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Koronavirüs Salgınında Medya Kullanımı: Küresel Raporlar Üzerinden Bir Derleme

Year 2021, Issue: 7, 216 - 234, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2021.7.125

Abstract

Bu çalışma dünya ülkelerinin COVID-19 küresel pandemisi ile ilgili bilgi edinme, medya kullanımı ve bilgi kaynaklarına güven durumlarını ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı uluslararası kuruluşların koronavirüs salgını devam ederken gerçekleştirdikleri araştırmaların bulgu ve sonuçlarını inceleyerek küresel anlamdaki durumu ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla “Edelman Güven Ölçeği Koronavirüs Özel Raporu”, “Global Web Index Coronavirus Araştırması (Nisan)” ve “Statista- Coronavirus: Dünya geneli medya kullanımına etkisi” isimli raporlar incelenmiştir.
İncelenen üç uluslararası araştırmanın verilerine göre kriz anlarında bilgi arama ihtiyacına bağlı olarak hem geleneksel hem de yeni medya kullanımında dünya genelinde önemli artışlar olmuştur. Ülkeler arasında en güvenilir kaynaklar DSÖ’nün web sitesi, CDC ya da hükümet web siteleri çıkmıştır fakat incelenen raporlar bir kaynağı güvenilir bulmanın onu kullanmak için yeterli bir sebep olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, raporlardan, ücretli abonelik platformlarına üye olma sayılarında salgın öncesi ve sonrası dönem kıyaslaması yapıldığında artış gözlenmektedir.

