SOSYALİST BİR DEVLETTE ANGARYA EMEK: EMEK ORDUSUNDAKİ KAZAKİSTAN VE ORTA ASYALI ETNİK ALMANLAR - 1941-1957

Abstract

İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Stalin rejimi, tomrukçuluk,madencilik ve çeşitli sanayi alanlarında yoğun olarak angarya emekkullanımına gitmiştir. Her ne kadar SSCB’de sivillerin zorla endüstriyelemek olarak kullanımları yaygın bir uygulama olmuş olsa da, bu emekgücünü oluşturan gruplardan biri, sadece sanayinin askerileştirilmesive angarya emek çerçevesinde değerlendirilemeyecek bir örnek teşkiletmiştir. Halk Savunma Komiserliği, “düşman” ve “güvenilmez”milliyetlere mensup 40.000 civarında Sovyet vatandaşına hizmetmecburiyeti getirerek, Urallar, Sibirya, Kazakistan, Orta Asya veSSCB’nin diğer bölgelerinde angarya emek olarak kullanılmaları üzereHalk İçişleri Komiserliği’nin emrine vermiştir. Savaş dönemindeangarya emek gücünü oluşturan bu grup içinde etnik Almanlar 316.000erkek ve kadın ile en büyük bölümü oluşturmuşlardır. Bu hususiangarya emek ordusu sonradan emek ordusu (trudarmiia) olarakanılmıştır. Siviller ve terhis edilen askeri personelden oluşan bu emekordusu işçi kıtaları halinde NKVD-MVD’nin emrine verilmiştir veçalışma kamplarında (gulag) kullanılmıştır

Keywords

• Angarya Emek, Almanlar, Gulag, Emek Ordusu,SSCB

FORCED LABOR IN A SOCIALIST STATE: ETHNIC GERMANS FROM KAZAKHSTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA IN THE LABOR ARMY - 1941-1957

Abstract

During World War II the Stalin regime made extensive use offorced labor in a variety of industries including logging, mining, andindustrial construction. Although the conscription of civilians forindustrial labor was common in the USSR during this time, oneparticular component of this labor went far beyond the meremilitarization of factories and definitely crossed over into the categoryof forced labor. The NKO (People’s Commissariat of Defense)conscripted about 400,000 Soviet citizens belonging to “enemy” and“unreliable” nationalities and handed them over to the NKVD(People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs) as a labor force in theUrals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and other areas of the USSR.Ethnic Germans formed the largest contingent of these forced laborerswith 316,000 men and women mobilized during the war. This particularinstitution of forced labor became known as the labor army(trudarmiia). This labor army consisted of civilians and dischargedmilitary personnel mobilized into labor columns to work in correctivelabor camps (GULag) and civilian commissariats under police (NKVDMVD) supervision

Keywords

• Forced Labor, Germans, GULag, Labor Army, USSR

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