Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Testing The Relationship Of Macroeconomic Indicators With Financial Dollarization: Turkey Example

Year 2024, , 232 - 256, 28.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.70101/ussmad.1550951

Abstract

In this study, the relationship between dollarization and macroeconomic indicators in Turkey was examined. In the study, the composite dollarization index created for Turkey was determined as the dependent variable, and Turkey's GDP growth rate, inflation rate, domestic borrowing interest, real effective exchange rate and the ratio of current budget balance to GDP were determined as independent variables. variables. The time series of these variables cover the period 2012Q4-2023Q3. A two-regime Markov change model was applied to analyze the data. According to the research findings, both Regime 1 and Regime 2 results detected a negative relationship between CDI and real effective exchange rate. While inflation did not have a significant impact on financial dollarization in Regime 1, CDI also increased in Regime 2, especially during periods when inflation was high. Similarly, economic growth in Regime 1 did not have a significant impact on financial dollarization, while economic growth in Regime 2 caused the CDI to increase. In both Regime 1 and Regime 2, CDI also increased with the increase in domestic borrowing interest rates and the increase in the ratio of the current budget deficit to GDP.

References

  • Akıncı. Ö., Özer, Y.B., & Usta, B. (2005). Dolarizasyon endeksleri Türkiye'deki dolarizasyon sürecine ilişkin göstergeler”. Çalışma Tebliği, no.5/17, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Araştırma ve Para Politikası Genel Müdürlüğü. https://ideas.repec.org/p/tcb/wpaper/0517.html, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Akkaya, M. (2023). Türkiye ekonomisinin kronik sorunu dolarizasyon ve dolarizasyon sürecine makroekonomik-finansal değişkenlerin etkileri. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, 10(2), 613-637. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1163376
  • Akşehirli, N. (2020). Türkiye'de kredi ve mevduat dolarizasyonu: makroekonomik göstergelerin ve alınan önlemlerin yansımaları (2015: 3-2019: 12). Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 3(1), 61- 76. https://doi.org/10.38004/sobad.708152
  • Al-Iraqi, B.A., & Al Omari, M.F. (2019). The relationship between dollarization and inflation. Tanmıyat Al-Rafıdaın, 38(121), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.30586/1341058
  • Arteta, C.Ó. (2003). Are financially dollarized countries more prone to costly crises?. Available at SSRN 392661, https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/2003/763/ifdp763.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Avcı, M.A., Altay, N.O., & Sulak, H. (2016). Finansal krizlerin öngörüsünde markov rejim değişimi modeli: gelişmekte olan ülkelere yönelik bir analiz. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 463-475.
  • Aydınlık, Ü. (2020). Bölgesel dolarizasyon farklılıkları ve belirleyicileri: Türkiye örneği. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. TOBB ETÜ.
  • Bacha, E.L., Holland, M., & Gonçalves, F.M. (2009). A panel-data analysis of interest rates and dollarization in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Economia, 63, 341-360.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Domac, I. (2003). On the link between dollarization and inflation: Evidence from Turkey. Comparative Economic Stu dies, 45(3), 306-328.
  • Bailey, S.A. (2005). Investigating the link between financial dollarization and inflation: Evidence from Jamaica. Bank of Jamaica.
  • Balaylar, N.A. (2017). Türkiye’de finansal serbestleşme döneminin mevduat bankaları fon kaynak ve kullanımları üzerine etkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(4), 549-578. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.348811
  • Bărbuță-Mișu, N., Güleç, T. C., Duramaz, S., & Virlanuta, F. O. (2020). Determinants of dollarization of savings in the Turkish Economy. Sustainability, 12(15), 6141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156141
  • Berg, A., & Borensztein, E. (2000a). The choice of exchange rate regime and monetary target in highly dollarized economies. Journal of Applied Economics, 3(2), 285-324.
  • Berg, A., & Borensztein, E. R. (2000b). The pros and cons of full dollarization. International Monetary Fund, Research Department. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp0050.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2024).
  • Berg, A., Borensztein, E., & Mauro, P. (2003). Monetary regime options for Latin America. Finance & development, 40(3), 24-24.
  • Bitar, J. (2021). The unique dollarization case of Lebanon. Economic Systems, 45(2), 100765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100765
  • Broda, C., Yeyati, E. L., & Sturzenegger, F. (2003). Dollarization and the lender of last resort. Dollarization, 101-130.https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=fe08102b38697ac72939459de527a49823d887ea, (Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2024).
  • Bulut, E., Tokatlioğlu, Y. (2022). Türkiye’de para ikamesinin gelişimi ve ARDL yöntemi ile tahmini, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 61-96. https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.931951.
