 16-18 yaşları arasında 24 voleybolcu kadın gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Katılımcılar kan akışı kısıtlama antrenman grubu (KAKG) ve klasik hipertrofi antrenman grubu (KHG) olarak 12 kişilik iki gruba ayrılmıştır. KAKG maksimal kuvvetlerinin %20-40’ı ile, KHG ise maksimal kuvvetlerinin %70-80’i ile dört hafta boyunca haftanın üç günü alt ekstremiteyi içeren ve beş hareketten oluşan bir antrenman programı uygulamıştır. Çalışmanın başlangıcında ve dört hafta sonunda katılımcıların segmental vücut analizleri Tanita BC 418 vücut analiz monitörüyle, bacak kuvvetleri bacak dinamometresi ile, bacak hacimleri Frustum yöntemi ile, bacak kütleleri ise Hanavan yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir.

Bulgular: Çalışma verilerinin analizinde Wilcoxon işaretli sıralar testi kullanılmıştır. İstatiksel analiz sonucunda, yağsız kütle ağırlığı (YKA), bacak kuvveti, bacak hacmi ve bacak kütlesi her iki grupta da artış gösterirken, bu artışın KAKG’de KHG’ye göre daha yüksek seviyede olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Sonuç: KAK yöntemi ile uygulanan kuvvet antrenmanlarının hem düşük şiddette çalışılması hem de zamanın daha ekonomik kullanılması açısından KH antrenmanlarına güçlü bir alternatif yöntem olarak uygulanabileceği görülmüştür. Özellikle genç sporcuların kısa zamanda ağır yüklerin altına giremeyeceği göz önünde bulundurularak gençlerde kuvvet antrenmanlarının aşamalı olarak KAK yöntemi ile yapılması önerilebilir. 

Keywords

Kan Akışı Kısıtlama, Klasik Hipertrofi, Bacak kütlesi, Bacak hacmi

Investigation of the Effect of Blood Flow Restriction Training Applied to the Lower Extremity on Leg Volume Leg Mass and Leg Strength

Abstract

Aim: Today, different training methods are used to improve the strength of athletes. For this reason, there are more than one training method and these methods can have different effects from each other. One of the methods applied for strength development is the blood flow restriction (BFR) training method. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of low-intensity strength training applied to the lower extremity with blood flow restriction method on leg volume, leg mass and leg strength.

Methods: In this study, 24 girl volleyball players aged 16-18 participated voluntarily. Participants were divided into two groups of 12 as blood flow restriction training group (BFRG) and classical hypertrophy training group (CHG). Participants applied a training program consisting of 5 exercise involving the lower extremities 3 days a week for 4 weeks. The BFRG applied 20-40% of their maximal strength and the CHG applied a training program consisting of five movements, including the lower extremities, three days a week for four weeks, with 70-80% of their maximal strength. At the beginning of the study and at the end of the four weeks, segmental body composition analyzes of the participants were determined with the Tanita BC 418 body analysis monitor, leg strengths were determined by leg dynamometer, leg volumes were determined by the Frustum method, and leg masses were determined by the Hanavan method.

Results: Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used in the analysis of the study data. As a result of the statistical analysis, it was determined that total free fat mass (FFM), leg strength, leg volume and leg mass increased in both BFRG and CHG. It was also determined that this increase was higher in the BFRG than in the CHG.

Conclusion: It was concluded that strength training applied with the BFR method can be applied as a strong alternative method to CH training in terms of both working at low intensity and using time more economically. Regarding the fact that especially young athletes cannot be under heavy weights in a short time, it can be recommended to perform strength training with gradually BFR method among young people.

