SOSYAL BELLEK LİTERATÜRÜNÜN ELEŞTİREL BİR İNCELEMESİ: OKULLAR, YAKLAŞIMLAR VE TARTIŞMALAR

Abstract

Günümüzde süregiden pek çok etno-ulusal ihtilaf ve çatışmanıntarafları iddialarını geçmişte karşı karşıya kaldıkları haksızlıklardankaynaklanan mağduriyet iddiaları üzerinden kurmaktadırlar. Bunedenle, mağduriyet iddilarının kökenlerinin ve bu iddialarındevamlılığını sağlayan nedenlerin anlaşılması çağdaş etno-ulusalçatışmaların anlaşılması ve çözümü için gerekli adımlardır. Çoğu kez,etnik ve ulusal grupların mağduriyet algılarının şekillendiği mecrasosyal bellektir. Sosyal bellek aynı zamanda mağdur kimliğinin devamınıve kanıtını sağlayan da bir araçtır. Bu nedenlerden dolayı, mağduriyetalgı ve iddiasının altında yatan dinamiklerin anlaşılması, sosyal belleğindinamiklerinin anlaşılmasına bağlıdır. Bu çalışma, sosyal bellekliteratürünün uzunca ve eleştirel bir incelemesidir. Bu sayede, sosyalbellek literatüründeki temel kavramsallaştırma, okul, yaklaşım vetartışmaların açığa çıkartılması hedeflenmektedir

Keywords

• sosyal bellek, sosyal belleğin sosyo-politikası,bellek ajanları, derlenmiş bellek, kollektif bellek, yeni yapısal bellek,tarih

A REVIEW OF THE SOCIAL MEMORY LITERATURE: SCHOOLS, APPROACHES AND DEBATES

Abstract

The parties of a substantial number of the present-day ethnonational conflicts base their claims on the assertion of victimhood basedon past wrong-doings. As such, understanding the roots, continuationand allegation of the victimhood claims is a compulsory step for thecomprehension and the resolution of the contemporary conflicts. Thesense of victimhood often grows out of the social memory of theethnic/national groups. Social memory also helps to sustain the victimidentity of the group and also utilized by the group to evidence itsvictimhood. Therefore, the first step to understand the dynamics of senseand claim of victimhood is the comprehension of the dynamics of socialmemory. This study is a lengthy review of the social memory literature.It seeks to display the major conceptualizations of social memory and themain schools, approaches and debates in the literature

Keywords

• social memory, socio-politics of social memory, memoryagents, collected memory, collective memory, new structural memory,history

References

1. What We Remember: The Construction of Memory in Military Discourse, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing. Assmann, Jan
2. Communicative and Cultural Memory, in «Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook», Astrid Erll and Ansgar Nünning (eds.), Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 109-118.
3. Kültürel Bellek: Eski Yüksek Kültürlerde Yazı, Hatırlama ve Politik Kimlik, İstanbul, Ayrıntı.
4. Collective Memory and Cultural Identity, in «New German Critique», vol. 65, pp.125-133.
5. Bakic-Hayden, Milica
6. National Memory as Narrative History: The Case of Kosovo, in «Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory», Maria Todorova (ed), London, Hurst &Company, pp. 25-40. Bal, Mieke
7. Introduction, in «Acts of Memory: Cultural Recall in the Present», Mieke Bal, Jonathan Crewe, Leo Spitzer (eds), Hanover, University Press of New England, pp. vii-xvii. Campana, Aurelie
8. The Effects of War on the Chechen National Identity Construction, in «National Identities», vol: 8, n. 2, p. 129-148. Canefe, Nergis

