Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Orta Çağ Manastır Scriptoriumunun İşlevi: Bilginin Üretimi, Kopyalanması ve Muhafazası

Year 2025, Issue: 20, 77 - 96, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.11.20.153

Abstract

Manastırlar, iffet, yoksulluk ve itaat ilkelerine kendini adamış keşişlerin bir arada yaşadığı dışa kapalı mekanlardır. Kendi kendine yetebilen bu kurumlar, sadece ibadet merkezleri olmakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda Hristiyan toplumunun entelektüel zeminini de oluşturmuştur. Manastır kompleksi içinde bulunan scriptorium bölümü el yazmaların kopyalanması, yazılması ve arşivlenmesi gibi süreçlerle bilginin sürekliliğini sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma, Batı manastır scriptoriumunu merkeze alarak tarihsel süreçte bilginin işlenişine odaklanmıştır. Aynı şekilde 10. ilâ 13. yüzyıl Batı coğrafyasında hızla yayılan Cluny ve Sistersiyen gibi dini toplulukların scriptorium örnekleriyle desteklenmiştir. Çalışmada Katolik doktrinine göre şekillenen dini toplulukların kültürel çalışmalara dair belirledikleri kararlardan yararlanılmıştır. Ayrıca yazım araçlarının temini, el yazmalarının nasıl kopyalandığı, nitelikli keşişlerin bir ibadet tarzı olarak kopyalama işini nasıl üstlendiği, bilginin nasıl korunduğu, manastır kütüphanelerinde hangi bilgilerin arşivlenip işlendiği gibi konular çok boyutlu olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda manastır bilgi hafızası tarihsel, toplumsal, ideolojik ve kültürel yönleriyle incelenmiştir. Çalışma Orta Çağ manastır scriptoriumunun bilginin üretiminde ve sürekliliğindeki etkin rolünü ve günümüze katkısını ortaya koymayı hedeflemiştir.