  • Calvo, G.A. (2002). On dollarization. Economics of Transition, 10(2), 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0351.00117
  • Calvo, G.A., Izquierdo, A., Mejia, L. F. (2004). On the empirics of sudden stops: the relevance of balance-sheet effects. Natıonal Bureau Of Economıc Research Cambridge. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w10520/w10520.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2024)
  • Canöz, İ. (2019). Gayrimenkul sektörünün bankacılık krizleri üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Anadolu Üniversitesi.
  • Canöz, İ. (2022). The link between asset value and fear sentiment during covid-19 pandemic. Sosyoekonomi, 30(53), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.03.07.
  • Canuto, O., & Carranza, S. (2022). Dollarization of Argentina: Revival of a Zombie Idea (No. 1978). Policy Center for the New South. https://www.policycenter.ma/sites/default/files/2022-04/PB_33-22_Canuto.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2024)
  • Castillo, S. (2006). Dollarization and Macroeconomic Stability in Latin America. https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/6679/Dollarization%20and.pdf?se.. (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2024).
  • Chang, R. (2000). Dollarization: A scorecard. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review. Third Quarter, 85(3), 1-11.
  • Chang, R., & Velasco, A. (2002). Dollarization: analytical issues. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. 8838. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w8838/w8838.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2024)
  • Corrado, G. (2007). An open economy model with currency substitution and real dollarization. Journal of Economic Studies, 35(1), 69-93. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443580810844433.
  • Craig, B., & Waller, C.J. (2004). Dollarization and currency Exchange. Journal of Monetary Economics, 51(4), 671-689.
  • Çakır Yıldız, Ü.N., Şarkaya İçellioğlu, C., & Tuna, Ü. E. (2022). Türkiye'de Dolarizasyonun Dinamik Markov Rejim Değişim Modeli İle Analizi. Financial Analysis/Mali Cozum Dergisi, 32(172).
  • Çorak, M. G., & Aksoy, E. E. (2022). Dolarizasyon İle Enflasyon Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası Muhasebe ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 205-220.
  • Edwards, S., & Magendzo, I.I. (2001). Dollarization, inflation and growth, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 8671 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=294720, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2024).
  • Edwards, S., & Magendzo, I.I. (2003). Dollarization and economic performance: what do we really know?. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 8(4), 351-363. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.217
  • Edwards, S. (2001). Dollarization and Economic Performance: An Empirical Investigation (No. 8274). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Erasmus, L., Leichter, J., & Menkulasi, J. (2009). Dedollarization in Liberia-lessons from cross-country experience. IMF Working Paper No. 09/37. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1361379, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2024)
  • Erkan, R. (2021). Dolarizasyon Histerisi: Türkiye Örneği. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 49, 397-407.
  • Erdoğdu, Ö.Ü.H., & Baykut, Ö.Ü.E. (2019). Türkiye’de yerleşik bireyler ve şirketlerin döviz hesaplarının ekonometrik analizi. Bankacılar, 30(110), 37-55.
  • Galindo, A., Izquierdo, A., & Montero, J. M. (2007). Real exchange rates, dollarization and industrial employment in Latin America. Emerging Markets Review, 8(4), 284-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2006.11.002
  • Garcia, R. (1998). Asymptotic Null Distribution of the Likelihood Ratio Test in Markov Switching Models. International Economic Review, 763-788. https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/2058/9510.pdf?sequence=1, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2024).
  • Gelos, M.R., Mejia, M.A.L., & Piñón-Farah, M.M.A. (2008). Macroeconomic implications of financial dollarization: the case of Uruguay. International Monetary Fund. https://books.google.com.tr, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2024)
  • Gençay, O. (2007). Finansal dolarizasyon ve finansal istikrar arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye değerlendirmesi, . [TCMB Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi. https://www3.tcmb.gov.tr/kutuphane/TURKCE/tezler/oyagencay.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2024).
  • Ghalayini, L. (2011). The Impact of Dollarization on the Efficiency of Monetary in Lebanon: Interaction between Dollarization and Inflation. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, 14(2), 128-139. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235939655_The_Impact_of_Dollarization_on_the_Efficiency_of_Monetary_in_Lebanon_Interaction_between_Dollarization_and_Inflation, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2024).
  • Goldfeld, S.M., & Quandt, R.E. (1973). A Markov model for switching regressions. Journal of econometrics, 1(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(73)90002-X.
  • Goldstein, M., & Turner, P. (2004). Controlling currency mismatches in emerging markets. Columbia University Press. https://books.google.com.tr, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2024)
  • Hamilton, J.D. (1988). Rational-expectations econometric analysis of changes in regime: An investigation of the term structure of interest rates. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 385-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90047-4.
  • Hamilton, J.D. (1989). A new approach to the economic analysis of nonstationary time series and the business cycle. Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society, 357-384. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912559.
