İKİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI SIRASINDA ABD’DE JAPON KÖKENLİ İNSANLARIN YERİNİN DEĞİŞTİRİLMESİ VE ENTERNE EDİLMESİ

Abstract

İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Japonya’nın Amerika BirleşikDevletleri’ne saldırmasının ardından o dönemin Amerikan hükümeti,Amerikan vatandaşı olan veya yasal olarak ABD’de ikamet eden Japonkökenli kişileri askeri yönden hassas ve stratejik bölgelerden çıkartmave onları mahkeme kararı olmadan çeşitli kamplarda enterne etmekararları aldı. Amerikan hükümeti kararların askeri gerekliliktenalındığını belirtti. Birkaç Japon kökenli Amerikan vatandaşı bukararlara karşı çıktı ve haklarındaki davalar Amerikan YüksekMahkemesi’nde görüldü, ancak Mahkeme hükümetin kararlarınıonayladı. Seneler sonra, hükümetin o sırada ileri sürmüş olduğu askerigerekliliğin gerçeklere dayalı olmadığı ortaya çıktı. Bunun ortayaçıkması beraberinde bir takım özür dilemeleri, mahkûmiyetlerinbozulmasını ve tazminatların ödenmesini getirdi. Bu makale yukarıdaana hatlarıyla açıklanan yer değiştirme ve enterne etme kararlarınınarka planı, içeriği ve sonuçlarını, Amerikan Yüksek Mahkemesi’ndekidavaları ve İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonraki gelişmeleri çeşitliyönleriyle inceleyecektir. Makale aynı zamanda, bu kararları Osmanlıhükümetinin Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Ermenileri sevk ve iskânetme kararı ile karşılaştıracak ve bu iki vakanın neden temeldebirbirlerinden farklı olduğunu açıklayacaktır

Keywords

• sevk etme, alıkoyma, Japon kökenli insanlar

THE RELOCATION AND INTERNMENT OF PEOPLE OF JAPANESE DESCENT IN THE US DURING WWII

Abstract

Following Japan’s attack on the United States during WorldWar II, the US government of the time decided to relocate and internpeople of Japanese descent – both citizen and resident alien - away frommilitarily sensitive and strategically important areas. The USgovernment cited military necessity for these relocation and internmentpolicies. Several American citizens of Japanese descent objected to suchpolicies, and their cases were heard at the US Supreme Court – whichultimately affirmed the government’s policies. Years later, informationsurfaced that the military necessity cited by the government was notbased on facts. This revelation brought with it a series of apologies,overturning of convictions and restitutions. This article examinesvarious aspects of this relocation and internment as outlined above: thebackground, the content, and consequences of these policies; the USSupreme Court cases; and the developments after World War II. Thisarticle will also briefly compare these policies with the relocation policycarried out by the Ottoman government against Armenian people duringWorld War I, and explain why the two cases are fundamentally differentfrom each other

Keywords

• relocation, internment, people of Japanese descent, the

References

1. “Chronology of 1940-1941 San Francisco War Events”. The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. http://www.sfmuseum.org/war/40-41.html (accessed on 02.02.2015).
2. “Chronology of 1942 San Francisco War Events”. The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. http://www.sfmuseum.org/war/42.html (accessed on 02.02.2015).
3. “Chronology of 1943 San Francisco War Events”. The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. http://www.sfmuseum.org/war/43.html (accessed on 02.02.2015).
4. “Japanese-American Internment Camps”. http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/camp.html (accessed on 02.02.2015).
5. “What term to use?”. http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/whatterm.html (accessed on 02.02.2015).
6. “Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians”. The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Washington D.C., December 1982.
7. “Relocation of Japanese Americans”. War Relocation Authority. Washington D.C., May 1943.
8. “S.F. Clear of All but 6 Sick Japs”. San Francisco Chronicle. 21 May 1942.

