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British Hegemony over the Iraq and Persian Gulf in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Case of Müşir Nusret Pasha’s Report

Year 2019, , 223 - 240, 30.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.5.9.64

Abstract

This article examines the Great Britain’s political and economic intervention into the Ottoman Iraqi province and Persian Gulf in the late nineteenth century. It aims to show that how Britain's political and economic hegemony imposed towards the Iraqi region and Persian Gulf by both militarily and politically. There is a large literature of academic study on the British policy towards Iraq and Persian Gulf in the nineteenth century. To contribute to this considerable literature, this article will examine the factors of the growth of British economic and political hegemony in Iraq and Persian Gulf by referring to the report of Müşir Nusret Pasha who had served long years in Iraqi province as the Honorary Inspector of the Sixth Army. The principal point of this article is to investigate various aspects of the Britain’s expanding penetration into Persian Gulf and Iraqi region given the detailed report of Müşir Nusret Pasha. Another focal point of this article is to show how the British penetration into Persian Gulf and Iraqi region was perceived by the Ottoman official Nusret Pasha. Müşir Nusret Pasha pointed out that Britain’s growing influence in these regions is a potential threat and security risk for the Ottoman Empire in the near future. For this reason, Nusret Pasha warned the Ottoman central administration to take immediate action against Britain’s political and economic penetration. However, Ottoman Empire did not take necessary measures due to the lack of Ottoman military and administrative capacity.  

References

  • Yıldız Esas Evrakı (Y. EE.), no: 11/3.
  • Yıldız Umumi (Y. PRK. UM.), no: 41/117.
  • Allen, Robert C. The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective: New Approaches to economic and Social History. London: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Anscombe, F. Frederick. The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. New York: Colombia University Press, 1997.
  • Ateş, Sabri. Empires at the Margin: Towards a History of the Ottoman-Iranian Borderland and the Borderland Peoples, 1843-1881. New York: New York University Press, 2006.
  • Bektaş, Erhan. “The Tanzimat State in the Ottoman Iraq: Tribes, Ideology/Shiism and Taxation, 1830-1910.” The Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History of Boğaziçi University, MA Thesis, 2015.
  • Çetinsaya, Gökhan. Ottoman Administration of Iraq: 1890-1908. London: Routledge, 2006. . “Challenges of a Frontier Region: The Case of Ottoman Iraq in the Nineteenth Century.” in The Frontiers of the Ottoman World, edited by A.C.S. Peacock Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. . “Sultan Abdulhamid II’s Officials: The Case of Nusret Paşa at Baghdad, 1888-1896.” The Journal of Ottoman Studies XXI, (2001): 257-267.
  • Farah, E. Caesar. The Sultans’ Yemen: Nineteenth century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2002.
  • Fattah, Hala. The Politics of the Regional Trade in Iraq and Gulf 1745-1900. New York: State University of New York Press, 1997.
  • Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2009.
  • Hasan, Mohammad Salman. The Role of Foreign Trade in the Economic Development of Iraq, 1864-1964: A Study in the Growth of a Dependent Economy. London: Oxford University Press, 1970.
  • Hathaway, Jane. The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule: 1516-1800 with contributions by Karl Barbir. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008.
  • Issawi, Charles. The Economic History of the Middle East 1800-1914. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1966.
  • Nieuwenhuis, Tom. Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq: Mamluk Pashas, Tribal Shayks and Local Rule between 1802 and 1831. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004.
  • Palmer, Alan. The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2009.
  • Peterson, J.E. “Britain and the Gulf: at the Periphery of Empire.” in The Persian Gulf in the History, edited by Lawrence G. Potter. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009: 277-93.
  • Shahvar, Soli. “Tribes and Telegraphs in Lower Iraq: The Muntafiq and the Baghdad-Basrah Telegraph Line of 1863-65.” Middle Eastern Series 39, no. 1(2003): 89-116.
  • Sluglett, Peter. Britain in Iraq, 1914-1932. London: Ithaca Press, 1976.
  • “East India Company, British." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Edition. Retrieved July 21, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/east-india-company-british

On Dokuzuncu Yüzyıl Sonunda Irak ve Basra Körfezi Üzerinde İngiliz Hegemonyası: Müşir Nusret Paşa’nın Raporu

Year 2019, , 223 - 240, 30.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.5.9.64

Abstract

Bu makale, Büyük Britanya’nın on dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarında Osmanlı Irak vilayetine ve Basra Körfezi’ne siyasi ve ekonomik müdahalesini incelemektedir. İngiltere’nin siyasi ve ekonomik hegemonyasını Irak bölgesi ve Basra Körfezi’ne askeri ve siyasi olarak nasıl dayattığını göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. On dokuzuncu yüzyılda Britanya’nın Irak ve Basra Körfezi’ne yönelik politikaları üzerine çok sayıda akademik makale vardır. Bu akademik literatüre katkıda bulunmak için, bu makale, Irak’ta Altıncı Ordu Onursal Müfettişi olarak uzun yıllar görev yapan Müşir Nusret Paşa’nın raporuna bakarak Britanya’nın Basra Körfezi ve Irak’taki artan hegemonyasını inceleyecektir. Bu makalenin temel amacı, Müşir Nusret Paşa’nın ayrıntılı raporuna dayanarak, İngiltere’nin Basra Körfezi ve Irak bölgesine genişlemesinin çeşitli yönlerini incelemektir. Bu makalenin bir diğer odak noktası da İngiltere’nin İran Körfezi ve Irak bölgesine girmesinin Osmanlı yetkilisi Nusret Paşa tarafından nasıl algılandığıdır. Müşir Nusret Paşa, Britanya’nın bu bölgelerde artan nüfuzunun Osmanlı açısından yakın gelecek için potansiyel bir tehdit ve güvenlik riski olduğuna işaret etti. Bu sebeple, Osmanlı merkezi yönetimini İngiliz siyasi ve ekonomik nüfuzuna karşı gerekli tedbirleri almaları için uyardı. Ancak, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Osmanlı askeri ve idari kapasitesinin yetersizliğinden dolayı gerekli tedbirleri almadı.

