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SiO₂ İlavesinin Borik Asit Çapraz Bağlı Polivinil Alkol (PVA) Filmlerinin Mekanik ve Termal Özellikleri Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 30 Issue: 3, 923 - 940, 19.12.2025

İbrahim Şen

https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1663959

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, suda çözünebilen polivinil alkol (PVA) hem borik asit (BA) ile çapraz bağlanarak hem de çapraz bağlı PVA'ya farklı oranlarda SiO2 eklenerek termal, mekanik ve kimyasal değişimleri incelenmiştir. Mekanik özellikler için çekme mukavemeti (TS), maksimum çekme mukavemetinde yüzde uzama (ETS) ve elastik modül (EM) parametreleri araştırılmıştır. Bulgular, BA ile çapraz bağlamanın TS ve EM değerlerinde bir artışa yol açtığını ve ETS'de bir azalmaya neden olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Buna karşılık, SiO2'nin dolgu malzemesi olarak dahil edilmesi tüm parametrelerde düşüşe neden olmuştur. Termal özellikleri aydınlatmak için diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetri (DSC), termogravimetrik analiz (TGA) ve dinamik mekanik analiz (DMA) yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, BA ile çapraz bağlamanın termal kararlılığı önemli ölçüde artırdığını, SiO2 ilavesinin ise önemli değişiklikler sağlamadığını göstermiştir. DSC analizine göre, hem BA ile çapraz bağlama hem de çapraz bağlı PVA'ya SiO2 eklenmesi, PVA filmlerinin camsı geçiş sıcaklığında (Tg) düzenli artışlara neden oldu. DMA analizinde tan δ termogramında Tg pikleri gözlenmiş ve bu piklerdeki artışın dalgalı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Polivinil alkol (PVA) Borik asit çapraz bağlama SiO2 mekanik ve termal özellikler