  • Hamilton, J.D. (1994). Time Series Analysis. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New-Jersey. https://scholar.google.com, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2024)
  • Hamilton, J.D. (1996). Specification testing in Markov-switching time-series models. Journal of econometrics, 70(1), 127-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(69)41686-9.
  • Hamilton, J.D. (2005). Regime switching models. working paper. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230280830_23, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2024).
  • Hamilton, J.D. (1990). Analysis of Time Series to Changes in Regimes. Journal of Econometrics, 45(1990), 39-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(90)90093-9.
  • Hanke, S., & Schuler, K. (2019). Gelişmekte olan ülkeler için para kurulları. (S. Toğay,Çev.) Liberte , (Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2024).
  • Hylleberg, S., Engle, R.F., Granger, C.W., & Yoo, B.S. (1990). Seasonal integration and cointegration. Journal of econometrics, 44(1-2), 215-238.
  • Ize, A., & Parrado, E. (2002). Dollarization, Monetary Policy, and the Pass-Through. IMF Working Paper No. WP/02/118, Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=880287, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Ize, A., & Yeyati, E.L. (2006). Financial de-dollarization: is it for real?. Financial dollarization: the policy agenda, 38-63. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230380257_3, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • İncekara, A., Mutlugün, B., & Yılmaz, H. A. (2017). Borç dolarizasyonunun Türk imalat sanayii sektörü büyümesi üzerine etkisi. Journal of Economic Policy Researches, 4(1), 16-38.
  • Jácome, M.L.I., & Lönnberg, Å. (2010). Implementing official dollarization. International Monetary Fund. https://books.google.com.tr, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2024)
  • Kal, S.H. (2019). 2003-2018 dönemi Türk ekonomisinde dolarizasyon, kısa vadeli sermaye hareketleri ve kur oynaklığı ilişkisi. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 69(2), 357-377. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2019-0015
  • Karacal, M. (2005). Does dollarization really matter? An empirical investigation of the Turkish Economy. The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. https://scholar.google.com, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.02.2024)
  • Kartal, F. (2024). Kur korumalı mevduat sistemi ve sonuçları. İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 73-95. https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem. 1411835.
  • Kaya, Z., & Kara, O. (2022). Dolarizasyonun belirleyicileri ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 24(43), 839-856
  • Kocaman, M. (2022). Türkiye’de dolarizasyon, enflasyon ve faiz ilişkisi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. İktisadi konular üzerine seçme yazılar içinde, 155-168.
  • Lay, S. H., Kakinaka, M., & Kotani, K. (2012). Exchange rate movements in a dollarized economy: The case of Cambodia. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 65-78, https://scholar.google.com, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Marthinsen, J.E., & Gordon, S.R. (2022). Hyperinflation, optimal currency scopes, and a cryptocurrency alternative to dollarization. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 85, 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90047-4.
  • Mecagni, M.M., Corrales, M.J.S., Dridi, M.J., Garcia-Verdu, M.R., Imam, P.A., Matz, M.J., & ... Yehoue, M.E.B. (2015). Dollarization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Experiences and Lessons. International Monetary Fund. https://books.google.com.tr, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Mengesha , L.G., & Holmes, M.J. (2015). Does dollarization reduce or produce inflation?. Journal of Economic Studies, 42(3), 358-376. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-11-2012-0159
  • Morón, E., & Winkelried, D. (2005). Monetary policy rules for financially vulnerable economies. Journal of Development economics, 76(1), 23-51. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-11-2012-0159
  • Neanidis, K.C., & Savva, C.S. (2009). Financial dollarization: Short-run determinants in transition economies. Journal of Banking & Finance, 33(10), 1860-1873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.04.017
  • Neanidis, K.C., & Savva, C.S. (2006), The Effects of Uncertainty on Currency Substitution and Inflation: Evidence from Emerging Economies, CGBCR Discussion Paper, https://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/schools/soss/economics/discussionpapers/EDP-0609.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Noko, J. (2011). Dollarization: the case of Zimbabwe. Cato Journal. 31(2), 339. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i6.414
  • Özkul, G. (2021). Türkiye’de finansal dolarizasyonun enflasyon ve istihdam ile olan etkileşimi. İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 59-79. https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.843339
  • Palley, T. I. (2003). The economics of exchange rates and the dollarization debate: the case against extremes. International Journal of Political Economy, 33(1), 61-82.
  • Pepić, M., Marinković, S., Radović, O., & Malović, M. (2015). Determinants of currency substitution in Southeast European countries. Economic Themes, 53(2), 162-184. https://doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2015-0010
  • Phillips, P.C., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
  • Quispe-Agnoli, M. (2002, March). Costs and Benefits of dollarization. In LACC Conference on Dollarization and Latin America, Miami, Florida.. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Reinhart, C., Rogoff, K., & Savastano, M. A. (2003). Addicted to Dollars (No. 10015). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. https://www.nber.org/papers/w10015, (Erişim tarihi: 07.02.2024).