9. Communal Memory and Turkish Cypriot National History: Missing Links, in «Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory», Maria Todorova (ed), London, Hurst & Company, pp. 77-102. Carrier, Peter
10. Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany since 1989: The Origins and Political Function of the Vel d’Hiv’in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin, New York, Berghahn Books. Confino, Alon
11. Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method, in «The American Historical Review», vol. 102, n. 5, pp. 1386-1403. Connerton, Paul
12. Fentress, James and Wickham, Chris Social Memory, Oxford, Blackwell. Fraizer, Lessie Jo
13. “Subeverted Memories”: Countermourning as Political Action in Chile , in «Acts of Memory: Cultural Recall in the Present», Mieke Bal, Jonathan Crewe, Leo Spitzer (eds), Hanover, University Press of New England, pp. 105-119.
14. Funck, Marcus and Malinowski, Stephan , Masters of Memory: The Strategic Use of Autobiographical Memory by the German Nobility, in «The Work of Memory: New Directions in the Study of German Society and Culture», Alon Confino and Peter Fritzsche (eds), Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, pp. 86-103.
15. Elam, Yigal and Noa Gedi Collective Memory-What is it?, in «History and Memory», vol.8, n.2, pp. 30-50. Gross, David
16. Lost Time: On Remembering and Forgetting in Late Modern Culture, Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press. Gur-Ze’ev, Ilan
17. The Production of Self and the Destruction of the Other’s Memory and Identity in Israeli/Palestinian Education on the Holocaust/Nakbah, in «Studies in Philosphy and Education», vol. 20, pp. 255-266. Halbwachs, Maurice
18. , On Collective Memory, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
19. Collective Memory, New York, Harper & Row. Hamilton, Paula
20. The Knife Edge: Debates About Memory and History, in «Memory and History in Twentieth-Century Australia», Kate Darian-Smith and Paula Hamilton (eds), Melbourne and New York, Oxford University Press. pp. 9- 32. Herf, Jeffrey
21. Divided Memory: The Nazi Past in the Two Germanys, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Hess, Jonathan M.
22. Memory, History, and the Jewish Question: Universal Citizenship and the Colonization of Jewish Memory, in «The Work of Memory: New Directions in the Study of German Society and Culture», Alon Confino and Peter Fritzsche (eds), Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, pp. 39-61. Hirsch, Marianne
23. Projected Memory: Holocaust Photographs in Personal and Public Fantasy, in «Acts of Memory: Cultural Recall in the Present», Mieke Bal, Jonathan Crewe, Leo Spitzer (eds), Hanover, University Press of New England, pp. 3-23. Hobsbawm, Eric
24. Introduction: Inventing Traditions, in «The Invention of Tradition», Eric Hobsbawn and Terence Ranger (eds), Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-15.
25. Giriş: Gelenekleri İcat Etmek, in «Geleneğin İcadı», Eric Hobsbawn and Terence Ranger (eds), İstanbul, Agora, pp. 1-18. Hutton, Patrick
26. Recent Scholarship on Memory and History, in «The History Teacher», vol.33, n.4. pp. 533-548. Iggers, Georg G.
27. Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge, Hanover, Wesleyan University Press. Kansteiner, Wulf
28. Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies, in «History and Theory», vol. 41, n.2, pp. 179-197. Kenan, Orna
29. Between Memory and History: The Evolution of Israeli Historiography of the Holocaust, 1945-1961, New York: Peter Lang. Klein, Kerwin Lee
30. On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse, in «Representations», vol. 69, pp. 127-150. Koslofsky, Craig
31. From Presence to Remembrance: The Transformation of Memory in the German Reformation, in «The Work of Memory: New Directions in the Study of German Society and Culture», Alon Confino and Peter Fritzsche (eds), Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, pp. 25-38. Kundera, Milan
32. The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, Harper Perennial Modern Classics. Misztal, Barbara A.
33. Theories of Social Remembering, Berkshire, Open University Press.
34. Nietzsche, Friedrich [1887] On the Genealogy of Morality, New York, Cambridge University Press. Nora, Pierre
35. Realms of Memory : the Construction of the French Past (Three Volumes), New York, Columbia University Press.
36. Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire, in «Representations», vol.26, pp. 7-24. Novick, Peter
37. That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question “ and the American Historical Profession, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Olick, Jeffrey K.
38. Collective Memory: The Two Cultures, in «Sociological Theory», vol.17, n.3, pp. 333-348.
39. Olick, Jeffrey K. and Robbins, Joyce Social Memory Studies: From “Collective Memory” to the Historical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices, in «Annual Review of Sociology», vol.24, pp. 105-140. Orwell, George
40. Nineteen Eighty-Four, London, Penguin Books. Ram, Uri
41. National, Ethnic or Civic? Contesting Paradigms of Memory, Identity and Culture in Israel, in «Studies in Philosophy and Education», vol.19, pp. 405-422. Roth, Michael S.
42. The Ironist Cage: Memory, Trauma, and the Construction of History, Columbia University Press, New York. Said, Edward W.
43. Invention, Memory, and Place, in «Cultural Studies: From Theory to Action», Pepi Leistyna (ed), Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 256-269. Schudson, M.
44. Watergate in American Memory: How We Remember, Forget, And Reconstruct The Past, New York, Basic Books.
45. Schwartz, Barry and Schuman, Howard History, Commemoration, and Belief: Abraham Lincoln in American Memory, 1945-2001, in «American Sociological Review», vol.70, n.2, pp. 183-203.
46. Stojanovic, Dubravka Construction of Historical Consciousness: The Case of Serbian History Textbooks, in «Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory», Maria Todorova (ed), London, Hurst &Company, pp. 327-338. Sturken, Marita
47. Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, the Aids Epidemic, and the Politics of Remembering, Berkeley, University of California Press.
48. Ten Dyke, Elizabeth A. Memory and Existence: Implications of the Wende, in «The Work of Memory: New Directions in the Study of German Society and Culture», Alon Confino and Peter Fritzsche (eds), Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, pp. 154-169. Terdiman, Richard
49. Present Past: Modernity and the Memory Crisis. Ithaca, Cornell University Press. Thelen, David
50. Memory and American History, in «The Journal of American History», vol.75, n.4, pp. 1117-1129. Todorova, Maria
51. , Introduction: Learning Memory, Remembering Identity, in «Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory», London, Hurst &Company, pp. 1-24. Todorov, Tzvetan
52. The Lunchbox and the Bomb, Accessed at http://www.project- syndicate.org/commentary/the-lunchbox-and-the-bomb#zUeYp8zGPaBbs ygW.99 (latest access 21.01.2015). Veyne, Paul
53. Writing History: Essay on Epistemology, Middletown, Wesleyan University Press. White, Hayden
54. Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press. Wiesen, S. Jonathan
55. Public Relations as a Site of Memory: The Case of West German Industry and National Socialism, in «The Work of Memory: New Directions in the Study of German Society and Culture», Alon Confino and Peter Fritzsche (eds), Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, pp. 196-213. Wolf, Joan B.
56. Harnessing the Holocaust: The Politics of Memory in France, Stanford, Stanford University Press. Yerushalmi, Y.
57. Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory, Seattle, University of Washington Press. Young, James E.
58. , The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning, New Heaven and London, Yale University Press. Zerubavel, Yael
59. Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. Zimmer, Oliver
60. Competing Memories of the Nation: Liberal Historians and the Reconstruction of the Swiss Past 1870-1900, in «Past and Present», vol. 168, pp. 194-226.