References

  • Abdulkadir, B. A., Dennis, J. O., Al-Hadeethi, Y., Shukur, M. F. B. A., Mkawi, E. M., Al-Harbi, N., … Abbas Adam, A. (2021). Optimization of the electrochemical performance of a composite polymer electrolyte based on PVA-K2CO3-SiO2 composite. Polymers, 13(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010092
  • Acaralı, N. (2018). A novel survey on solvent based-dyes containing shellac and pumice. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 87–96.
  • Bhat, N. V., Nate, M. M., Kurup, M. B., Bambole, V. A., & Sabharwal, S. (2005). Effect of γ-radiation on the structure and morphology of polyvinyl alcohol films. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 237(3–4), 585–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2005.04.058
  • Chen, C., Chen, Y., Xie, J., Xu, Z., Tang, Z., Yang, F., & Fu, K. (2017). Effects of montmorillonite on the properties of cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol)/boric acid films. Progress in Organic Coatings, 112, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2017.06.003
  • Chen, J., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2015). Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide reinforced PVA film with boric acid as crosslinker. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132(22). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.42000
  • Choe, S., You, S., Park, K., Kim, Y., Park, J., Cho, Y., … Myung, J. (2024). Boric acid-crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol): biodegradable, biocompatible, robust, and high-barrier paper coating. Green Chemistry, 26(14), 8230–8241.
  • do Nascimento, F. C., de Aguiar, L. C. V., Costa, L. A. T., Fernandes, M. T., Marassi, R. J., Gomes, A. de S., & de Castro, J. A. (2021). Formulation and characterization of crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes: effects of the crosslinking agents. Polymer Bulletin, 78(2), 917–929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-03142-2
  • Gadhave, R. V., Vineeth, S. K., Mahanwar, P. A., & Gadekar, P. T. (2021). Effect of addition of boric acid on thermo-mechanical properties of microcrystalline cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol blend and applicability as wood adhesive. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 35(10), 1072–1086. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2020.1832775
  • Hamza, R. S. A., & Habeeb, M. A. (2023). Synthesis and tuning the structural, morphological and dielectric characteristics of PVA-CMC-SiO2–Cr2O3 hybrid nanostructures for nanoelectronics devices. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 55(8), 705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04995-3
  • Hanh, P. T. H., Suwunwong, T., Chantrapromma, S., Choto, P., Thanomsilp, C., & Phoungthong, K. (2024). Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-glycerol composite films incorporating nanosilica from municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash. Heliyon, 10(4).
  • Huang, Y. F., Wu, P. F., Zhang, M. Q., Ruan, W. H., & Giannelis, E. P. (2014). Boron cross-linked graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite gel electrolyte for flexible solid-state electric double layer capacitor with high performance. Electrochimica Acta, 132, 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.151
  • Hussien, H. A. J., & Hashim, A. (2023). Synthesis and Exploring the Structural, Electrical and Optical Characteristics of PVA/TiN/SiO2 Hybrid Nanosystem for Photonics and Electronics Nanodevices. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 33(8), 2331–2345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-023-02688-8
  • Kader, M. A., Khan, M. A., & Molla, M. E. (2017). Effect of Boric Acid on the Properties of Sorbitol Plasticized Starch/PVA Blends. Engineering International, 5(2), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.18034/ei.v5i2.179
  • Karimi, A., & Wan Daud, W. M. A. (2017). Materials, preparation, and characterization of PVA/MMT nanocomposite hydrogels: a review. Polymer Composites, 38(6), 1086–1102.
  • Mansur, H. S., Sadahira, C. M., Souza, A. N., & Mansur, A. A. P. (2008). FTIR spectroscopy characterization of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with different hydrolysis degree and chemically crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Materials Science and Engineering C, 28(4), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.088
  • Meng, L., Xi, J., Ye, W., Xu, K., Gai, X., Xu, Z., … Wu, W. (2024). A novel poly(vinyl alcohol)/silica composite film with “spherical crystal interlocking structure” and its barrier and enhancement mechanism. Surfaces and Interfaces, 46, 103964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2024.103964
  • Miyazaki, T., Takeda, Y., Akane, S., Itou, T., Hoshiko, A., & En, K. (2010). Role of boric acid for a poly (vinyl alcohol) film as a cross-linking agent: Melting behaviors of the films with boric acid. Polymer, 51(23), 5539–5549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.09.048
  • Niebles Navas, A. F., Araujo-Rodríguez, D. G., Valencia-Llano, C. H., Insuasty, D., Delgado-Ospina, J., Navia-Porras, D. P., … Grande-Tovar, C. D. (2024). Lyophilized Polyvinyl Alcohol and Chitosan Scaffolds Pre-Loaded with Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles for Tissue Regeneration. Molecules, 29(16), 3850. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163850
  • Park, K., Oh, Y., Panda, P. K., & Seo, J. (2022). Effects of an acidic catalyst on the barrier and water resistance properties of crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol) and boric acid films. Progress in Organic Coatings, 173, 107186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.107186
  • Qua, E. H., Hornsby, P. R., Sharma, H. S. S., Lyons, G., & Mccall, R. D. (2009). Preparation and characterization of Poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites made from cellulose nanofibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 113(4), 2238–2247. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30116
  • Rahmadiawan, D., Abral, H., Railis, R. M., Iby, I. C., Mahardika, M., Handayani, D., … Akbar, F. (2022). The Enhanced Moisture Absorption and Tensile Strength of PVA/Uncaria gambir Extract by Boric Acid as a Highly Moisture-Resistant, Anti-UV, and Strong Film for Food Packaging Applications. Journal of Composites Science, 6(11), 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6110337
  • Soliman, T. S. (2024). Effects of SiO2Nanoparticles on Polyvinyl Alcohol/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Polymer Blend Films’ Structural, Wettability, Surface Roughness, and Optical Characteristics. Advances in Polymer Technology, 2024(1), 3623198. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3623198
  • Sonker, A. K., Rathore, K., Nagarale, R. K., & Verma, V. (2018). Crosslinking of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Effect of Crosslinker Shape (Aliphatic and Aromatic) Thereof. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26(5), 1782–1794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1077-3
  • Sreedhar, B., Sairam, M., Chattopadhyay, D. K., Rathnam, P. A. S., & Mohan Rao, D. V. (2005). Thermal, mechanical, and surface characterization of starch-poly(vinyl alcohol) blends and borax-crosslinked films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 96(4), 1313–1322. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21439
  • Takeno, H., & Suto, N. (2022). Robust and Highly Stretchable Chitosan Nanofiber/Alumina-Coated Silica/Carboxylated Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Borax Composite Hydrogels Constructed by Multiple Crosslinking. Gels, 8(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8010006
  • Tang, H., Xiong, H., Tang, S., & Zou, P. (2009). A starch-based biodegradable film modified by nano silicon dioxide. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 113(1), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29855
  • Wang, N., Zhao, L., Zhang, C., & Li, L. (2016). Water states and thermal processability of boric acid modified poly(vinyl alcohol). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(13). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43246
  • Xu, X., Xie, S., Shi, B., Wu, D., Lin, Y., Zhi, Q., … Song, H. (2025). Synergistic reinforcement of PVA films with boric acid and nano-silica for high-barrier food packaging. Polymer Testing, 150, 108886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108886
  • Zhang, C., Liang, K., Zhou, D., Yang, H., Liu, X., Yin, X., … Xiao, P. (2018). High-Performance Photopolymerized Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Silica Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Enhanced Cell Adhesion. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 10(33), 27692–27700. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b09026
  • Zhang, S., Wei, D., Xu, X., & Guan, Y. (2023). Transparent, High-Strength, and Antimicrobial Polyvinyl Alcohol/Boric Acid/Poly Hexamethylene Guanidine Hydrochloride Films. Coatings, 13(6), 1115. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061115