References

  • Avery, E. (2010). Contextual and audience moderators of channel selection and message reception of public health information in routine and crisis situations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 22(4), 378-403.
  • Ball-Rokeach S. J. ve DeFleur M. L. (1976). ‘A Dependency Model of Mass Media Effects’, Communications Research, Vol. 3 (1) 3–21
  • Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (1998). A Theory of Media Power and a Theory of Media Use: Different Stories, Questions, and Ways of Thinking‛, Mass Communication&Society, Winter/Spring98, 1(2) Erişim 18 Nisan 2020, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi pdf/10.1080/15205436.1998.9676398, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15205436.1998. 9676398, 10 Ocak 2014]
  • Barry, M. M., Domegan, C., Higgins, O., ve Sixsmith, J. (2011). A literature review on health information seeking behaviour on the web: a health consumer and health professional perspective. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Raporu, Erişim 17 Nisan 2020,https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/Literature%20review%20on%20health%20information-seeking%20behaviour%20on%20the%20web.pdf
  • BBC NEWS. (2018, Nisan). Coronavirus: 'Do not politicise this virus' - WHO head Erişim 11 Nisan 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-52221237/coronavirus-do-not-politicise-this-virus-who-head
  • Blair, R. A., Morse, B. S., ve Tsai, L. L. (2017). Public health and public trust: Survey evidence from the Ebola Virus Disease epidemic in Liberia. Social Science & Medicine, 172, 89-97.
  • Blendon, R. J., DesRoches, C. M., Cetron, M. S., Benson, J. M., Meinhardt, T., ve Pollard, W. (2006). Attitudes Toward The Use Of Quarantine In A Public Health Emergency In Four Countries: The experiences of Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United States are instructive in assessing national responses to disease threats. Health Affairs, 25(Suppl1), W15-W25.
  • Burke, J. A., Spence, P. R., ve Lachlan, K. A. (2010). Crisis preparation, media use, and information seeking during Hurricane Ike: Lessons learned for emergency communication. Journal of Emergency Management, 8(5), 27-37.
  • Collins Dictionary. Erişim 10 Nisan 2020 https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/baby-boomer DeFleur, M. ve Ball-Rokeach, S.J. (1989). Theories of Mass Communication, Longman, New York.
  • Doğruluk Payı (2020). Geçmiş Salgınlar Ne Zaman Görüldü?, Erişim 18 Nisan 2020, https://www.dogrulukpayi.com/bulten/tarihteki-buyuk-salginlar?gclid=CjwKCAjwp-X0BRAFEiwAheRui_HxHwwcBYBFghUIRnnQcUWl7tJPr_G8bbsgb_dhigL1O3ixQc-oyhoCsz4QAvD_BwE
  • Edelman Trust Barometer- Global Report (2019). Erişim 13 Nisan 2020 https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/201902/2019_Edelman_Trust_Barometer_Global_Report.pdf
  • Herdman, E. A. (2006). Derleme makale yazımında, konferans ve bildiri sunumu hazırlamada pratik bilgiler. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi (HEAD), 3(1), 2-4.
  • Hofstede, G. (2010), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, London.
  • Jang, K., ve Baek, Y. M. (2019). When information from public health officials is untrustworthy: The use of online news, interpersonal networks, and social media during the MERS outbreak in South Korea. Health communication, 34(9), 991-998.
  • John Hopkins University Coronavirus Center (2020). COVID-19 Dashboard, Erişim 18 Nisan 2020 https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
  • Lee, Y. I., ve Jin, Y. (2019). Crisis Information Seeking and Sharing (CISS): Scale Development for Measuring Publics’ Communicative Behavior in Social-Mediated Public Health Crises. Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 2(1), 2.
  • Loveless, M. (2008). Media dependency: Mass media as sources of information in the democratizing countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Democratisation, 15(1), 162-183.
  • Lyu, J. C. (2012). How young Chinese depend on the media during public health crises? A comparative perspective. Public Relations Review, 38(5), 799-806.
  • Mackay, J. B., ve Lowrey, W. (2011). The credibility divide: Reader trust of online newspapers and blogs. Journal of Media Sociology, 3(1-4), 39-57.
  • Magid Research (2015). Magid Research Highlights: Mobile and Digital Video and Entertainment, Erişim 13 Nisan 2020, http://www.entmerch.org/digitalema/digital-ema-annual-forum/magid-ema-media-trends-ces.pdf
  • NIELSEN (2020, Mart). Staying put: consumers forced indoors during crisis spend more time on media, Erişim 10 Nisan 2020, https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/article/2020/staying-put-consumers-forced-indoors-during-crisis-spend-more-time-on-media/
  • Nielsen, K.R. Fletcher, R. Newman, N., Brennen, J.S. ve Howard, P.N. (2020). Navigating the ‘Infodemic’: How People in Six Countries Access and Rate News and Information about Coronavirus, Erişim 15 Nisan 2020,https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/202004/Navigating%20the%20Coronavirus%20Infodemic%20FINAL.pdf
