MİLİMETRE DALGA BANDINDA İNVAZİF OLMAYAN BİR YÖNTEM İLE SIVILARDA GLİKOZ SEVİYESİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Abstract

Diyabet çağımızın en önemli halk sağlığı problemlerinden biridir. Kandaki glikoz seviyesinin kontrolü için kandaki glikoz oranının belirlenmesi gereklidir. Cihaz perspektifinden bakıldığında kandaki glikoz oranının belirlenmesinde invazif ve minimal invazif yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Her iki yöntem de incelendiğinde enfeksiyonel ve psikolojik riskleri beraberinde getirdikleri görülmektedir. Bu sebeplerden dolayı araştırmacılar invazif olmayan bir yöntem geliştirmek için çeşitli araştırmalar yapmaktadırlar. Milimetre dalgalar (mm-dalga), doku üzerinde herhangi bir zararlı etki yapmadığından doku katmanında invazif olmayan glikoz ölçümüne imkân sunar. Kanın karmaşık geçirgenliği mm-dalga bandında glikoz konsantrasyonu için oldukça hassastır. Bu çalışmada, 30 – 35 GHz bandında çeşitli glikoz oranlarına sahip sıvılarda mm-dalga yansıması, vektör ağ analizörü kullanılarak açık uçlu koaksiyel prob ve WR-28 adaptörü kullanılarak ayrı ayrı elde edilmiştir. - Elde edilen veriler her iki yöntem için 0.1 g/ml, 0.19 g/ml, 0.26 g/ml ve 0.33 g/ml glikoz konsantrasyonuna sahip sulu çözeltilerde, şekerli - şekersiz gazozda ve kola - diyet kola - kola zero gibi sıvılarda glikoz seviyesinin belirlemesinde S11-yansıma katsayısı verisinin ayırt edici olduğunu göstermiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar mm-dalgaların glikoz seviyesinin tespiti ve takibi için umut verici olduğunu göstermiştir.

Keywords

• Milimetre dalga
• Yansıma katsayısı
• İnvazif olmayan glikoz tespiti
• Glikoz takibi
• Diyabet

Determination Of Glucose Level In Liquids With A Non-Invasive Method In The Millimeter Waveband

Abstract

Diabetes is one of the most important public health problems of our age. In order to control the glucose level in the blood, it is necessary to determine the sugar level in the blood. From the device perspective, invasive and minimally invasive methods are used to determine the glucose level in the blood. When both methods are examined, it is seen that these methods bring along infectious and psychological risks. For these reasons, researchers are conducting various studies to develop a noninvasive method. Since millimeter waves (MMW) do not have any harmful effect on the tissue, it allows non-invasive glucose measurement in the tissue layer. The complex permeability of blood is highly sensitive to glucose concentration in the millimeter waveband. In this study, MMW reflection in liquids with various glucose ratios in the 30 – 35 GHz band was obtained separately using an open-ended coaxial probe and WR-28 adapter using a vector network analyzer. The data obtained in both methods showed that S11-reflection coefficient data was distinctive for determining the glucose level in aqueous solutions with glucose concentrations of 0.1 g/ml, 0.19 g/ml, 0.26 g/ml and 0.33 g/ml, in sugary-sugar-free soda and in liquids such as cola-diet cola-cola zero. Obtained results indicates that millimeter waves are promising for glucose level detection and monitoring.

Keywords

• Millimeter wave
• Reflection coefficient
• Non-invasive glucose detection
• Glucose detection
• Diabetes

