Abstract
Bu çalışma İngiltere´nin kolonilerinden birisi olan Hindistan´da 1919 yılında yaşanmış ve tarihe Amritsar katliamı olarak geçmiş olayları ele almaktadır. Katliamın yaşanmasına sebep olan gelişmeler, katliam günü yaşananlar ve sonrasında gelişen olayların tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Aralarında Müslümanlarında olduğu otuz bine yakın insanın kapalı bir alanda on dakikadan fazla yaylım ateşi altında bırakıldığı görülmüştür. Katliamı gerçekleştiren İngiliz General Dyer´in amacının İngilizlere başkaldırmanın cezasının ağır olacağını Hintlilere göstermek istediği tespit edilmiştir. Katliamda bin beş yüzden fazla Müslüman ve Hindu´nun hayatını kaybettiği binlerce yaralının ise olay yerinde, bir gün boyunca sokağa çıkma yasağı nedeni ile acılar içinde kıvrandıkları anlaşılmıştır. Katliamı araştırmak için kurulan Hunter Komisyonu´nun gerçeklerin ortaya çıkması için önemli çalışmalar yaptığı belirlenmiştir. General Dyer´ın Hindistan´ın gerçek sahipleri olan savunmasız ve silahsız masum Hint halkına karşı acımasızca ateş emri vermesinin, Hintlilerin İngiliz yönetcilerine karşı bakış açısının değişmesinde önemli bir etken olduğu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Amritsar katliamının Hindistan´ın bağımsızlık mücadelesinde bir kıvılcım etkisi yaparak tarihin değişmesinde önemli bir yere sahip olduğuna dikkat çekilmiştir.
Keywords
İngiltere Hindistan Amritsar Jallianwala Bagh Bahçesi Katliam General Dyer Hunter Komisyonu
References
- Cabinet Records.Irving’s Written Statement, Evidence.The National Archives of the UK. Public Record Office 27/92, vol. 3, 180.
- Churchill, W. (8 July 1920). Winston Churchill's speech in the House of Commons. http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/amritsar.htm (14.02.2020).
- Coates, T. (2001). ed. The Amritsar Massacre. HMSO. London.
- Collett, Nigel, The Butcher of Amritsar (London, Continuum Publishing, 2007), 257.
- Command. (1920). Correspondence between the Government of India and the Secretary of State for India on the Report of Lord Hunter’s Committee. Parliamentary PapersLondon, vol 14, 705.
- Dyer’s Oral Evidence.Evidence. vol. 3, 121, CAB 27/92.
- Gandhi, M. K. (1927). An Autobiography, or the Story of My Experiments with Truth. trans. Mahadev Desai of 1999. Navajivan Publishing House. Ahmedabad.
- Gwynn, Sir C. (1934). Imperial Policing. MacMillan. London
- Fein, S. (1977). Imperial Crime and Punishment. The University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu.
- Ilahi, F. S. (2008). The Empire Of Violence: Strategies Of British Rule In India and Ireland in the Aftermath Of The Great
- War.PhD Dissertation. Faculty of the Graduate School. The University of Texas at Austin.
- Hunter Report (1920). Cabinet Records.The National Archives of the UK. Public Record Office.
- Kulke, H.,& Rothermund, D. (1986). A History of India, Croom. London.
- Lloyd, N. (2011).The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day, I.B. Tauris. London.
- Montagu Papers. the British Library, MSS. Eur. D. 523,523/8.
- O’Dwyer’s Oral Evidence.Evidence, vol. 6, New Light, Datta, vol. 1, 137.
- OnWar.com. Armed Conflict Events Data Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in India 1919. http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/india/india1919.htm (17.02.2020).
- Patterson, S. (2009). The cult of imperial honor in British India. Palgrave Macmillan. US.
- Popplewell, R. J. (1995). Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924. Routledge. London.
- Punjab Disturbances. (April 1919). the Civil and Military Gazette.
- Raghaven (2015). Protecting the Raj: The Army in India and Internal Security, 1919–39. Small Wars and Insurgencies. Fall, 16#3, 253–279.
- Regan, G. (1991). The Guinness Book of Military Blunders. Guinness. Enfield.
- Report of Commissioners (1929). Vol I, II, Bombay. Reprint, New Delhi. 1976.
- Roy, A. (2005). Dyer Consequences.The Telegraph (Kolkata) 5 June. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050605/asp/look/story_4823931.asp(16.03.2020).
- Royal Air Force Power Review (2008). 1. Spring 2008.
- Percival, S (1965). The Oxford History of Modern India 1740–1947. Clarendon Press.Oxford.
- Utley, R. (2006).Major Powers and Peacekeeping. Ashgate Publishing. Aldershot.
Abstract
References
- Cabinet Records.Irving’s Written Statement, Evidence.The National Archives of the UK. Public Record Office 27/92, vol. 3, 180.
- Churchill, W. (8 July 1920). Winston Churchill's speech in the House of Commons. http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/amritsar.htm (14.02.2020).
- Coates, T. (2001). ed. The Amritsar Massacre. HMSO. London.
- Collett, Nigel, The Butcher of Amritsar (London, Continuum Publishing, 2007), 257.
- Command. (1920). Correspondence between the Government of India and the Secretary of State for India on the Report of Lord Hunter’s Committee. Parliamentary PapersLondon, vol 14, 705.
- Dyer’s Oral Evidence.Evidence. vol. 3, 121, CAB 27/92.
- Gandhi, M. K. (1927). An Autobiography, or the Story of My Experiments with Truth. trans. Mahadev Desai of 1999. Navajivan Publishing House. Ahmedabad.
- Gwynn, Sir C. (1934). Imperial Policing. MacMillan. London
- Fein, S. (1977). Imperial Crime and Punishment. The University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu.
- Ilahi, F. S. (2008). The Empire Of Violence: Strategies Of British Rule In India and Ireland in the Aftermath Of The Great
- War.PhD Dissertation. Faculty of the Graduate School. The University of Texas at Austin.
- Hunter Report (1920). Cabinet Records.The National Archives of the UK. Public Record Office.
- Kulke, H.,& Rothermund, D. (1986). A History of India, Croom. London.
- Lloyd, N. (2011).The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day, I.B. Tauris. London.
- Montagu Papers. the British Library, MSS. Eur. D. 523,523/8.
- O’Dwyer’s Oral Evidence.Evidence, vol. 6, New Light, Datta, vol. 1, 137.
- OnWar.com. Armed Conflict Events Data Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in India 1919. http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/india/india1919.htm (17.02.2020).
- Patterson, S. (2009). The cult of imperial honor in British India. Palgrave Macmillan. US.
- Popplewell, R. J. (1995). Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924. Routledge. London.
- Punjab Disturbances. (April 1919). the Civil and Military Gazette.
- Raghaven (2015). Protecting the Raj: The Army in India and Internal Security, 1919–39. Small Wars and Insurgencies. Fall, 16#3, 253–279.
- Regan, G. (1991). The Guinness Book of Military Blunders. Guinness. Enfield.
- Report of Commissioners (1929). Vol I, II, Bombay. Reprint, New Delhi. 1976.
- Roy, A. (2005). Dyer Consequences.The Telegraph (Kolkata) 5 June. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050605/asp/look/story_4823931.asp(16.03.2020).
- Royal Air Force Power Review (2008). 1. Spring 2008.
- Percival, S (1965). The Oxford History of Modern India 1740–1947. Clarendon Press.Oxford.
- Utley, R. (2006).Major Powers and Peacekeeping. Ashgate Publishing. Aldershot.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 |
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