References

  • Benedictus de Nursia. The Rule of St. Benedict. Translated by Carolinne White. London: Penguin Books, 2008.
  • Bischoff, Bernhard. Manuscripts and Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne. Translated by Michael Gorman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  • Brown, Michelle P. Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts. California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 1994. Bruce, Scott G. Silence and Sign Language in Medieval Monasticism: The Cluniac Tradition 900-1200. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Cassiodorus. Institutes of Divine and Secular Learning. Translated by James W. Halporn - Barbara Halporn. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2004.
  • Chrysogonus Waddell, ed. “Exordium Parvum.” Narrative and Legislative Texts From Early Citeaux. Citeaux: Commentarii Cistercienses, 1999.
  • ———, ed. “Instituta Generalis Capituli Apud Cistercium.” Narrative and Legislative Texts From Early Citeaux. Citeaux: Commentarii Cistercienses, 1999.
  • Clanchy, M. T. From Memory to Written Record: England, 1066-1307. Chichester, West Sussex, UK; Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
  • Clark, John Willis. The Care of Books. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Conrad of Eberbach. The Exordium Magnum of Conrad of Eberbach : The Great Beginning of Citeaux, A Narrative of the Beginning of the Cistercian Order. Edited by E. Rozanne Elder. Translated by Benedicta Ward - Paul Savage. Minnesota: Cistercian Publications, 2012.
  • Dalgairns, J.B. The Life of St. Stephen Harding. London: Art and Book Company, 1898. Demir, Seda. “Karolenj Rönesansı Bağlamında Kütüphaneler, Manastırlar ve Karolenj El Yazmaları.” Türk Kütüphaneciliği 35/2 (2021): 183–207.
  • Douglass, Ralph. “How to Make Your Own Goose Quill Pen.” Pen Design 52/1 (1950): 21–21. Drogin, Marc. Anathema : Medieval Scribes and the History of Book Curses. New Jersey: Allanheld, Osmun & Co. Publishers, 1983.
  • Eco, Umberto. Gülün Adı. Çeviren: Şadan Karadeniz. İstanbul: Can Sanat Yayınları, 2019. Genç, Özlem. Orta Çağ Avrupası: Sosyal, Kültürel ve Ekonomik Hayat. İstanbul: Kronik Kitap, 2022.
  • Goff, Jacques Le. Ortaçağ Batı Uygarlığı. Çeviren: Hanife Güven-Uğur Güven. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2015.
  • Gonzalez, Ana Suarez. “Cistercian Scriptoria in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries.” Culture and Society in Medieval Galicia: A Cultural Crossroads at the Edge of Europe, edited by James D’Emilio, 765–811. Leiden: Brill Academic Publications, 2015.
  • Gürlek, Yelda. “Scriptorium’dan Beytü’l Hikme’ye: Gülün Adı Işığında Orta Çağ Elyazmaları.” İdil 91 (2022): 379–87.
  • Holcomb, Melanie. Pen and Parchment Drawing in the Middle Ages. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.
  • Isidore of Seville. The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville. Translated by Stephen A. Barney, W.J. Lewis, J.A. Beach, Oliver Berghof. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Lanfranc. The Monastic Constitutions of Lanfranc. Edited by David Knowles. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002.
  • Lawrence, C.H. Medieval Monasticism. New York: Routledge, 2015.
  • Lerlercq, Jean. The Love of Learning and the Desire for God: A Study of Monastic Culture. Translated by Catharine Misrahi. New York: Fordham University Press, 1982.
  • Manguel, Alberto. Okumanın Tarihi. Çeviren: Füsun Elioğlu. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2018. Newton, Francis. The Scriptorium and Library at Monte Cassino (1058-1105). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Ordericus Vitalis. The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy. Translated by Thomas Forester. Vol. II. London, 1854.
  • Otto Frisingensis. The Two Cities: A Chronicle of Universal History to the Year 1146 A.D (Chronica Sive Historia de Duabus Civitatibus ). Translated by Charles Christopher Mierow. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
  • Overgaauw, Eef. “Fast or Slow, Professional or Monastic: The Writing Speed of Some Late-Medieval Scribes.” Scriptorium 49/ 2 (1995): 211–27.
  • Sharpe, Richard. “Accession, Classification, Location: Shelfmarks in Medieval Libraries.” Scriptorium 50/2 (1996): 279–87.
  • Stones, Alison. “Scriptorium: The Term and Its History.” Perspective 1, (2014): 113–18.
  • Thomas, Alan G. Great Books and Book Collectors. London: Chancellor Press, 1975.
  • Thomas, Owen. “The Mighty Pen.” The Christian Science Monitor, 2001.
  • Thomson, Rodney. “Scribes and Scriptoria.” The European Book in the Twelfth Century, edited by Erik Kwakkel - Rodney Thomson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • Treharne, Elaine. Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book. Oxford University Press, 2021.
  • Williams, David H. The Cistercians in the Early Middle Ages. Trowbridge: Cromwell Press, 1998. Zerdoun Bat-Yehouda, Monique. Les Encres Noires Au Moyen Âge. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1983.
  • https://www.historyofpencils.com/writing-instruments-history/history-of-quill-pens/ Erişim: 14.01.2025; https://www.regia.org/research/church/quill2.htm

The Function of the Medieval Monastery Scriptorium: Production, Copying, and Preservation of Knowledge

Year 2025, Issue: 20, 77 - 96, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.11.20.153

Abstract

Monasteries are closed spaces where monks committed to chastity, poverty, and obedience coexist. These self-sufficient institutions were not only places of worship, but also the intellectual heart of Christian society. The scriptorium within the monastic complex ensured the continuity of knowledge through processes such as copying, writing, and archiving manuscripts. The focus of this study is on the Western monastic scriptorium and how knowledge is processed in the historical process. Likewise, it is supported by the scriptorium examples of religious communities such as Cluny and Cistercians, which spread rapidly in Western geography in the 10th to 13th centuries. In the study, the decisions of religious communities shaped according to Catholic doctrine regarding cultural studies were utilized. In addition, issues such as the provision of writing tools, the copying process, the role of qualified monks in copying as a form of worship, the preservation of knowledge, and the archiving and processing of information in monastic libraries are discussed in a multidimensional manner. In this context, monastic knowledge memory is analyzed in its historical, social, ideological, and cultural aspects. The article aims to reveal the effective role of medieval monastic scriptoria in the production and continuity of knowledge, as well as their contribution to the present day.