References

1. 1. Alison, J. M., & Sheppard, R. J. (1993). Dielectric properties of human blood at microwave frequencies. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 38(7). https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/38/7/007
2. 2. Cano-Garcia, H., Gouzouasis, I., Sotiriou, I., Saha, S., Palikaras, G., Kosmas, P., & Kallos, E. (2016). Reflection and transmission measurements using 60 GHz patch antennas in the presence of animal tissue for non-invasive glucose sensing. 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2016, 1, 10–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481178
3. 3. Choi, H., Naylon, J., Luzio, S., Beutler, J., Birchall, J., Martin, C., & Porch, A. (2015). Design and In Vitro Interference Test of Microwave Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Sensor Europe PMC Funders Group. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, 63(10), 3016–3025. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT
4. 4. Ebrahimi, A., Scott, J., & Ghorbani, K. (2020). Microwave reflective biosensor for glucose level detection in aqueous solutions. Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical, 301, 111662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2019.111662
5. 5. Federasyonu, D., & Sağlık, D. (2021). DÜNYA DİYABET GÜNÜ 14 Kasım 2021 2006. 5, 1–7.
6. 6. Gao, W., Emaminejad, S., Nyein, H. Y. Y., Challa, S., Chen, K., Peck, A., Fahad, H. M., Ota, H., Shiraki, H., Kiriya, D., Lien, D. H., Brooks, G. A., Davis, R. W., & Javey, A. (2016). Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature, 529(7587). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16521
7. 7. Gennarelli, G., Romeo, S., Scarfi, M. R., & Soldovieri, F. (2013). A microwave resonant sensor for concentration measurements of liquid solutions. IEEE Sensors Journal, 13(5), 1857–1864. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2013.2244035
8. 8. Gonzales, W. V., Mobashsher, A. T., & Abbosh, A. (2019). The progress of glucose monitoring—A review of invasive to minimally and non-invasive techniques, devices and sensors. In Sensors (Switzerland) (Vol. 19, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040800