  • Rennhack, R., & Nozaki, M. (2006). Financial dollarization in latin america. In Financial Dollarization: The Policy Agenda (pp. 64-96). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230380257_4, (Erişim tarihi: 09.02.2024).
  • Sauer, S., Lange, B. M., Gobom, J., Nyarsik, L., Seitz, H., & Lehrach, H. (2005). Miniaturization in functional genomics and proteomics. Nature Reviews Genetics, 6(6), 465-476. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1618
  • Savastano, M.A. (1996). Dollarization in Latin America: Recent evidence and some policy issues. International Monetary Fund, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=882905, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Serdengeçti, S. (2005). Dolarizasyon/Ters dolarizasyon. Ekim, Eskişehir. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/66b76660-1723-433d-b347-3929b6bea2a3/sunumeskisehir.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=66b76660-1723-433d-b347-3929b6bea2a3, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Sever, E. (2012). Türkiye'de Dolarizasyon Süreci ve Döviz Kuru Belirsizliği İlişkisi. Sosyoekonomi, 17(17), 206-222. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sosyoekonomi/issue/21077/226927, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Sönmezer, S., & Çelik, I. E. (2019). Factors causıng change ın foreıgn exchange deposıts ın an emergıng economy: Turkey case. Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 11(21), 264-286. https://doi.org/10.14784/marufacd.623408.
  • Taşçı, H. M., Darıcı, B., & Erbaykal, E. (2009). Ters para ikamesi süreci ve döviz kuru oynaklığı: Türkiye örneği. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 10(1), 102-117. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2151952, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Taşseven, Ö., & Çınar, S. (2015). Türkiye’de borç dolarizasyonunun belirleyicileri ve makroekonomik göstergeler üzerindeki etkileri. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 4(2), 121. https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.843339
  • Udoh, E. A., & Udeaja, E. A. (2019). Asymmetric effects of financial dollarization on nominal exchange rate volatility in Nigeria. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 19, e00118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2019.e00118
  • Uslu, N.Ç., & Kapkara, S. (2019). Kredi Dolarizasyonunun Belirleyicileri: Türkiye Örneği. Economics Literature, 1(2), 148-167. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1163376
  • Vernengo, M., & Bradbury, M. (2011). The limits to dollarization in Ecuador: lessons from Argentina. Journal of World-Systems Research, 457-462.
  • Vieira, F.A., Holland, M., & Resende, M.F. (2012). Financial dollarization and systemic risks: New empirical evidence. Journal of International Money and Finance, 31(6), 1695-1714. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0261560612000721
  • Yeyati, E.L. (2006). Financial dollarization: evaluating the consequences. Economic Policy, 21(45), 62-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2006.00154.x
  • Yeyati, E.L. (2021). Financial dollarization and de-dollarization in the new millennium. https://flar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Financial-dollarization-and_0.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Yeyati, E.L., & Sturzenegger, F. (2003). Dollarization: a primer. universidad torcuato di tella, centro de ınvestigación en finanzas. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b4886e3c6bea65facb92fabc760efac9c9098d4d, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Yilmaz, G. (2005). Financial dollarization,(De) dollarization and the Turkish experience (No. 2005/6). Discussion Paper.. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/83240, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Yılmaz, M., & Uysal, D. (2019). Türkiye’de dolarizasyon ve enflasyon ilişkisi. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(10), 286-306. https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.543482
  • Yinusa, D.O. (2009). Macroeconomic fluctuations and deposit dollarization in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from panel data. MPRA Working Paper, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16259/1/MPRA_paper_16259.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Yinusa, D. O., & Akinlo, A. E. (2008). Exchange rate volatility and the extent of currency substitution in Nigeria. Indian Economic Review, 43(2), 161-181. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16257/1/Yinusa_Exchange_Rate_Volatility_and_the_Extent_of_Currency_Substitution_in_Nigeria.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Zeybek, H. (2014). Dolarizasyon ve finansman maliyeti. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 44-61. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/355387, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Zykova, O. (2017). Dilemma of Dollarization of the Ukrainian economy Under conditions of globalization: analytical issues. Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula, 2 (52), 40-60. https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=3090631, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).