  • Odlum, M., ve Yoon, S. (2018). Health information needs and health seeking behavior during the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak: A Twitter content analysis. PLoS currents, 10.
  • Our World In Data. (2020b). All our charts on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) – Statistics and Research Erişim 18 Nisan 2020, https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus
  • Our World in Data (2020). What is the total number of confirmed deaths? Erişim 12 Nisan 2020, https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus
  • Pang, N. (2014). Crisis-based information seeking: Monitoring versus blunting in the information seeking behaviour of working students during the Southeast Asian Haze Crisis. In Proceedings of ISIC: the information behaviour conference
  • Park, S., Boatwright, B., ve Avery, E. J. (2019). Information channel preference in health crisis: Exploring the roles of perceived risk, preparedness, knowledge, and intent to follow directives. Public Relations Review, 45(5), 101794.
  • Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K. A.,ve Burke, J. A. (2008). Crisis preparation, media use, and information seeking: Patterns across Katrina evacuees and lessons learned for crisis communication. Journal of Emergency Management, 6(2), 11-23.
  • Spence, P. R., Westerman, D., Skalski, P. D., Seeger, M., Sellnow, T. L., ve Ulmer, R. R. (2006). Gender and age effects on information-seeking after 9/11. Communication Research Reports, 23(3), 217-223.
  • Spence, P.R., Lachlan, K.A., Burke, J.M. (2008). Crisis preparation, media use, and information seeking: Patterns across Katrina evacuees and lessons learned for crisis communication. J Emerg Manage. 6(2): 11-23
  • Statista, (2019). Number of Generation X individuals watching television and digital video each month in the United States from 2017 to 2019, Erişim 13 Nisan 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/946591/generation-x-tv-video-viewing-habits-us/
  • Steelman, T. A., McCaffrey, S. M., Velez, A. L. K., ve Briefel, J. A. (2015). What information do people use, trust, and find useful during a disaster? Evidence from five large wildfires. Natural Hazards, 76(1), 615-634.
  • Sutton, J., Woods, C., ve Vos, S. C. (2018). Willingness to click: Risk information seeking during imminent threats. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 26(2), 283-294.
  • Tai, Z., ve Sun, T. (2007). Media dependencies in a changing media environment: The case of the 2003 SARS epidemic in China. New Media & Society, 9(6), 987-1009.
  • Taneja, H., ve Yaeger, K. (2019, May). Do people consume the news they trust? Incidental news usage and the high-choice media environment. In 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2019. Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Techcrunch (2020). Facebook, Reddit, Google, LinkedIn, Microsoft, Twitter and YouTube issue joint statement on misinformation, Erişim 10 Nisan 2020, https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/16/facebook-reddit-google-linkedin-microsoft-twitter-and-youtube-issue-joint-statement-on-misinformation/
  • Twenge, J. M., Martin, G. N., ve Spitzberg, B. H. (2019). Trends in US Adolescents’ media use, 1976–2016: The rise of digital media, the decline of TV, and the (near) demise of print. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(4), 329.
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., ve Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559
  • Wada, H. I. (2019). Media Consumption Trends: Comparing Millennials and Generation Z . Research Association For Interdisciplinary Studies, 008HW.
  • Wadbring, I., ve Bergström, A. (2015). A Print Crisis or a Local Crisis? Journalism Studies, 18(2), 175–190. doi:10.1080/1461670x.2015.1042988 Wallace, M. (2019). Saving Our Bacon: Examining Information Seeking Behaviors Following a Livestock Disease Outbreak.
  • Waszak, P. M., Kasprzycka-Waszak, W., ve Kubanek, A. (2018). The spread of medical fake news in social media–the pilot quantitative study. Health policy and technology, 7(2), 115-118.
  • WHO (2018). Managing epidemics- Key facts about major deadly diseases Erişim 16 Nisan 2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/managing-epidemics-interactive.pdf
  • Yoo, W., ve Choi, D. H. (2019). Predictors of expressing and receiving information on social networking sites during MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea. Journal of Risk Research, 1–16. doi:10.1080/13669877.2019.1569105
  • Zhao, Z., Zhao, J., Sano, Y., Levy, O., Takayasu, H., Takayasu, M., ve Havlin, S. (2018). Fake news propagate differently from real news even at early stages of spreading. arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.03443.
Year 2021, Issue: 7, 216 - 234, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2021.7.125