9. Cassens Weiss, Debra. “Scalia: Korematsu was wrong, but ‘you are kidding yourself’ if you think it won’t happen again”. ABA Journal website.
10. http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/scalia_korematsu_was_wrong_ but_you_are_kidding_yourself_if_you_think_it_won (accessed on 02.02.2015).
11. Conn, Stetson. “The Decision to Evacuate the Japanese from the Pacific Coast”, in Command Decisions. Edited by Kent Roberts Greenfield. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History United States Army, 1987.
12. Daniels, Roger. “Incarceration of the Japanese Americans: A Sixty-Year Perspective”. The History Teacher. Vol. 35, No. 3 (May, 2002).
13. Daniels, Roger. “Japanese American Cases, 1942-2004: A Social History”. Law and Contemporary Problems. Vol. 68, No. 2 (Spring, 2005).
14. Denniston, Lyle. “A plea to cast aside Korematsu”. Supreme Court of the United States Blog, http://www.scotusblog.com/2014/01/a-plea- to-cast-aside-korematsu/ (accessed on 02.02.2015).
15. Denniston, Lyle. “Constitution Check: Will the court repudiate decisions from the World War II era?” Constitution Daily. http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/04/constitution-check-will- the-court-repudiate-decisions-from-the-era-of-world-war-ii/ (accessed on 02.02.2015).
16. DeWitt, John L. Final Report: Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942. Washington D.C: United States Government Printing Office, 1943.
17. Erickson, Edward J. Ottomans and Armenians: A Study in Counterinsurgency. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
18. Hurley, Lawrence. “Supreme Court rejects hearing on military detention case”. Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/28/us-usa- court-security-idUSBREA3R0YH20140428 02.02.2015). (accessed on
19. Irons, Peter. “Unfinished Business: The Case for Supreme Court Repudiation of the Japanese American Internment Cases”. Earl Warren Bill of Rights Project, University of California, San Diego.
20. Katyal, Neal. “Confession of Error: The Solicitor General’s Mistakes during the Japanese-American Internment Cases”. The United States Department of Justice website.
21. http://www.justice.gov/opa/blog/confession-error-solicitor-generals- mistakes-during-japanese-american-internment-cases (accessed on 02.02.2015).
22. Minam, Dale, et al. “Letter to Solicitor General of the United States Donald B. Verilli (Jr.)” [no official title]. http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ Hedges-letter-re-Korematsu-1-13-14.pdf (accessed on 02.02.2015).
23. Palabıyık, Serdar. “An Introduction to the Armenian Question until the Treaty of Lausanne”, in The Armenian Question: Basic Knowledge and Documentation. Edited by Ömer Engin Lütem. Ankara: Terazi Publishing, 2009.
24. Robinson, Greg. By the Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans. London: Harvard University Press, 2001.
25. Root, Damon. “Obama Administration Refuses Opportunity to Repudiate Japanese Internment Ruling”, Reason.com. http://reason.com/blog/2014/04/01/obama-administration-refuses- opportunity (accessed on 02.02.2015).
26. Sarınay, Yusuf (ed.). Ermeniler Tarafından Yapılan Katliam Belgeleri/Documents on the Massacre Perpetrated by Armenians – Vol. I (1914-1919) and Vol. II (1919-1921). Ankara: Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 2001.
27. Supreme Court of the United States. “Ex parte Mitsuye Endo”. 323 U.S. 283 (1944), court verdict. The text of the case verdict can be accessed from: http://laws.findlaw.com/us/323/283.html 29.01.2015). (accessed on
28. Supreme Court of the United States. “Kiyoshi Hirabayashi v. United States”. 320 U.S. 81 (1943), case verdict. The text of the case verdict can be accessed from: http://laws.findlaw.com/us/320/81.html (accessed on 29.01.2015).
29. Supreme Court of the United States. “Minoru Yasui v. United States”. 320 U.S. 115 (1943), case verdict. The text of the case verdict can be accessed from: http://laws.findlaw.com/us/320/115.html (accessed on 29.01.2015).
30. Supreme Court of the United States. “Toyosaburo Korematsu v. United States”. 323 U.S. 214 (1944), court verdict. The text of the case verdict can be accessed from: http://laws.findlaw.com/us/323/214.html (accessed on 29.01.2015).
31. Tashima, A. Wallace. “Play it again, Uncle Sam”. Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 68, no. 2 (Spring, 2005).