Makroekonomik İndikatörlerin Finansal Dolarizasyonla İlişkisinin Test Edilmesi: Türkiye Örneği

Year 2024, , 232 - 256, 28.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.70101/ussmad.1550951

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de dolarizasyonun makroekonomik indikatörler ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, Türkiye için oluşturulan bileşik dolarizasyon endeksi (CDI) bağımlı değişken, Türkiye’nin GSYH büyüme oranı, enflasyon oranı, iç borçlanma faizi, reel efektif döviz kuru ve cari bütçe dengesinin GSYH’ye oranı bağımsız değişken olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu değişkenlere ait zaman serileri, 2012Ç4-2023Ç3 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Verilerin analizinde iki rejimli bir Markov değişim modeli uygulanmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre hem Rejim 1 hem de Rejim 2 sonuçları, CDI ile reel efektif döviz kuru arasında negatif bir ilişkiyi tespit etmiştir. Rejim 1’de enflasyonun finansal dolarizasyon üzerinde anlamlı etkisi bulunmazken, özellikle Rejim 2’deki yüksek enflasyon yaşanan dönemlerde CDI de yükselmiştir. Benzer şekilde, Rejim 1’de ekonomik büyüme finansal dolarizasyona anlamlı etki etmezken, Rejim 2’de ekonomik büyümenin azalması CDI’nın artmasına neden olmuştur. Hem Rejim 1 hem de Rejim 2’de, iç borçlanma faizi arttıkça ve de cari bütçe açığının GSYİH’ye oranı arttıkça CDI de artmıştır.

References

  • Akıncı. Ö., Özer, Y.B., & Usta, B. (2005). Dolarizasyon endeksleri Türkiye'deki dolarizasyon sürecine ilişkin göstergeler”. Çalışma Tebliği, no.5/17, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Araştırma ve Para Politikası Genel Müdürlüğü. https://ideas.repec.org/p/tcb/wpaper/0517.html, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Akkaya, M. (2023). Türkiye ekonomisinin kronik sorunu dolarizasyon ve dolarizasyon sürecine makroekonomik-finansal değişkenlerin etkileri. TESAM Akademi Dergisi, 10(2), 613-637. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1163376
  • Akşehirli, N. (2020). Türkiye'de kredi ve mevduat dolarizasyonu: makroekonomik göstergelerin ve alınan önlemlerin yansımaları (2015: 3-2019: 12). Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 3(1), 61- 76. https://doi.org/10.38004/sobad.708152
  • Al-Iraqi, B.A., & Al Omari, M.F. (2019). The relationship between dollarization and inflation. Tanmıyat Al-Rafıdaın, 38(121), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.30586/1341058
  • Arteta, C.Ó. (2003). Are financially dollarized countries more prone to costly crises?. Available at SSRN 392661, https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/2003/763/ifdp763.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Avcı, M.A., Altay, N.O., & Sulak, H. (2016). Finansal krizlerin öngörüsünde markov rejim değişimi modeli: gelişmekte olan ülkelere yönelik bir analiz. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 463-475.
  • Aydınlık, Ü. (2020). Bölgesel dolarizasyon farklılıkları ve belirleyicileri: Türkiye örneği. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. TOBB ETÜ.
  • Bacha, E.L., Holland, M., & Gonçalves, F.M. (2009). A panel-data analysis of interest rates and dollarization in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Economia, 63, 341-360.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Domac, I. (2003). On the link between dollarization and inflation: Evidence from Turkey. Comparative Economic Stu dies, 45(3), 306-328.
  • Bailey, S.A. (2005). Investigating the link between financial dollarization and inflation: Evidence from Jamaica. Bank of Jamaica.
  • Balaylar, N.A. (2017). Türkiye’de finansal serbestleşme döneminin mevduat bankaları fon kaynak ve kullanımları üzerine etkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(4), 549-578. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.348811
  • Bărbuță-Mișu, N., Güleç, T. C., Duramaz, S., & Virlanuta, F. O. (2020). Determinants of dollarization of savings in the Turkish Economy. Sustainability, 12(15), 6141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156141
  • Berg, A., & Borensztein, E. (2000a). The choice of exchange rate regime and monetary target in highly dollarized economies. Journal of Applied Economics, 3(2), 285-324.
  • Berg, A., & Borensztein, E. R. (2000b). The pros and cons of full dollarization. International Monetary Fund, Research Department. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp0050.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2024).
  • Berg, A., Borensztein, E., & Mauro, P. (2003). Monetary regime options for Latin America. Finance & development, 40(3), 24-24.
  • Bitar, J. (2021). The unique dollarization case of Lebanon. Economic Systems, 45(2), 100765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100765
  • Broda, C., Yeyati, E. L., & Sturzenegger, F. (2003). Dollarization and the lender of last resort. Dollarization, 101-130.https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=fe08102b38697ac72939459de527a49823d887ea, (Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2024).
  • Bulut, E., Tokatlioğlu, Y. (2022). Türkiye’de para ikamesinin gelişimi ve ARDL yöntemi ile tahmini, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 61-96. https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.931951.