EFFECT OF SiO₂ ADDITION ON MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID CROSSLINKED POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) FİLMS

Year 2025, Volume: 30 Issue: 3, 923 - 940, 19.12.2025

İbrahim Şen

https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1663959

Abstract

In this study, the thermal, mechanical and chemical changes of water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were investigated both by crosslinking with boric acid (BA) and by adding SiO2 at different ratios into crosslinked PVA. Tensile strength (TS), percentage elongation at maximum tensile strength (ETS) and elastic modulus (EM) parameters were investigated for mechanical properties. The findings revealed that crosslinking with BA led to an enhancement in TS and EM values, accompanied by a reduction in ETS. Conversely, the incorporation of SiO2 as a filler material resulted in a decline in all parameters. To elucidate the thermal properties, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were conducted. The results indicated that crosslinking with BA significantly improved the thermal stability, while the addition of SiO2 did not yield substantial changes. According to the DSC analysis, both cross-linking with BA and the addition of SiO2 to cross-linked PVA resulted in regular increases in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVA films. Tg peaks were observed in the tan δ thermogram in the DMA analysis, and the increase in these peaks was found to be wavy.

Keywords

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) Boric acid crosslinking SiO2 mechanic and thermal properties

Thanks

The author would like to express their sincere gratitude to Dr. Sibel TUNA and my colleagues Dr. Ahmet AYGÜN, Dr. A. Fatih DAĞDELEN, Dr. Yasin ALTIN, Dr. Murat EROĞLU, and Dr. Büşra MUTLU for their invaluable contribution to the experimental design and support.

