Uluslararası İlişkilerde Terörizm ve Diaspora İlişkileri: ASALA ve Ermeni Diasporası

Year 2023, Issue: 16, 55 - 75, 29.06.2023

Svetlana Saribayova

https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.9.16.119

Abstract

Bu çalışmada ASALA terörizminin 20.yüzyıldaki uluslararası ilişkiler üzerindeki stratejik etkisi incelenmektedir. Makalede merkezî yer, Ermeni diasporasının ASALA ile ilişkileri örneğinde incelenen terör örgütlerinin faaliyetlerinde diasporanın rolüne verilmiştir. 1975-1983 döneminde aktif olan ASALA “birisinin teröristinin diğerinin özgürlük savaşçısı” olduğunun canlı örneğidir. Türkiye, ülkenin güvenliğini ve vatandaşlarını, özellikle de diplomatik temsilcilerini tehdit eden bir terör örgütü olan ASALA'ya karşı savaşırken, dünyadaki Ermeni diasporası bu örgütü Ermeni halkının hakları ve adalet için savaşan bir örgüt olarak değerlendiriyor ve ASALA'ya çeşitli yardımlarda bulunuyordu. Bu çalışma, sosyal inşacılık kuramının özelliklerini, temel terimlerini ve onların terör örgütlerinin analizine uygulanmasını ele almaktadır. Sosyal inşacılık kuramının "kimlik" kategorisi ve "Biz"-"Ötekiler" ikilemi çerçevesinde diaspora tarafından terör örgütlerine verilen desteği anlamak için bir girişim yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, terör örgütlerinin faaliyetlerinin diasporayı ortak bir fikir etrafında toplayarak etnik kimliği güçlendirebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışma, Türkiye devletinin ve Ermeni diasporasının ASALA’ya yaklaşımının farklı olması açısından aynı örgütün farklı toplumlar tarafından farklı algılanabileceği fikrini de doğrulamıştır.

Keywords

ASALA, Diaspora, Terör Örgütü, Uluslararası Terörizm, Özgürlük Savaşı

Relationship between Terrorism and Diaspora: ASALA and the Armenian Diaspora

Abstract

This study examines the strategic impact of ASALA terrorism on international relations in the 20th century. The central place in the article is given to the role of the diaspora in the activities of terrorist organizations, which was studied on the example of the relations of the Armenian diaspora with ASALA. ASALA, active in the period of 1975-1983, is a vivid example of how one man's terrorist can be another's freedom fighter. While Turkey was fighting against ASALA as a terrorist organization threatening the security of the country and its citizens, especially its diplomatic representatives, the Armenian diaspora around the world regarded ASALA as an organization fighting for justice and the rights of the Armenian people and provided various form of assistance to it. This research paper discusses the concept of social constructivism, its basic terms and the application of the terms to the analysis of terrorist organizations. On the basis of the "identity" category of the social constructivism concept and the "We"-"They" dichotomy an attempt will be made to understand the support given to the terrorist organizations by the diaspora. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the activities of terrorist organizations can strengthen ethnic identity by rallying the diaspora around a common idea. The study also confirmed the idea that the same organization can be perceived differently by different societies: while the Turkish state fought ASALA as a terrorist organization, some members of the Armenian diaspora perceived this organization as a justice-fighter and honored the “ASALA veterans."

Keywords

ASALA, Diaspora, Terrorist Organization, International Terrorism, Freedom Fighting