References

  • Benedictus de Nursia. The Rule of St. Benedict. Translated by Carolinne White. London: Penguin Books, 2008.
  • Bischoff, Bernhard. Manuscripts and Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne. Translated by Michael Gorman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  • Brown, Michelle P. Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts. California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 1994. Bruce, Scott G. Silence and Sign Language in Medieval Monasticism: The Cluniac Tradition 900-1200. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Cassiodorus. Institutes of Divine and Secular Learning. Translated by James W. Halporn - Barbara Halporn. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2004.
  • Chrysogonus Waddell, ed. “Exordium Parvum.” Narrative and Legislative Texts From Early Citeaux. Citeaux: Commentarii Cistercienses, 1999.
  • ———, ed. “Instituta Generalis Capituli Apud Cistercium.” Narrative and Legislative Texts From Early Citeaux. Citeaux: Commentarii Cistercienses, 1999.
  • Clanchy, M. T. From Memory to Written Record: England, 1066-1307. Chichester, West Sussex, UK; Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
  • Clark, John Willis. The Care of Books. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Conrad of Eberbach. The Exordium Magnum of Conrad of Eberbach : The Great Beginning of Citeaux, A Narrative of the Beginning of the Cistercian Order. Edited by E. Rozanne Elder. Translated by Benedicta Ward - Paul Savage. Minnesota: Cistercian Publications, 2012.
  • Dalgairns, J.B. The Life of St. Stephen Harding. London: Art and Book Company, 1898. Demir, Seda. “Karolenj Rönesansı Bağlamında Kütüphaneler, Manastırlar ve Karolenj El Yazmaları.” Türk Kütüphaneciliği 35/2 (2021): 183–207.
  • Douglass, Ralph. “How to Make Your Own Goose Quill Pen.” Pen Design 52/1 (1950): 21–21. Drogin, Marc. Anathema : Medieval Scribes and the History of Book Curses. New Jersey: Allanheld, Osmun & Co. Publishers, 1983.
  • Eco, Umberto. Gülün Adı. Çeviren: Şadan Karadeniz. İstanbul: Can Sanat Yayınları, 2019. Genç, Özlem. Orta Çağ Avrupası: Sosyal, Kültürel ve Ekonomik Hayat. İstanbul: Kronik Kitap, 2022.
  • Goff, Jacques Le. Ortaçağ Batı Uygarlığı. Çeviren: Hanife Güven-Uğur Güven. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2015.
  • Gonzalez, Ana Suarez. “Cistercian Scriptoria in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries.” Culture and Society in Medieval Galicia: A Cultural Crossroads at the Edge of Europe, edited by James D’Emilio, 765–811. Leiden: Brill Academic Publications, 2015.
  • Gürlek, Yelda. “Scriptorium’dan Beytü’l Hikme’ye: Gülün Adı Işığında Orta Çağ Elyazmaları.” İdil 91 (2022): 379–87.
  • Holcomb, Melanie. Pen and Parchment Drawing in the Middle Ages. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.
  • Isidore of Seville. The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville. Translated by Stephen A. Barney, W.J. Lewis, J.A. Beach, Oliver Berghof. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Lanfranc. The Monastic Constitutions of Lanfranc. Edited by David Knowles. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002.
  • Lawrence, C.H. Medieval Monasticism. New York: Routledge, 2015.
  • Lerlercq, Jean. The Love of Learning and the Desire for God: A Study of Monastic Culture. Translated by Catharine Misrahi. New York: Fordham University Press, 1982.
  • Manguel, Alberto. Okumanın Tarihi. Çeviren: Füsun Elioğlu. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2018. Newton, Francis. The Scriptorium and Library at Monte Cassino (1058-1105). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Ordericus Vitalis. The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy. Translated by Thomas Forester. Vol. II. London, 1854.
  • Otto Frisingensis. The Two Cities: A Chronicle of Universal History to the Year 1146 A.D (Chronica Sive Historia de Duabus Civitatibus ). Translated by Charles Christopher Mierow. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
  • Overgaauw, Eef. “Fast or Slow, Professional or Monastic: The Writing Speed of Some Late-Medieval Scribes.” Scriptorium 49/ 2 (1995): 211–27.
  • Sharpe, Richard. “Accession, Classification, Location: Shelfmarks in Medieval Libraries.” Scriptorium 50/2 (1996): 279–87.
  • Stones, Alison. “Scriptorium: The Term and Its History.” Perspective 1, (2014): 113–18.
  • Thomas, Alan G. Great Books and Book Collectors. London: Chancellor Press, 1975.
  • Thomas, Owen. “The Mighty Pen.” The Christian Science Monitor, 2001.
  • Thomson, Rodney. “Scribes and Scriptoria.” The European Book in the Twelfth Century, edited by Erik Kwakkel - Rodney Thomson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • Treharne, Elaine. Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book. Oxford University Press, 2021.
  • Williams, David H. The Cistercians in the Early Middle Ages. Trowbridge: Cromwell Press, 1998. Zerdoun Bat-Yehouda, Monique. Les Encres Noires Au Moyen Âge. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1983.
  • https://www.historyofpencils.com/writing-instruments-history/history-of-quill-pens/ Erişim: 14.01.2025; https://www.regia.org/research/church/quill2.htm
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Medieval European History
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Havva Turan 0000-0001-8932-3962