References

  • Abdulkadir, B. A., Dennis, J. O., Al-Hadeethi, Y., Shukur, M. F. B. A., Mkawi, E. M., Al-Harbi, N., … Abbas Adam, A. (2021). Optimization of the electrochemical performance of a composite polymer electrolyte based on PVA-K2CO3-SiO2 composite. Polymers, 13(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010092
  • Acaralı, N. (2018). A novel survey on solvent based-dyes containing shellac and pumice. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 87–96.
  • Bhat, N. V., Nate, M. M., Kurup, M. B., Bambole, V. A., & Sabharwal, S. (2005). Effect of γ-radiation on the structure and morphology of polyvinyl alcohol films. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 237(3–4), 585–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2005.04.058
  • Chen, C., Chen, Y., Xie, J., Xu, Z., Tang, Z., Yang, F., & Fu, K. (2017). Effects of montmorillonite on the properties of cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol)/boric acid films. Progress in Organic Coatings, 112, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2017.06.003
  • Chen, J., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2015). Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide reinforced PVA film with boric acid as crosslinker. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132(22). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.42000
  • Choe, S., You, S., Park, K., Kim, Y., Park, J., Cho, Y., … Myung, J. (2024). Boric acid-crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol): biodegradable, biocompatible, robust, and high-barrier paper coating. Green Chemistry, 26(14), 8230–8241.
  • do Nascimento, F. C., de Aguiar, L. C. V., Costa, L. A. T., Fernandes, M. T., Marassi, R. J., Gomes, A. de S., & de Castro, J. A. (2021). Formulation and characterization of crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes: effects of the crosslinking agents. Polymer Bulletin, 78(2), 917–929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-03142-2
  • Gadhave, R. V., Vineeth, S. K., Mahanwar, P. A., & Gadekar, P. T. (2021). Effect of addition of boric acid on thermo-mechanical properties of microcrystalline cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol blend and applicability as wood adhesive. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 35(10), 1072–1086. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2020.1832775
  • Hamza, R. S. A., & Habeeb, M. A. (2023). Synthesis and tuning the structural, morphological and dielectric characteristics of PVA-CMC-SiO2–Cr2O3 hybrid nanostructures for nanoelectronics devices. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 55(8), 705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04995-3
  • Hanh, P. T. H., Suwunwong, T., Chantrapromma, S., Choto, P., Thanomsilp, C., & Phoungthong, K. (2024). Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-glycerol composite films incorporating nanosilica from municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash. Heliyon, 10(4).
  • Huang, Y. F., Wu, P. F., Zhang, M. Q., Ruan, W. H., & Giannelis, E. P. (2014). Boron cross-linked graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite gel electrolyte for flexible solid-state electric double layer capacitor with high performance. Electrochimica Acta, 132, 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.151
  • Hussien, H. A. J., & Hashim, A. (2023). Synthesis and Exploring the Structural, Electrical and Optical Characteristics of PVA/TiN/SiO2 Hybrid Nanosystem for Photonics and Electronics Nanodevices. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 33(8), 2331–2345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-023-02688-8
  • Kader, M. A., Khan, M. A., & Molla, M. E. (2017). Effect of Boric Acid on the Properties of Sorbitol Plasticized Starch/PVA Blends. Engineering International, 5(2), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.18034/ei.v5i2.179
  • Karimi, A., & Wan Daud, W. M. A. (2017). Materials, preparation, and characterization of PVA/MMT nanocomposite hydrogels: a review. Polymer Composites, 38(6), 1086–1102.
  • Mansur, H. S., Sadahira, C. M., Souza, A. N., & Mansur, A. A. P. (2008). FTIR spectroscopy characterization of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with different hydrolysis degree and chemically crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Materials Science and Engineering C, 28(4), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.088
  • Meng, L., Xi, J., Ye, W., Xu, K., Gai, X., Xu, Z., … Wu, W. (2024). A novel poly(vinyl alcohol)/silica composite film with “spherical crystal interlocking structure” and its barrier and enhancement mechanism. Surfaces and Interfaces, 46, 103964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2024.103964
  • Miyazaki, T., Takeda, Y., Akane, S., Itou, T., Hoshiko, A., & En, K. (2010). Role of boric acid for a poly (vinyl alcohol) film as a cross-linking agent: Melting behaviors of the films with boric acid. Polymer, 51(23), 5539–5549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.09.048
  • Niebles Navas, A. F., Araujo-Rodríguez, D. G., Valencia-Llano, C. H., Insuasty, D., Delgado-Ospina, J., Navia-Porras, D. P., … Grande-Tovar, C. D. (2024). Lyophilized Polyvinyl Alcohol and Chitosan Scaffolds Pre-Loaded with Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles for Tissue Regeneration. Molecules, 29(16), 3850. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163850
  • Park, K., Oh, Y., Panda, P. K., & Seo, J. (2022). Effects of an acidic catalyst on the barrier and water resistance properties of crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol) and boric acid films. Progress in Organic Coatings, 173, 107186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.107186
  • Qua, E. H., Hornsby, P. R., Sharma, H. S. S., Lyons, G., & Mccall, R. D. (2009). Preparation and characterization of Poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites made from cellulose nanofibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 113(4), 2238–2247. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30116
  • Rahmadiawan, D., Abral, H., Railis, R. M., Iby, I. C., Mahardika, M., Handayani, D., … Akbar, F. (2022). The Enhanced Moisture Absorption and Tensile Strength of PVA/Uncaria gambir Extract by Boric Acid as a Highly Moisture-Resistant, Anti-UV, and Strong Film for Food Packaging Applications. Journal of Composites Science, 6(11), 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6110337
  • Soliman, T. S. (2024). Effects of SiO2Nanoparticles on Polyvinyl Alcohol/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Polymer Blend Films’ Structural, Wettability, Surface Roughness, and Optical Characteristics. Advances in Polymer Technology, 2024(1), 3623198. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3623198
  • Sonker, A. K., Rathore, K., Nagarale, R. K., & Verma, V. (2018). Crosslinking of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Effect of Crosslinker Shape (Aliphatic and Aromatic) Thereof. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26(5), 1782–1794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1077-3
  • Sreedhar, B., Sairam, M., Chattopadhyay, D. K., Rathnam, P. A. S., & Mohan Rao, D. V. (2005). Thermal, mechanical, and surface characterization of starch-poly(vinyl alcohol) blends and borax-crosslinked films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 96(4), 1313–1322. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21439
  • Takeno, H., & Suto, N. (2022). Robust and Highly Stretchable Chitosan Nanofiber/Alumina-Coated Silica/Carboxylated Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Borax Composite Hydrogels Constructed by Multiple Crosslinking. Gels, 8(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8010006
  • Tang, H., Xiong, H., Tang, S., & Zou, P. (2009). A starch-based biodegradable film modified by nano silicon dioxide. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 113(1), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29855
  • Wang, N., Zhao, L., Zhang, C., & Li, L. (2016). Water states and thermal processability of boric acid modified poly(vinyl alcohol). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(13). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43246
  • Xu, X., Xie, S., Shi, B., Wu, D., Lin, Y., Zhi, Q., … Song, H. (2025). Synergistic reinforcement of PVA films with boric acid and nano-silica for high-barrier food packaging. Polymer Testing, 150, 108886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108886
  • Zhang, C., Liang, K., Zhou, D., Yang, H., Liu, X., Yin, X., … Xiao, P. (2018). High-Performance Photopolymerized Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Silica Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Enhanced Cell Adhesion. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 10(33), 27692–27700. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b09026
  • Zhang, S., Wei, D., Xu, X., & Guan, Y. (2023). Transparent, High-Strength, and Antimicrobial Polyvinyl Alcohol/Boric Acid/Poly Hexamethylene Guanidine Hydrochloride Films. Coatings, 13(6), 1115. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061115
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Polymer Science and Technologies, Composite and Hybrid Materials
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İbrahim Şen 0000-0003-2733-7191