Keywords

Blood Flow Restriction, Classical Hypertrophy, Leg Mass, Leg Volume

References

• Akkoç, O., & Gözübüyük, Ö. B. (2019). Klasik hipertrofi ile kan akışı sınırlandırılarak yapılan antrenmanların kas kuvveti ve kalınlığı açısından karşılaştırılması. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 30(4), 158-167.
• American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). (2002). American college of sports medicine position stand. progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(2), 364-380.
• American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand (ACSM) (2009). Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(3), 687-708.
• Amorim, S., Gaspar, A. P., Degens, H., Cendoroglo, M. S., de Mello Franco, F. G., & Ritti-Dias, R. M., et al. (2022). The effect of a single bout of resistance exercise with blood flow restriction on arterial stiffness in older people with slow gait speed: A pilot randomized study. Journal of Cardiovascular Development Disease, 9(85), 1-11.
• Bagheri, R., Rashidlamir, A., & Attarzadeh Hosseini, S. R. (2018). Effect of resistance training with blood flow restriction on follistatin to myostatin ratio, body composition and anaerobic power of trained-volleyball players. Medical Laboratory Journal, 12(6), 28-33.
• Baechle, T. R. (2008). Resistance training. Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, 381-412.
• Bompa, T. O. (2011). Antrenman kuramı ve yöntemi: Dönemleme. Çeviren: Keskin, İ., Tuner, B., Küçükgöz, H., & Bağırgan, T. Spor Yayınevi ve Kitabevi.
• Bompa, T. O., & Haff G. (2009). Periodization theory and methodology of training. Fifth Edition.
• Bompa, T. O., Pasquale, D. M. & Cornacchia, L. (2014). Nitelikli kuvveet antrenmanı. Ankara: Spor Yayınevi ve Kitabevi.
• Brzycki, M. (1993). Strength testing - predicting a one-rep max from reps to fatigue. Journal of Physical Education Recreation and Dance, 64, 88-90.
• Burd, N. A., West, D. W., Staples, A. W., Atherton, P. J., Baker, J. M., & Moore, D. R., et al. (2010). Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men. PloS One, 5(8), e12033.
• Cengizel, E. (2019). Voleybol mekaniği I (B. Ertaş Dölek (ed.); 1. basım. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
• Centner C, Wiegel P, Gollhofer A, & König D. (2019). Effects of blood flow restriction training on muscular strength and hypertrophy in older individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 49(1), 95-108.
• Dzelebdzic, U., Tammen, V. V., & Sato, Y. (2014). Effects of blood flow restriction via KAATSU AQUA on speed and endurance in young water polo players. KAATSU Training Research, 1-19. Early, K. S., Rockhill, M., Bryan, A., Tyo, B., Buuck, D., & McGinty, J. (2020). Effect of blood flow restriction training on muscular performance, pain and vascular function. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 15(6), 892-900.
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160. Fitschen, P. J., Kistler, B. M., Jeong, J. H., Chung, H. R., Wu, P. T., Walsh, M. J., & Wilund, K. R. (2014). Perceptual Effects and Efficacy of Gntermittent or Continuous Blood Flow Resrriction Resistance Training. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 34(5), 356-363.
• Guyton, A. C., Hall, J. E., Çavuşoğlu, H., Yeğen, B. Ç., Aydın, Z., & Alican, İ. (2007). Tıbbi fizyoloji: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
• Harbili, S., Özergin, U., Harbili, E., & Akkuş, H. (2005). Kuvvet antrenmanının vücut kompozisyonu ve bazı hormonlar üzerine etkisi. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(2), 64-76.
• Hasani, M., Karimi, M., & Sharifian, M. (2018). Comparison of the effect of resistance training with blood flow restriction and traditional method on hormonal responses in young male bodybuilders. Asian Exercise and Sport Science Journal, 2(1), 18-29.
• Hollander, D. B., Kraemer, R. R., Kilpatrick, M. W., Ramadan, Z. G., Reeves, G. V., & Francois, M., et al. (2007). Maximal eccentric and concentric strength discrepancies between young men and women for dynamic resistance exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(1), 37-40. Hughes, L., Paton, B., Rosenblatt, B., Gissane, C., & Patterson, S. D. (2017). Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(13), 1003-1011.