References

• Agius Ch. “Social Constructivism”, in Contemporary Security Studies, edited by Alan Collins, 87-103, Oxford University Press (2013).
• Armenian Atrocities and Terrorism, Publication of the Assembly of Turkish American Associations, Washington DC.
• Briggs E. The Munich Massacre: A New History, BA, History University of Sydney, (2011).
• Byman D. et al. Trends in outside support for insurgent movements, RAND, (2001).
• Carpenter A. Community Resilience to Sectarian Violence in Baghdad, Springer, (2014).
• Creshaw M. “The Causes of Terrorism”, Comparative Politics, Cilt 13, Sayı 4 (1981), 379-399.
• Dugan L. et al. “Sudden desistance from terrorism: The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia and the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide”, Dynamics of Asymetric Conflict Cilt 1, Sayı 3 (2008), 231-249.
• Fodor G. La question arménienne en France et en Hongrie au XXe siècle, Entre coopération et antagonismes. Éditions Codex; Université de Pécs, Talmont St. Hilaire (2014).
• Garrison Arthur H. “Defining Terrorism: Philosophy of the Bomb, Propaganda by Deed and Change through Fear and Violence”, Criminal Justice Studies Cilt 17, Sayı. 3 (2004), 259–279.
• Hoffman B. Radicalization, Terrorism, and Diasporas, Summary of the Joint Conference by the RAND Corporation and the Center for Security Studies, Zurich (2007). Hyland Francis P. Armenian Terrorism The Past, The Present, The Prospect, USA, Westview Press (1991).
• Kroening M. and Pavel Barry, “How to Deter Terrorism”, The Washington Quarterly Cilt 35, Sayı 2 (2012), 21-36.
• Masters D. & Patricia Hoen. “State Legitimacy and Terrorism”, Democracy and Security, Cilt 8, Sayı 4 (2012), 337-357.
• Olzak S. “Ethnic and Nationalist Social Movements”, in The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by David A.Snow et al., 666-693, Blackwell Publishing (2004)
• Roe P. “Societal Security”, in Contemporary Security Studies, edited by Alan Collins, 176-189, Oxford University Press (2013).
• Saul B. “Definition of “Terrorism” in the UN Security Council: 1985–2004”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Cilt 4, Sayı 1 (2005), 141–166.
• Sheffer G. “Diasporas and Terrorism”, in The Roots of Terrorism, edited by Louise Richardson, 118-129, New York, Routledge (2006).
• “The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia: A Continuing International Threat”. Research paper prepared by CIA Terrorism Analysis Branch, Instability and Insurgency Center, Office of Global Issues, Office of European Analysis (1984).
• Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin 3713 saylı 12/4/1991 tarihli Terörle Mücadele Kanunu http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.3713.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2022).
• Wendth A. “Constructing international politics”, International Security, Cilt 20, Sayı 1 (1995), 71-81.
• Whitbeck, John V. “What is the Definition of Terrorism?”, September 09, 2004 http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=4747&CategoryId=5 (Erişim tarihi: 27.03.2022)
• “Вазген Сислян: Мы все верили в одну идею”, [“Vazgen Sislyan: Mi vse verili v odnu ideyu”, Intervyu s Vazgenom Sislyanom], (2012) http://www.voskepar.ucoz.ru/news/vazgen_sisljan_my_vse_verili_v_odnu_ideju/2012-02-19-1055 (Erişim tarihi: 17.06.2022)
• “Герои Армянского терроризма”, [“Geroi Armyanskogo terrorizma”], https://gulustan.info/2013/02/25/arm-terror-2/ (Erişim tarihi: 17.06.2022)
• Гурба В. и Фокин Н. “Этнонациональные факторы терроризма”, Вестник непрерывного образования, № 1 (2015), 42-52 [Qurba V. i Fokin N. “Etnonasionalnıe faktorı terrorizma”, Vestnik neprerivnoqo obrazovaniya № 1 (2015), 42-52]
• Кузнецов О. История транснационального армянского терроризма в ХХ веке, Москва, И.д. Аквариус (2015) [Kuznetsov O. Istoriya transnatsionalnogo armyanskogo terrorizma v XX veke, Moskva, i.d. Akvarius (2015)].
• Мстители. История армянской боевой организации АСАЛА [Mstiteli. Istoriya armyanskoy boyevoy orqanizasii ASALA], 2014, https://topwar.ru/58418-mstiteli-istoriya-armyanskoy-boevoy-organizacii-asala.html (Erişim tarihi: 17.06.2022)
• Савичева Е.М. Ливан и Турция: Конструктивный диалог в сложной региональной обстановке [Savicheva Е.М. Livan i Tursiya: Konstruktivniy dialog v slojnoy regionalnoy obstanovke], https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/10463/9914 (Erişim tarihi: 17.06.2022)
• Федеральный закон Российской Федерации от 6 марта 2006 г. N 35-ФЗ О противодействии терроризму [Federalniy zakon Rossiyskoy Federasii ot 6 marta 2006 q. O protivodeystvii terrorizmu] https://rg.ru/2006/03/10/borba-terrorizm.html?utm_source=rg.ru&utm_medium=offline&utm_campaign=back_to_online (Erişim Tarihi: 17.06.2022)