Abstract

References

  • Avery, E. (2010). Contextual and audience moderators of channel selection and message reception of public health information in routine and crisis situations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 22(4), 378-403.
  • Ball-Rokeach S. J. ve DeFleur M. L. (1976). ‘A Dependency Model of Mass Media Effects’, Communications Research, Vol. 3 (1) 3–21
  • Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (1998). A Theory of Media Power and a Theory of Media Use: Different Stories, Questions, and Ways of Thinking‛, Mass Communication&Society, Winter/Spring98, 1(2) Erişim 18 Nisan 2020, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi pdf/10.1080/15205436.1998.9676398, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15205436.1998. 9676398, 10 Ocak 2014]
  • Barry, M. M., Domegan, C., Higgins, O., ve Sixsmith, J. (2011). A literature review on health information seeking behaviour on the web: a health consumer and health professional perspective. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Raporu, Erişim 17 Nisan 2020,https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/Literature%20review%20on%20health%20information-seeking%20behaviour%20on%20the%20web.pdf
  • BBC NEWS. (2018, Nisan). Coronavirus: 'Do not politicise this virus' - WHO head Erişim 11 Nisan 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-52221237/coronavirus-do-not-politicise-this-virus-who-head
  • Blair, R. A., Morse, B. S., ve Tsai, L. L. (2017). Public health and public trust: Survey evidence from the Ebola Virus Disease epidemic in Liberia. Social Science & Medicine, 172, 89-97.
  • Blendon, R. J., DesRoches, C. M., Cetron, M. S., Benson, J. M., Meinhardt, T., ve Pollard, W. (2006). Attitudes Toward The Use Of Quarantine In A Public Health Emergency In Four Countries: The experiences of Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United States are instructive in assessing national responses to disease threats. Health Affairs, 25(Suppl1), W15-W25.
  • Burke, J. A., Spence, P. R., ve Lachlan, K. A. (2010). Crisis preparation, media use, and information seeking during Hurricane Ike: Lessons learned for emergency communication. Journal of Emergency Management, 8(5), 27-37.
  • Collins Dictionary. Erişim 10 Nisan 2020 https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/baby-boomer DeFleur, M. ve Ball-Rokeach, S.J. (1989). Theories of Mass Communication, Longman, New York.
  • Doğruluk Payı (2020). Geçmiş Salgınlar Ne Zaman Görüldü?, Erişim 18 Nisan 2020, https://www.dogrulukpayi.com/bulten/tarihteki-buyuk-salginlar?gclid=CjwKCAjwp-X0BRAFEiwAheRui_HxHwwcBYBFghUIRnnQcUWl7tJPr_G8bbsgb_dhigL1O3ixQc-oyhoCsz4QAvD_BwE
  • Edelman Trust Barometer- Global Report (2019). Erişim 13 Nisan 2020 https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/201902/2019_Edelman_Trust_Barometer_Global_Report.pdf
  • Herdman, E. A. (2006). Derleme makale yazımında, konferans ve bildiri sunumu hazırlamada pratik bilgiler. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi (HEAD), 3(1), 2-4.
  • Hofstede, G. (2010), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, London.
  • Jang, K., ve Baek, Y. M. (2019). When information from public health officials is untrustworthy: The use of online news, interpersonal networks, and social media during the MERS outbreak in South Korea. Health communication, 34(9), 991-998.
  • John Hopkins University Coronavirus Center (2020). COVID-19 Dashboard, Erişim 18 Nisan 2020 https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
  • Lee, Y. I., ve Jin, Y. (2019). Crisis Information Seeking and Sharing (CISS): Scale Development for Measuring Publics’ Communicative Behavior in Social-Mediated Public Health Crises. Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 2(1), 2.
  • Loveless, M. (2008). Media dependency: Mass media as sources of information in the democratizing countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Democratisation, 15(1), 162-183.
  • Lyu, J. C. (2012). How young Chinese depend on the media during public health crises? A comparative perspective. Public Relations Review, 38(5), 799-806.
  • Mackay, J. B., ve Lowrey, W. (2011). The credibility divide: Reader trust of online newspapers and blogs. Journal of Media Sociology, 3(1-4), 39-57.
  • Magid Research (2015). Magid Research Highlights: Mobile and Digital Video and Entertainment, Erişim 13 Nisan 2020, http://www.entmerch.org/digitalema/digital-ema-annual-forum/magid-ema-media-trends-ces.pdf
  • NIELSEN (2020, Mart). Staying put: consumers forced indoors during crisis spend more time on media, Erişim 10 Nisan 2020, https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/article/2020/staying-put-consumers-forced-indoors-during-crisis-spend-more-time-on-media/
  • Nielsen, K.R. Fletcher, R. Newman, N., Brennen, J.S. ve Howard, P.N. (2020). Navigating the ‘Infodemic’: How People in Six Countries Access and Rate News and Information about Coronavirus, Erişim 15 Nisan 2020,https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/202004/Navigating%20the%20Coronavirus%20Infodemic%20FINAL.pdf
  • Odlum, M., ve Yoon, S. (2018). Health information needs and health seeking behavior during the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak: A Twitter content analysis. PLoS currents, 10.
  • Our World In Data. (2020b). All our charts on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) – Statistics and Research Erişim 18 Nisan 2020, https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus
  • Our World in Data (2020). What is the total number of confirmed deaths? Erişim 12 Nisan 2020, https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus
  • Pang, N. (2014). Crisis-based information seeking: Monitoring versus blunting in the information seeking behaviour of working students during the Southeast Asian Haze Crisis. In Proceedings of ISIC: the information behaviour conference
  • Park, S., Boatwright, B., ve Avery, E. J. (2019). Information channel preference in health crisis: Exploring the roles of perceived risk, preparedness, knowledge, and intent to follow directives. Public Relations Review, 45(5), 101794.
  • Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K. A.,ve Burke, J. A. (2008). Crisis preparation, media use, and information seeking: Patterns across Katrina evacuees and lessons learned for crisis communication. Journal of Emergency Management, 6(2), 11-23.
  • Spence, P. R., Westerman, D., Skalski, P. D., Seeger, M., Sellnow, T. L., ve Ulmer, R. R. (2006). Gender and age effects on information-seeking after 9/11. Communication Research Reports, 23(3), 217-223.
  • Spence, P.R., Lachlan, K.A., Burke, J.M. (2008). Crisis preparation, media use, and information seeking: Patterns across Katrina evacuees and lessons learned for crisis communication. J Emerg Manage. 6(2): 11-23
  • Statista, (2019). Number of Generation X individuals watching television and digital video each month in the United States from 2017 to 2019, Erişim 13 Nisan 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/946591/generation-x-tv-video-viewing-habits-us/
  • Steelman, T. A., McCaffrey, S. M., Velez, A. L. K., ve Briefel, J. A. (2015). What information do people use, trust, and find useful during a disaster? Evidence from five large wildfires. Natural Hazards, 76(1), 615-634.
  • Sutton, J., Woods, C., ve Vos, S. C. (2018). Willingness to click: Risk information seeking during imminent threats. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 26(2), 283-294.
  • Tai, Z., ve Sun, T. (2007). Media dependencies in a changing media environment: The case of the 2003 SARS epidemic in China. New Media & Society, 9(6), 987-1009.
  • Taneja, H., ve Yaeger, K. (2019, May). Do people consume the news they trust? Incidental news usage and the high-choice media environment. In 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2019. Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Techcrunch (2020). Facebook, Reddit, Google, LinkedIn, Microsoft, Twitter and YouTube issue joint statement on misinformation, Erişim 10 Nisan 2020, https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/16/facebook-reddit-google-linkedin-microsoft-twitter-and-youtube-issue-joint-statement-on-misinformation/
  • Twenge, J. M., Martin, G. N., ve Spitzberg, B. H. (2019). Trends in US Adolescents’ media use, 1976–2016: The rise of digital media, the decline of TV, and the (near) demise of print. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(4), 329.
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., ve Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559
  • Wada, H. I. (2019). Media Consumption Trends: Comparing Millennials and Generation Z . Research Association For Interdisciplinary Studies, 008HW.
  • Wadbring, I., ve Bergström, A. (2015). A Print Crisis or a Local Crisis? Journalism Studies, 18(2), 175–190. doi:10.1080/1461670x.2015.1042988 Wallace, M. (2019). Saving Our Bacon: Examining Information Seeking Behaviors Following a Livestock Disease Outbreak.
  • Waszak, P. M., Kasprzycka-Waszak, W., ve Kubanek, A. (2018). The spread of medical fake news in social media–the pilot quantitative study. Health policy and technology, 7(2), 115-118.
  • WHO (2018). Managing epidemics- Key facts about major deadly diseases Erişim 16 Nisan 2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/managing-epidemics-interactive.pdf
  • Yoo, W., ve Choi, D. H. (2019). Predictors of expressing and receiving information on social networking sites during MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea. Journal of Risk Research, 1–16. doi:10.1080/13669877.2019.1569105
  • Zhao, Z., Zhao, J., Sano, Y., Levy, O., Takayasu, H., Takayasu, M., ve Havlin, S. (2018). Fake news propagate differently from real news even at early stages of spreading. arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.03443.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Esra Bozkanat 0000-0002-6050-2550