Early Pub Date July 8, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date March 17, 2025
Acceptance Date May 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 20

Cite

APA Turan, H. (2025). Orta Çağ Manastır Scriptoriumunun İşlevi: Bilginin Üretimi, Kopyalanması ve Muhafazası. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(20), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.11.20.153
AMA Turan H. Orta Çağ Manastır Scriptoriumunun İşlevi: Bilginin Üretimi, Kopyalanması ve Muhafazası. JOSOC. June 2025;(20):77-96. doi:10.32739/uskudarsbd.11.20.153
Chicago Turan, Havva. “Orta Çağ Manastır Scriptoriumunun İşlevi: Bilginin Üretimi, Kopyalanması Ve Muhafazası”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 20 (June 2025): 77-96. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.11.20.153.
EndNote Turan H (June 1, 2025) Orta Çağ Manastır Scriptoriumunun İşlevi: Bilginin Üretimi, Kopyalanması ve Muhafazası. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 20 77–96.
IEEE H. Turan, “Orta Çağ Manastır Scriptoriumunun İşlevi: Bilginin Üretimi, Kopyalanması ve Muhafazası”, JOSOC, no. 20, pp. 77–96, June2025, doi: 10.32739/uskudarsbd.11.20.153.
ISNAD Turan, Havva. “Orta Çağ Manastır Scriptoriumunun İşlevi: Bilginin Üretimi, Kopyalanması Ve Muhafazası”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 20 (June2025), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.11.20.153.
JAMA Turan H. Orta Çağ Manastır Scriptoriumunun İşlevi: Bilginin Üretimi, Kopyalanması ve Muhafazası. JOSOC. 2025;:77–96.
MLA Turan, Havva. “Orta Çağ Manastır Scriptoriumunun İşlevi: Bilginin Üretimi, Kopyalanması Ve Muhafazası”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 20, 2025, pp. 77-96, doi:10.32739/uskudarsbd.11.20.153.
Vancouver Turan H. Orta Çağ Manastır Scriptoriumunun İşlevi: Bilginin Üretimi, Kopyalanması ve Muhafazası. JOSOC. 2025(20):77-96.

The opinions in the articles published in Üsküdar University Journal of Social Sciences belong to the author. The articles published in another journal, book, and so on are not accepted. National or international conference presentations, seminar presentations, or panel presentations can be included in the publication process after being specified in the footnote and converted into the article format.
Academic articles published in the journal can only be reproduced for educational purposes. The articles and the graphics and tables in the articles cannot be duplicated or archived in part or as a whole without permission except for educational purposes. Quotations may be made from the articles under the condition that they are indicated in the academic publications.
It is assumed that the authors undertake that they would not claim royalties for the articles they submit to Üsküdar University Journal of Social Sciences.