Wastewater Irrigation: Persistent Organic Pollutans in Soil and Product

Abstract

Treated or untreated wastewaters, used for irrigation purpose, contain various persistent organic pollutants. The long use of these waters for irrigation purpose results in deposition of the pollutants in soil, contaminates products and has adverse health affect on the human through food chain, and biologic activity of flora and fauna. The wastewaters of Konya were conveyed to the Salt Lake through the main drainage channel without any treatment until 2010.  During the arid period, the wastewater in the main drainage channel was used for irrigation and the products were cultivated. In this work, persistent organic pollutants i.e., polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, acenaphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene) are determined in wastewater irrigated agricultural soil samples and the wheat samples cultivated in the region. High alkaline properties and clay structure of Konya soil were determined. These properties of soil result in the accumulation of contaminants in top soil layer used for agricultural production. On the other hand, PCB and PAH compounds were determined in comparable concentrations in well water irrigated reference soils with wastewater irrigated soils. PCB and PAH sources other than wastewater irrigation was evidenced for the study field.

Keywords

• Wastewater irrigation
• polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
• polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
• soil
• wheat
• contamination

Atıksuların Sulamada Kullanımı: Toprak ve Üründe Kalıcı Organik Kirleticiler

Abstract

Tarımsal sulamada kullanılan arıtılmış veya arıtılmamış atıksular pek çok kalıcı organik kirletici içerebilmektedir. Bu kirleticiler uzun süre sulama sonucunda toprak ortamında birikebilmekte, yetiştirilen ürüne bulaşabilmekte ve besin zinciriyle taşınarak insan sağlığını, toprak flora ve faunasındaki biyolojik faaliyetleri olumsuz şekilde etkileyebilmektedir. Konya kentsel atıksuları 2010 yılına kadar hiçbir arıtma işlemine tabi tutulmaksızın Ana Tahliye Kanalı ile Tuz Gölü’ne uzaklaştırılmıştır. Kurak dönemlerde Ana Tahliye Kanalı boyunca bu sular gıda ürünleri yetiştirilen tarımsal alanların sulanması amaçlı kullanılmıştır.. Bu çalışmada kentsel atıksular ile sulanan tarım topraklarında ve bölgede yetiştirilen buğday ürünlerinde kalıcı organik kirleticilerden poliklorlu bifenil (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) ve poliaromatik hidrokarbon (PAH) (naphthalene, acenaphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene) bileşiklerinin kalıntı miktarları belirlenmiştir. Konya topraklarının yüksek alkali özelliğe ve killi yapıya sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Toprağın bu özellikleri kirleticilerin mobilitesini azaltarak zirai üretim yapılan üst katmanda birikmesine neden olmaktadır. Öte yandan, PCB ve PAH bileşiklerinin kuyu suyu ile sulanmış referans toprak örneklerinde tespit edilen miktarlarının atıksular ile sulanan zirai alanlardaki toprak örneklerinden daha yüksek veya yakın değerlerde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum değerlendirilen sahada atıksu dışında PCB ve PAH kirletici kaynaklarının bulunduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Keywords

• Atıksuyla sulama
• poliklorlu bifeniller (PCB’ler)
• poliaromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH’lar)
• toprak
• buğday
• kalıntı

References

1. Chen, Y., Wang, C., Wang, Z. (2005) Residues and Source Identification of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Farmland Soils Irrigated by Effluents from Biological Treatment Plants, Environment International, 31, 778 – 783.
2. http://www.researchgate.net/publictopics Erişim Tarihi: 28.01.2015, Konu: Bouyoucos hydrometer method, soil particle size analysis.
3. Ismail, A., Riaz, M., Akhtar, S., Ismail, T., Amir M., Zafar-ul-Hye, M. (2014) Heavy metals in vegetables and respective soils irrigated by canal, municipal waste and tube well waters. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B 7, 213 –219.
4. Khan, K., Khan, H., Lu, Y., Ihsanullah, I., Nawab, J., Khan, S., Shah, N.S., Shamshad, I. Maryam, A. (2014). Evaluation of toxicological risk of foodstuffs contaminated with heavy metals in Swat, Pakistan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 108, 224 –232.
5. Li Q., Chen, Y., Fu H.B., Cui, Z.H., Shi, L., Wang, L., Liu, Z.F. (2012) Health risk of heavy metals in food crops grown on reclaimed tidal flat soil in the Pearl River Estuary, China, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 227– 228, 148– 154.
6. Meijer, S. N., Ockenden, W. A., Sweetman, A., Breivik, K., Grimalt, J. O., ve Jones, K. C. (2003) Global distribution and budget of PCBs and HCB in background surface soils: implications for sources and environmental processes, Environmental Science and Technology, 37(4), 667-672.
7. Nasir, F.A., Batarseh, M.I (2008) Agricultural reuse of reclaimed water and uptake of organic compounds: Pilot study at Mutah University wastewater treatment plant, Jordan, Chemosphere, 72, 1203–1214.
8. Pereira, M.S. (2004) Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins (PCDD), Dibenzofurans (PCDF) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB): Main Sources, Environmental Behaviour and Risk to Man and Biota, Quimica Nova, 27(6), 934-943.

9. Sergio, M. (2013) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Environment: Environmental Fate and Transformation, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 33(4), 311-330.
10. Stockholm Convention, 2001. Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants. Full text for download in English http://www.pops.int/documents/convtext/convtext_en.pdf; other language versions at .
11. Tehrani, R., Van Aken, B. (2014) Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment: sources, fate, and toxicities, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(10), 6334-6345.
12. Toze, S. (2006) Reuse of Effluent Water – Benefits and Risks, Agricultural Water Management, 80, 147-159.
13. Türk Gıda Kodeksi (2011) Bulaşanlar yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete: 29.12.2011, Sayı:28157.
14. Wang, T., Wang, Y., Fu, J., Wang, P., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Jiang, G. (2010) Characteristic accumulation and soil penetration of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wastewater irrigated farmlands, Chemosphere, 81, 1045–1051.
15. Weber, S., Khan, S., Hollender, J. (2006) Human Risk Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Reclaimed Wastewater Used for Irrigation, Desalination, 187, 53-64.