Publication Date April 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 7

Cite

APA Bozkanat, E. (2021). Koronavirüs Salgınında Medya Kullanımı: Küresel Raporlar Üzerinden Bir Derleme. Etkileşim(7), 216-234. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2021.7.125
AMA Bozkanat E. Koronavirüs Salgınında Medya Kullanımı: Küresel Raporlar Üzerinden Bir Derleme. Etkileşim. April 2021;(7):216-234. doi:10.32739/etkilesim.2021.7.125
Chicago Bozkanat, Esra. “Koronavirüs Salgınında Medya Kullanımı: Küresel Raporlar Üzerinden Bir Derleme”. Etkileşim, no. 7 (April 2021): 216-34. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2021.7.125.
EndNote Bozkanat E (April 1, 2021) Koronavirüs Salgınında Medya Kullanımı: Küresel Raporlar Üzerinden Bir Derleme. Etkileşim 7 216–234.
IEEE E. Bozkanat, “Koronavirüs Salgınında Medya Kullanımı: Küresel Raporlar Üzerinden Bir Derleme”, Etkileşim, no. 7, pp. 216–234, April 2021, doi: 10.32739/etkilesim.2021.7.125.
ISNAD Bozkanat, Esra. “Koronavirüs Salgınında Medya Kullanımı: Küresel Raporlar Üzerinden Bir Derleme”. Etkileşim 7 (April 2021), 216-234. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2021.7.125.
JAMA Bozkanat E. Koronavirüs Salgınında Medya Kullanımı: Küresel Raporlar Üzerinden Bir Derleme. Etkileşim. 2021;:216–234.
MLA Bozkanat, Esra. “Koronavirüs Salgınında Medya Kullanımı: Küresel Raporlar Üzerinden Bir Derleme”. Etkileşim, no. 7, 2021, pp. 216-34, doi:10.32739/etkilesim.2021.7.125.
Vancouver Bozkanat E. Koronavirüs Salgınında Medya Kullanımı: Küresel Raporlar Üzerinden Bir Derleme. Etkileşim. 2021(7):216-34.

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