9. 9. Guo, D., Zhang, D., Zhang, L., & Lu, G. (2012). Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring for diabetics by means of breath signal analysis. Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, 173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.06.025
10. 10. Hofmann, M., Bloss, M., Weigel, R., Fischer, G., & Kissinger, D. (2012). Non-invasive glucose monitoring using open electromagnetic waveguides. European Microwave Week 2012: “Space for Microwaves”, EuMW 2012, Conference Proceedings - 42nd European Microwave Conference, EuMC 2012, 546–549. https://doi.org/10.23919/eumc.2012.6459152
11. 11. Hofmann, Maximilian, Fersch, T., Weigel, R., Fischer, G., & Kissinger, D. (2011). A novel approach to non-invasive blood glucose measurement based on RF transmission. MeMeA 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications, Proceedings, 3, 39–42. https://doi.org/10.1109/MeMeA.2011.5966704
12. 12. Hu, S., Nagae, S., & Hirose, A. (2019). Millimeter-Wave Adaptive Glucose Concentration Estimation with Complex-Valued Neural Networks. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 66(7), 2065– 2071. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2018.2883085
13. 13. Kang, J. W., Park, Y. S., Chang, H., Lee, W., Singh, S. P., Choi, W., Galindo, L. H., Dasari, R. R., Nam, S. H., Park, J., & So, P. T. C. (2020). Direct observation of glucose fingerprint using in vivo Raman spectroscopy. Science Advances, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay5206
14. 14. Karacolak, T., Moreland, E. C., & Topsakal, E. (2013). Cole-cole model for glucose-dependent dielectric properties of blood plasma for continuous glucose monitoring. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 55(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.27515
15. 15. Kim, J., Babajanyan, A., Hovsepyan, A., Lee, K., & Friedman, B. (2008). Microwave dielectric resonator biosensor for aqueous glucose solution. Review of Scientific Instruments, 79(8). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2968115
16. 16. Kurabayashi, T., Konishi, K., Yodokawa, S., & Kosaka, S. (2015). Reflection spectroscopy on solutions of biological materials in millimeter wave frequency. IRMMW-THz 2015 - 40th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 9–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRMMW-THz.2015.7327916
17. 17. Lan, Y. T., Kuang, Y. P., Zhou, L. P., Wu, G. Y., Gu, P. C., Wei, H. J., & Chen, K. (2017). Noninvasive monitoring of blood glucose concentration in diabetic patients with optical coherence tomography. Laser Physics Letters, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1612-202X/aa58c0
18. 18. Liakat, S., Bors, K. A., Xu, L., Woods, C. M., Doyle, J., & Gmachl, C. F. (2014). Noninvasive in vivo glucose sensing on human subjects using mid-infrared light. Biomedical Optics Express, 5(7). https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.5.002397
19. 19. Malik, S., Gupta, S., Khadgawat, R., & Anand, S. (2015). A novel non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approach using saliva. 2015 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Informatics, Communication and Energy Systems, SPICES 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/SPICES.2015.7091562
20. 20. Meriakri, V. V., Chigrai, E. E., Nikitin, I. P., & Parkhomenko, M. P. (2007). Dielectric properties of water solutions with small content of glucose in the millimeter -wave band and the determination of glucose in blood. MSMW’07 Symposium Proceedings - The 6th International Kharkov Symposium on Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Workshop on Terahertz Technologies, 2. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSMW.2007.4294844
21. 21. Nikawa, Y., & Michiyama, T. (2007). Blood-sugar monitoring by reflection of millimeter wave. Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings, APMC. https://doi.org/10.1109/APMC.2007.4555070
22. 22. Nikawa, Y., & Someya, D. (2001). Application of millimeter waves to measure blood sugar level. Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings, APMC, 3, 1303–1306. https://doi.org/10.1109/apmc.2001.985374
23. 23. Omer, A. E., Safavi-Naeini, S., Hughson, R., & Shaker, G. (2020). Blood glucose level monitoring using an FMCW millimeter-wave radar sensor. Remote Sensing, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030385
24. 24. Omer, A. E., Shaker, G., & Safavi-Naeini, S. (2018). Non-invasive Glucose Monitoring at mm-Wave Frequencies. Journal of Computational Vision and Imaging Systems, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.15353/jcvis.v4i1.325
25. 25. OMS. (2016). Global Report on Diabetes. Isbn, 978, 6–86. https://scihub.si/https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204874%0Ahttps://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204874/WHO_NMH_NVI_16.3_eng.pdf? sequence=1%0Ahttp://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/index.html%0Ahttp://www.who.int/about/licens
26. 26. Pozar M. David. (n.d.). Pozar_Microwave Engineering(2012).
27. 27. Saha, S., Cano-Garcia, H., Sotiriou, I., Lipscombe, O., Gouzouasis, I., Koutsoupidou, M., Palikaras, G., Mackenzie, R., Reeve, T., Kosmas, P., & Kallos, E. (2017). A Glucose Sensing System Based on Transmission Measurements at Millimetre Waves using Micro strip Patch Antennas. Scientific Reports, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06926-1
28. 28. Salman, S., Satman, İ., Yılmaz, C., İmamoğlu, Ş., & Dinççağ, N. (2020). TEMD Diabetes Mellitus ve Komplikasyonlarının Tanı, Tedavi ve İzlem Kılavuzu.
29. 29. Saracoglu, O. G., Bagis, A., Konar, M., & Tabaru, T. E. (2016). ABC algorithm based fuzzy modeling of optical glucose detection. Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.4316/AECE.2016.03006
30. 30. Shaker, G., Chen, R., Milligan, B., & Qu, T. (2016). Ambient electromagnetic energy harvesting system for on-body sensors. Electronics Letters, 52(22). https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2016.3123
31. 31. Siegel, P. H., Lee, Y., & Pikov, V. (2014). Millimeter-wave non-invasive monitoring of glucose in anesthetized rats. International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, IRMMW-THz. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRMMW-THz.2014.6956294
32. 32. Topsakal, E., Karacolak, T., & Moreland, E. C. (2011). Glucose-dependent dielectric properties of blood plasma. 2011 30th URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, URSIGASS 2011, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/URSIGASS.2011.6051324
33. 33. Xue, Y., Thalmayer, A. S., Zeising, S., Fischer, G., & Lübke, M. (2022). Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring—A Review. In Sensors (Vol. 22, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020425
34. 34. Zanon, M., Mueller, M., Zakharov, P., Talary, M. S., Donath, M., Stahel, W. A., & Caduff, A. (2018). First Experiences With a Wearable Multisensor Device in a Noninvasive Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study at Home, Part II: The Investigators’ View. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296817740591
35. 35. Zhang, J., Hodge, W., Hutnick, C., & Wang, X. (2011). Noninvasive diagnostic devices for diabetes through measuring tear glucose. In Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology (Vol. 5, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1177/193229681100500123