  • Calvo, G.A. (2002). On dollarization. Economics of Transition, 10(2), 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0351.00117
  • Calvo, G.A., Izquierdo, A., Mejia, L. F. (2004). On the empirics of sudden stops: the relevance of balance-sheet effects. Natıonal Bureau Of Economıc Research Cambridge. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w10520/w10520.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2024)
  • Canöz, İ. (2019). Gayrimenkul sektörünün bankacılık krizleri üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Anadolu Üniversitesi.
  • Canöz, İ. (2022). The link between asset value and fear sentiment during covid-19 pandemic. Sosyoekonomi, 30(53), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.03.07.
  • Canuto, O., & Carranza, S. (2022). Dollarization of Argentina: Revival of a Zombie Idea (No. 1978). Policy Center for the New South. https://www.policycenter.ma/sites/default/files/2022-04/PB_33-22_Canuto.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2024)
  • Castillo, S. (2006). Dollarization and Macroeconomic Stability in Latin America. https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/6679/Dollarization%20and.pdf?se.. (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2024).
  • Chang, R. (2000). Dollarization: A scorecard. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review. Third Quarter, 85(3), 1-11.
  • Chang, R., & Velasco, A. (2002). Dollarization: analytical issues. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. 8838. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w8838/w8838.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2024)
  • Corrado, G. (2007). An open economy model with currency substitution and real dollarization. Journal of Economic Studies, 35(1), 69-93. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443580810844433.
  • Craig, B., & Waller, C.J. (2004). Dollarization and currency Exchange. Journal of Monetary Economics, 51(4), 671-689.
  • Çakır Yıldız, Ü.N., Şarkaya İçellioğlu, C., & Tuna, Ü. E. (2022). Türkiye'de Dolarizasyonun Dinamik Markov Rejim Değişim Modeli İle Analizi. Financial Analysis/Mali Cozum Dergisi, 32(172).
  • Çorak, M. G., & Aksoy, E. E. (2022). Dolarizasyon İle Enflasyon Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası Muhasebe ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 205-220.
  • Edwards, S., & Magendzo, I.I. (2001). Dollarization, inflation and growth, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 8671 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=294720, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2024).
  • Edwards, S., & Magendzo, I.I. (2003). Dollarization and economic performance: what do we really know?. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 8(4), 351-363. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.217
  • Edwards, S. (2001). Dollarization and Economic Performance: An Empirical Investigation (No. 8274). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Erasmus, L., Leichter, J., & Menkulasi, J. (2009). Dedollarization in Liberia-lessons from cross-country experience. IMF Working Paper No. 09/37. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1361379, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2024)
  • Erkan, R. (2021). Dolarizasyon Histerisi: Türkiye Örneği. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 49, 397-407.
  • Erdoğdu, Ö.Ü.H., & Baykut, Ö.Ü.E. (2019). Türkiye’de yerleşik bireyler ve şirketlerin döviz hesaplarının ekonometrik analizi. Bankacılar, 30(110), 37-55.
  • Galindo, A., Izquierdo, A., & Montero, J. M. (2007). Real exchange rates, dollarization and industrial employment in Latin America. Emerging Markets Review, 8(4), 284-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2006.11.002
  • Garcia, R. (1998). Asymptotic Null Distribution of the Likelihood Ratio Test in Markov Switching Models. International Economic Review, 763-788. https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/2058/9510.pdf?sequence=1, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2024).
  • Gelos, M.R., Mejia, M.A.L., & Piñón-Farah, M.M.A. (2008). Macroeconomic implications of financial dollarization: the case of Uruguay. International Monetary Fund. https://books.google.com.tr, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2024)
  • Gençay, O. (2007). Finansal dolarizasyon ve finansal istikrar arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye değerlendirmesi, . [TCMB Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi. https://www3.tcmb.gov.tr/kutuphane/TURKCE/tezler/oyagencay.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2024).
  • Ghalayini, L. (2011). The Impact of Dollarization on the Efficiency of Monetary in Lebanon: Interaction between Dollarization and Inflation. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, 14(2), 128-139. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235939655_The_Impact_of_Dollarization_on_the_Efficiency_of_Monetary_in_Lebanon_Interaction_between_Dollarization_and_Inflation, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2024).
  • Goldfeld, S.M., & Quandt, R.E. (1973). A Markov model for switching regressions. Journal of econometrics, 1(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(73)90002-X.
  • Goldstein, M., & Turner, P. (2004). Controlling currency mismatches in emerging markets. Columbia University Press. https://books.google.com.tr, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2024)
  • Hamilton, J.D. (1988). Rational-expectations econometric analysis of changes in regime: An investigation of the term structure of interest rates. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 385-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90047-4.
  • Hamilton, J.D. (1989). A new approach to the economic analysis of nonstationary time series and the business cycle. Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society, 357-384. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912559.