Submission Date March 23, 2025
Acceptance Date September 26, 2025
Early Pub Date December 11, 2025
Publication Date December 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 30 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Şen, İ. (2025). EFFECT OF SiO₂ ADDITION ON MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID CROSSLINKED POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) FİLMS. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(3), 923-940. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1663959
AMA Şen İ. EFFECT OF SiO₂ ADDITION ON MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID CROSSLINKED POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) FİLMS. UUJFE. December 2025;30(3):923-940. doi:10.17482/uumfd.1663959
Chicago Şen, İbrahim. “EFFECT OF SiO₂ ADDITION ON MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID CROSSLINKED POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) FİLMS”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 30, no. 3 (December 2025): 923-40. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1663959.
EndNote Şen İ (December 1, 2025) EFFECT OF SiO₂ ADDITION ON MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID CROSSLINKED POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) FİLMS. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 30 3 923–940.
IEEE İ. Şen, “EFFECT OF SiO₂ ADDITION ON MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID CROSSLINKED POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) FİLMS”, UUJFE, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 923–940, 2025, doi: 10.17482/uumfd.1663959.
ISNAD Şen, İbrahim. “EFFECT OF SiO₂ ADDITION ON MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID CROSSLINKED POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) FİLMS”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 30/3 (December2025), 923-940. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1663959.
JAMA Şen İ. EFFECT OF SiO₂ ADDITION ON MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID CROSSLINKED POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) FİLMS. UUJFE. 2025;30:923–940.
MLA Şen, İbrahim. “EFFECT OF SiO₂ ADDITION ON MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID CROSSLINKED POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) FİLMS”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 3, 2025, pp. 923-40, doi:10.17482/uumfd.1663959.
Vancouver Şen İ. EFFECT OF SiO₂ ADDITION ON MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BORIC ACID CROSSLINKED POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) FİLMS. UUJFE. 2025;30(3):923-40.

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