• Hughes, L., Jeffries, O., Waldron, M., Rosenblatt, B., Gissane, C., Paton, B., & Patterson, S. D. (2018). Influence and reliability of lower-limb arterial occlusion pressure at different body positions. PeerJ, 6, e4697.
• Jessee, M. B., Buckner, S. L., Mouser, J. G., Mattocks, K. T., Dankel, S. J., & Abe, T., (2018). Muscle adaptations to high-load training and very low-load training with and without blood flow restriction. Frontiers ın Physiology, 9, 1448.
• Kawada, S., Tachi, C., Ishii, N. (2001). Content and localization of myostatin in mouse skeletal muscles during aging, mechanical unloading and reloading. Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility, 22(8), 627-33.
• Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J., & Costill, D. (2015). Physiology of sport and exercise 6. Basım: Human Kinetics.
• Kim, D., Loenneke, J. P., Ye, X., Bemben, D. A., Beck, T. W., Larson, R. D., & Bemben, M. G. (2017). Low‐load resistance training with low relative pressure produces muscular changes similar to high‐load resistance training. Muscle Nerve, 56(6), E126-E133.
• Korkmaz, E., Dönmez G., Uzuner K., Babayeva N., Torgutalp S. S., & Özçakar L. (2020). Effects of blood flow restriction training on muscle strength and architecture. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1-8.
• Kwon, Y. H. (1998). Modified hanavan model. http://www.kwon3d.com/theory/bspeq/hanavan.html/. (Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2022).
• Lixandrão, M. E, Ugrinowitsch, C., Berton, R., Vechin, F. C., Conceição, M. S., & Damas, F., et al. (2018). Magnitude of muscle strength and mass adaptations between high-load resistance training versus low-load resistance training associated with blood-flow restriction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(2), 361-378.
• Loenneke, J. P., Fahs, C. A., Wilson, J. M., & Bemben, M. G. (2011). Blood flow restriction the metabolite volume threshold theory. Medical Hypotheses, 77(5), 748-752.
• Loenneke, J. P., Wilson, J. M., Marín, P. J., Zourdos, M. C., & Bemben, M. G. (2012). Low intensity blood flow restriction training: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(5), 1849-1859.
• Lowery, R., Joy, J. M., Loenneke, J. P., de Souza E. O., Machado M., & Dudeck J. E., et al. (2014). Practical blood flow restriction training increases muscle hypertrophy during a periodized resistance training programme. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 34(4), 317-321.
• Luebbers, P. E., Fry, A. C., Kriley, L. M., & Butler, M. S. (2014). The effects of a 7-week practical blood flow restriction program on well-trained collegiate athletes. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(8), 2270-2280.
• Manini, T. M., & Clark, B. C. (2009). Blood flow restricted exercise and skeletal muscle health. American College of Sports Medicine, 37(2), 78-85.
• Marangoz, İ. (2019). Farklı branşlardaki amatör sporcuların alt ekstremite hacim ve kütlelerinin ivmelenme hızı üzerine etkileri. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 13-22.
• Marangoz, İ., & Özbalcı, Ü. (2017). Sporcularda bacak hacmi ve kütlesi hesaplama programı. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(48), 223-231.
• Marques, M. C., Van Den Tillaar, R., Vescovi, J. D., & Gonzalez-Badillo, J. J. (2008). Changes in strength and power performance in elite senior female professional volleyball players during the in- season: A case study. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1147-1155.
• Magalhães, J., Oliveira, J., Ascensão, A., & Soares, J. (2004). Concentric quadriceps and hamstrings isokinetic strength in volleyball and soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 44(2), 119–125.
• McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2010). Exercise physiology: nutrition, energy, and human performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Nakajima, T., Kurano, M., Iida, H., Takano, H., Oonuma, H., & Morita, T., et al. (2006). Use and safety of KAATSU training: results of a national survey. International Journal of KAATSU Training Research, 2(1), 5-13.