  • Hamilton, J.D. (1994). Time Series Analysis. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New-Jersey. https://scholar.google.com, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2024)
  • Hamilton, J.D. (1996). Specification testing in Markov-switching time-series models. Journal of econometrics, 70(1), 127-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(69)41686-9.
  • Hamilton, J.D. (2005). Regime switching models. working paper. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230280830_23, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2024).
  • Hamilton, J.D. (1990). Analysis of Time Series to Changes in Regimes. Journal of Econometrics, 45(1990), 39-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(90)90093-9.
  • Hanke, S., & Schuler, K. (2019). Gelişmekte olan ülkeler için para kurulları. (S. Toğay,Çev.) Liberte , (Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2024).
  • Hylleberg, S., Engle, R.F., Granger, C.W., & Yoo, B.S. (1990). Seasonal integration and cointegration. Journal of econometrics, 44(1-2), 215-238.
  • Ize, A., & Parrado, E. (2002). Dollarization, Monetary Policy, and the Pass-Through. IMF Working Paper No. WP/02/118, Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=880287, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Ize, A., & Yeyati, E.L. (2006). Financial de-dollarization: is it for real?. Financial dollarization: the policy agenda, 38-63. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230380257_3, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • İncekara, A., Mutlugün, B., & Yılmaz, H. A. (2017). Borç dolarizasyonunun Türk imalat sanayii sektörü büyümesi üzerine etkisi. Journal of Economic Policy Researches, 4(1), 16-38.
  • Jácome, M.L.I., & Lönnberg, Å. (2010). Implementing official dollarization. International Monetary Fund. https://books.google.com.tr, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2024)
  • Kal, S.H. (2019). 2003-2018 dönemi Türk ekonomisinde dolarizasyon, kısa vadeli sermaye hareketleri ve kur oynaklığı ilişkisi. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 69(2), 357-377. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2019-0015
  • Karacal, M. (2005). Does dollarization really matter? An empirical investigation of the Turkish Economy. The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. https://scholar.google.com, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.02.2024)
  • Kartal, F. (2024). Kur korumalı mevduat sistemi ve sonuçları. İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 73-95. https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem. 1411835.
  • Kaya, Z., & Kara, O. (2022). Dolarizasyonun belirleyicileri ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 24(43), 839-856
  • Kocaman, M. (2022). Türkiye’de dolarizasyon, enflasyon ve faiz ilişkisi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. İktisadi konular üzerine seçme yazılar içinde, 155-168.
  • Lay, S. H., Kakinaka, M., & Kotani, K. (2012). Exchange rate movements in a dollarized economy: The case of Cambodia. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 65-78, https://scholar.google.com, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Marthinsen, J.E., & Gordon, S.R. (2022). Hyperinflation, optimal currency scopes, and a cryptocurrency alternative to dollarization. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 85, 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90047-4.
  • Mecagni, M.M., Corrales, M.J.S., Dridi, M.J., Garcia-Verdu, M.R., Imam, P.A., Matz, M.J., & ... Yehoue, M.E.B. (2015). Dollarization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Experiences and Lessons. International Monetary Fund. https://books.google.com.tr, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Mengesha , L.G., & Holmes, M.J. (2015). Does dollarization reduce or produce inflation?. Journal of Economic Studies, 42(3), 358-376. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-11-2012-0159
  • Morón, E., & Winkelried, D. (2005). Monetary policy rules for financially vulnerable economies. Journal of Development economics, 76(1), 23-51. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-11-2012-0159
  • Neanidis, K.C., & Savva, C.S. (2009). Financial dollarization: Short-run determinants in transition economies. Journal of Banking & Finance, 33(10), 1860-1873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.04.017
  • Neanidis, K.C., & Savva, C.S. (2006), The Effects of Uncertainty on Currency Substitution and Inflation: Evidence from Emerging Economies, CGBCR Discussion Paper, https://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/schools/soss/economics/discussionpapers/EDP-0609.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Noko, J. (2011). Dollarization: the case of Zimbabwe. Cato Journal. 31(2), 339. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i6.414
  • Özkul, G. (2021). Türkiye’de finansal dolarizasyonun enflasyon ve istihdam ile olan etkileşimi. İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 59-79. https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.843339
  • Palley, T. I. (2003). The economics of exchange rates and the dollarization debate: the case against extremes. International Journal of Political Economy, 33(1), 61-82.
  • Pepić, M., Marinković, S., Radović, O., & Malović, M. (2015). Determinants of currency substitution in Southeast European countries. Economic Themes, 53(2), 162-184. https://doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2015-0010
  • Phillips, P.C., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
  • Quispe-Agnoli, M. (2002, March). Costs and Benefits of dollarization. In LACC Conference on Dollarization and Latin America, Miami, Florida.. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Reinhart, C., Rogoff, K., & Savastano, M. A. (2003). Addicted to Dollars (No. 10015). National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. https://www.nber.org/papers/w10015, (Erişim tarihi: 07.02.2024).