References

  • Yıldız Esas Evrakı (Y. EE.), no: 11/3.
  • Yıldız Umumi (Y. PRK. UM.), no: 41/117.
  • Allen, Robert C. The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective: New Approaches to economic and Social History. London: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Anscombe, F. Frederick. The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. New York: Colombia University Press, 1997.
  • Ateş, Sabri. Empires at the Margin: Towards a History of the Ottoman-Iranian Borderland and the Borderland Peoples, 1843-1881. New York: New York University Press, 2006.
  • Bektaş, Erhan. “The Tanzimat State in the Ottoman Iraq: Tribes, Ideology/Shiism and Taxation, 1830-1910.” The Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History of Boğaziçi University, MA Thesis, 2015.
  • Çetinsaya, Gökhan. Ottoman Administration of Iraq: 1890-1908. London: Routledge, 2006. . “Challenges of a Frontier Region: The Case of Ottoman Iraq in the Nineteenth Century.” in The Frontiers of the Ottoman World, edited by A.C.S. Peacock Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. . “Sultan Abdulhamid II’s Officials: The Case of Nusret Paşa at Baghdad, 1888-1896.” The Journal of Ottoman Studies XXI, (2001): 257-267.
  • Farah, E. Caesar. The Sultans’ Yemen: Nineteenth century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2002.
  • Fattah, Hala. The Politics of the Regional Trade in Iraq and Gulf 1745-1900. New York: State University of New York Press, 1997.
  • Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2009.
  • Hasan, Mohammad Salman. The Role of Foreign Trade in the Economic Development of Iraq, 1864-1964: A Study in the Growth of a Dependent Economy. London: Oxford University Press, 1970.
  • Hathaway, Jane. The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule: 1516-1800 with contributions by Karl Barbir. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008.
  • Issawi, Charles. The Economic History of the Middle East 1800-1914. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1966.
  • Nieuwenhuis, Tom. Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq: Mamluk Pashas, Tribal Shayks and Local Rule between 1802 and 1831. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004.
  • Palmer, Alan. The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2009.
  • Peterson, J.E. “Britain and the Gulf: at the Periphery of Empire.” in The Persian Gulf in the History, edited by Lawrence G. Potter. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009: 277-93.
  • Shahvar, Soli. “Tribes and Telegraphs in Lower Iraq: The Muntafiq and the Baghdad-Basrah Telegraph Line of 1863-65.” Middle Eastern Series 39, no. 1(2003): 89-116.
  • Sluglett, Peter. Britain in Iraq, 1914-1932. London: Ithaca Press, 1976.
  • “East India Company, British." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Edition. Retrieved July 21, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/east-india-company-british
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Erhan Bektaş 0000-0001-7808-2825

Publication Date December 30, 2019
Submission Date July 24, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Bektaş, E. (2019). British Hegemony over the Iraq and Persian Gulf in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Case of Müşir Nusret Pasha’s Report. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(9), 223-240. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.5.9.64
AMA Bektaş E. British Hegemony over the Iraq and Persian Gulf in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Case of Müşir Nusret Pasha’s Report. ÜSBİD. December 2019;(9):223-240. doi:10.32739/uskudarsbd.5.9.64
Chicago Bektaş, Erhan. “British Hegemony over the Iraq and Persian Gulf in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Case of Müşir Nusret Pasha’s Report”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 9 (December 2019): 223-40. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.5.9.64.
EndNote Bektaş E (December 1, 2019) British Hegemony over the Iraq and Persian Gulf in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Case of Müşir Nusret Pasha’s Report. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 9 223–240.
IEEE E. Bektaş, “British Hegemony over the Iraq and Persian Gulf in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Case of Müşir Nusret Pasha’s Report”, ÜSBİD, no. 9, pp. 223–240, December 2019, doi: 10.32739/uskudarsbd.5.9.64.
ISNAD Bektaş, Erhan. “British Hegemony over the Iraq and Persian Gulf in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Case of Müşir Nusret Pasha’s Report”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 9 (December 2019), 223-240. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.5.9.64.
JAMA Bektaş E. British Hegemony over the Iraq and Persian Gulf in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Case of Müşir Nusret Pasha’s Report. ÜSBİD. 2019;:223–240.
MLA Bektaş, Erhan. “British Hegemony over the Iraq and Persian Gulf in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Case of Müşir Nusret Pasha’s Report”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 9, 2019, pp. 223-40, doi:10.32739/uskudarsbd.5.9.64.
Vancouver Bektaş E. British Hegemony over the Iraq and Persian Gulf in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Case of Müşir Nusret Pasha’s Report. ÜSBİD. 2019(9):223-40.

Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi’nde yayımlanan makalelerdeki görüşler yazarına aittir. Dergiye, daha önce başka bir dergide, kitapta vb. herhangi bir kaynakta yayımlanan makaleler kabul edilmemektedir. Ulusal veya uluslararası konferans, seminer ve panellerde sunulan bildiriler, dipnotta belirtildikten ve makale formatına dönüştürüldükten sonra yayın sürecine alınabilir.


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