• Öskan, A., & Kin-İşler, A. (2010). Amerikan futbolcularında bacak hacmi, bacak kütlesi, anaerobik performans ve izokinetik kuvvet arasındaki ilişki. Spormetre, (1)8, 35-41.
• Patterson, S. D., Hughes, L., Warmington, S., Burr, J., Scott B. R., & Owens J., et al. (2019). Blood flow restriction exercise: Considerations of methodology, application, and safety. Frontiers in Physiology, 15(10), 533.
• Pearson, S. J., & Hussain, S. R. (2015). A review on the mechanisms of blood-flow restriction resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy. Sports Medicine, 45(2), 187-200.
• Pignanelli, C., Petrick, H. L., Keyvani, F., Heigenhauser, G. J., Quadrilatero, J., & Holloway, G. P., et al. (2020). Low-load resistance training to task failure with and without blood flow restriction: muscular functional and structural adaptations. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 318(2), 284-295.
• Pişkin, N. E., Aktuğ, Z. B., İbiş, S., & Aka, H. (2022). The effect of the combined application of blood flow restriction-theraband training to lower and upper extremities on to athletic performance. Journal of Human Sciences, 19(1), 69-83.
• Rolnick, N., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2020). Blood flow restriction training and the physique athlete: A practical research-based guide to maximizing muscle size. Strength Conditioning Journal, 42(5), 22-36.
• Sato, Y., (2005). The history and future of kaatsu training. International Journal of KAATSU Training Research, 1(1), 1-5.
• Shalamzari, S. A., Rajabi, S., Rajabi, H., Gahreman, D. E., Paton, C., & Bayati, M., et al. (2019). Effects of blood flow restriction and exercise intensity on aerobic, anaerobic, and muscle strength adaptations in physically active collegiate women. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1-9.
• Shıbanuma, M., Mashımo, Ji., Mıta, A., Kurokı, T., & Nose, K. (1993). Cloning from a mouse osteoblastic cell line of a set of transforming‐growth‐factor‐β1‐regulated genes, one of which seems to encode a follistatin‐related polypeptide. The FEBS Journal, 217(1), 13-9.
• Slysz, J., Stultz, J., & Burr, J. F. (2016). The efficacy of blood flow restricted exercise: A systematic review & meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(8), 669-675.
• Sukul, D. M. K., Den Hoed, K. S., Johannes, E. J., Van Dolder, R., & Benda, E. (1993). Direct and indirect methods forthe quantification of leg volume comparison between water displacement volumetry, disk model method and the frustum sign model method, using the correlation coefficient and the limits of agreement. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 15(6), 477-480.
• Takarada, Y., Tsuruta, T., & Ishii, N. (2004). Cooperative effects of exercise and occlusive stimuli on muscular function in low-intensity resistance exercise with moderate vascular occlusion. The Japanese Journal of Physiology, 54(6), 585-592.
• Thiebaud, R. S., Loenneke, J. P., Fahs, C. A., Rossow, L. M., Kim, D., & Abe, T., et al. (2013). The effects of elastic band resistance training combined with blood flow restriction on strength, total bone‐free lean body mass and muscle thickness in postmenopausal women. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 33(5), 344-352.
• Tortoriello, D. V., Sidis, Y., Holtzman, D. A., Holmes, W. E., & Schneyer, A. L. (2001). Human follistatin-related protein: A structural homologue of follistatin with nuclear localization. Endocrinology, 142(8), 3426-3434.
• Yamanaka, T., Farley, R. S., & Caputo, J. L. (2012). Occlusion training increases muscular strength in division IA football players. The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 26(9), 2523-2529.
• Yasuda, T., Meguro, M., Sato, Y., & Nakajima, T. (2017). Use and safety of KAATSU training: Results of a national survey in 2016. International Journal of KAATSU Training Research, 13(1), 1-9.
• Wernbom, M., Augustsson, J., & Thomeé, R. (2006). Effects of vascular occlusion on muscular endurance in dynamic knee extension exercise at different submaximal loads. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(2), 372-377.