  • Rennhack, R., & Nozaki, M. (2006). Financial dollarization in latin america. In Financial Dollarization: The Policy Agenda (pp. 64-96). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230380257_4, (Erişim tarihi: 09.02.2024).
  • Sauer, S., Lange, B. M., Gobom, J., Nyarsik, L., Seitz, H., & Lehrach, H. (2005). Miniaturization in functional genomics and proteomics. Nature Reviews Genetics, 6(6), 465-476. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1618
  • Savastano, M.A. (1996). Dollarization in Latin America: Recent evidence and some policy issues. International Monetary Fund, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=882905, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Serdengeçti, S. (2005). Dolarizasyon/Ters dolarizasyon. Ekim, Eskişehir. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/66b76660-1723-433d-b347-3929b6bea2a3/sunumeskisehir.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=66b76660-1723-433d-b347-3929b6bea2a3, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Sever, E. (2012). Türkiye'de Dolarizasyon Süreci ve Döviz Kuru Belirsizliği İlişkisi. Sosyoekonomi, 17(17), 206-222. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sosyoekonomi/issue/21077/226927, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Sönmezer, S., & Çelik, I. E. (2019). Factors causıng change ın foreıgn exchange deposıts ın an emergıng economy: Turkey case. Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 11(21), 264-286. https://doi.org/10.14784/marufacd.623408.
  • Taşçı, H. M., Darıcı, B., & Erbaykal, E. (2009). Ters para ikamesi süreci ve döviz kuru oynaklığı: Türkiye örneği. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 10(1), 102-117. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2151952, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Taşseven, Ö., & Çınar, S. (2015). Türkiye’de borç dolarizasyonunun belirleyicileri ve makroekonomik göstergeler üzerindeki etkileri. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 4(2), 121. https://doi.org/10.33416/baybem.843339
  • Udoh, E. A., & Udeaja, E. A. (2019). Asymmetric effects of financial dollarization on nominal exchange rate volatility in Nigeria. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 19, e00118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2019.e00118
  • Uslu, N.Ç., & Kapkara, S. (2019). Kredi Dolarizasyonunun Belirleyicileri: Türkiye Örneği. Economics Literature, 1(2), 148-167. https://doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.1163376
  • Vernengo, M., & Bradbury, M. (2011). The limits to dollarization in Ecuador: lessons from Argentina. Journal of World-Systems Research, 457-462.
  • Vieira, F.A., Holland, M., & Resende, M.F. (2012). Financial dollarization and systemic risks: New empirical evidence. Journal of International Money and Finance, 31(6), 1695-1714. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0261560612000721
  • Yeyati, E.L. (2006). Financial dollarization: evaluating the consequences. Economic Policy, 21(45), 62-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2006.00154.x
  • Yeyati, E.L. (2021). Financial dollarization and de-dollarization in the new millennium. https://flar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Financial-dollarization-and_0.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Yeyati, E.L., & Sturzenegger, F. (2003). Dollarization: a primer. universidad torcuato di tella, centro de ınvestigación en finanzas. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b4886e3c6bea65facb92fabc760efac9c9098d4d, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Yilmaz, G. (2005). Financial dollarization,(De) dollarization and the Turkish experience (No. 2005/6). Discussion Paper.. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/83240, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Yılmaz, M., & Uysal, D. (2019). Türkiye’de dolarizasyon ve enflasyon ilişkisi. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(10), 286-306. https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.543482
  • Yinusa, D.O. (2009). Macroeconomic fluctuations and deposit dollarization in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from panel data. MPRA Working Paper, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16259/1/MPRA_paper_16259.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 28.01.2024).
  • Yinusa, D. O., & Akinlo, A. E. (2008). Exchange rate volatility and the extent of currency substitution in Nigeria. Indian Economic Review, 43(2), 161-181. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16257/1/Yinusa_Exchange_Rate_Volatility_and_the_Extent_of_Currency_Substitution_in_Nigeria.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Zeybek, H. (2014). Dolarizasyon ve finansman maliyeti. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 44-61. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/355387, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Zykova, O. (2017). Dilemma of Dollarization of the Ukrainian economy Under conditions of globalization: analytical issues. Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula, 2 (52), 40-60. https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=3090631, (Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2024).
There are 94 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Finance
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Dr.öğretim Üyesi Serkan Demirel 0000-0002-7285-1504

Early Pub Date October 27, 2024
Publication Date October 28, 2024
Submission Date September 16, 2024
Acceptance Date October 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Demirel, D. Ü. S. (2024). Makroekonomik İndikatörlerin Finansal Dolarizasyonla İlişkisinin Test Edilmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Siyasal Ve Mali Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2), 232-256. https://doi.org/10.70101/ussmad.1550951