Short-Term Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Environment

Abstract

The fight against the SARS-CoV-2 at the global scale, in the aftermath of the declaration of the pandemic by WHO, is at full steam. Covid-19 pandemic caused worldwide change in all aspects of life, ranging from education to shopping, sports to entertainment, transportation to international relations, social rituals to daily routine, production to consumption, and therefore, the waste produced. The partial and total lockdown measures introduced led to substantial reductions in air pollutant emissions, falls in noise levels in urban environments, and improvements in the quality of water sources and the environment. On the other hand, given the substantial demand for personal protective equipment (PPE), disinfectant and drug in the context of the response to the pandemic, now waste produced by the use of such materials is becoming more and more prevalent in the environment and water sources. Therefore, the pandemic is bound to have substantial impact on the environment, comparable to temporary and more permanent effects it has on the social, health, industria and economic aspects of life. Crudely put, the improvements in the environment, brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic will probably be temporary, and will last for only as long as the restrictions remain in place, while it is bound to have negative and probably lasting effects in the lack of adequate measures. The present study aims to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the pandemic’s effect on water, air, noise and visual pollution, as well as the waste produced specifically by pandemic-response activities. Furthermore, the analysis focuses on the means of transmission of the disease that can be associated with environmental sciences (water, wastewater, solid waste), the applicable measures, and wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and early-warning systems regarding SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Keywords

• SARS-CoV-2
• Pandemic
• Environmental pollution
• Sanitation
• Treatment
• Waste

COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNİN ÇEVRE ÜZERİNDEKİ ERKEN DÖNEM ETKİLERİ

Abstract

DSÖ’ nün pandemi ilanıyla başlayan SARS-CoV-2 virüsüyle küresel ölçekteki mücadele devam etmektedir. Covid-19 pandemisi, eğitimden alışverişe, spordan eğlenceye, ulaşımdan uluslararası ilişkilere, toplu ritüellerden günlük rutinlere, üretimden tüketime ve dolayısıyla oluşan atıklara kadar her alanda yaşamı değiştirmeye başlamış ve tüm dünyayı etkisi altına almıştır. Yapılan kısmi ve tam kapatmalar sayesinde ülkelerde oluşan hava kirletici emisyonlarda azalma, şehir gürültü seviyelerinde düşüş, su kaynaklarının kalitesinde ve çevrede nispeten iyileşme görülmeye başlamıştır. Öte yandan salgınla mücadelede kullanılan kişisel koruyucu donanım (KKD) , dezenfektan ve ilaç gibi malzemelerin büyük miktarlara ulaşmasından dolayı, bu malzemelerin çevrede ve sularda rastlanan atıkları da artmıştır. Dolayısıyla pandeminin, sosyal, sağlık, endüstri ve ekonomi alanlarında beklenen geçici ve kalıcı olabilecek etkilerine benzer şekilde, bir çok önemli çevresel etkileri de olacaktır. Genel olarak Covid-19’un çevresel etkilerinde olumlu giden iyileşmelerin geçici olacağı ve kısıtlamaların sonlanmasıyla duracağı düşünülmekle beraber, önlemler alınmazsa özellikle olumsuz ve kalıcı etkilerinin de kaçınılmaz olacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, pandeminin çevresel kirlilik üzerindeki etkileri su, hava, gürültü ve görüntü kirliliği ile pandemi atıkları konularına odaklanarak kapsamlıca değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, çevre bilimleriyle ilişkilendirilebilecek bulaşma yolları (su, atıksu, katı atıklar ile), ilgili tedbirler ve atıksu-bazlı epidemiyoloji (ABE) ile SARS-CoV-2 virüsü için erken uyarı sistemi gibi konular irdelenmiştir.

Keywords

• Sanitasyon
• Arıtma
• Atık
• SARS-CoV-2
• Salgın
• Çevre kirliliği

References

1. 1. Acar, T., Demirel, E. A., Afşar, N., Akçalı, A., Demir, G. A., Alagöz, A. N., Bilgiç, B. (2020) Nörolojik Bakış Açısından COVID-19. Turk J Neurol, 26, 56-106.
2. 2. Ahmed, W., Angel, N., Edson, J., Bibby, K., Bivins, A., O'Brien, J. W., Tscharke, B. (2020) First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: A proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community. Sci. Total Env., 138764.
3. 3. Aldaco, R., Hoehn, D., Laso, J., Margallo, M., Ruiz-Salmón, J., Cristobal, J., Fullana-i-Palmer, P. (2020) Environmental and nutritional impacts of dietary changes in Spain during the COVID-19 lockdown. Sci. Total Env., 140524.
4. 4. Amankwah-Amoah, J. (2020) Stepping Up and Stepping Out of COVID-19: New Challenges for Environmental Sustainability Policies in the Global Airline Industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 123000.
5. 5. Annalaura, C., Ileana, F., Dasheng, L., Marco, V. (2020) Making waves: Coronavirus detection, presence and persistence in the water environment: State of the art and knowledge needs for public health. Water Research, 115907.
6. 6. Azimzada, A., Tufenkji, N., Wilkinson, K.J. (2017) Transformations of silver nanoparticles in wastewater effluents: links to Ag bioavailability. Env. Science: Nano, 4(6), 1339-1349.
7. 7. Balboa, S., Mauricio-Iglesias, M., Rodríguez, S., Martínez-Lamas, L., Vasallo, F. J., Regueiro, B., Lema, J. M. (2020) The fate of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants points out the sludge line as a suitable spot for incidence monitoring. medRxiv.
8. 8. Barcelo, D. (2020) An environmental and health perspective for COVID-19 outbreak: Meteorology and air quality influence, sewage epidemiology indicator, hospitals disinfection, drug therapies and recommendations. Journal of Env. Chem. Eng., 104006.

9. 9. Bivins, A., North, D., Ahmad, A., Ahmed, W., Alm, E., Been, F., Bibby, K. (2020) Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Global Collaborative to Maximize Contributions in the 2 Fight Against COVID-19. Environ. Sci. Technol.
10. 10. Bonilla-Aldana, D. K., Dhama, K., Rodriguez-Morales, A. J. (2020) Revisiting the one health approach in the context of COVID-19: a look into the ecology of this emerging disease. Adv Anim Vet Sci, 8(3), 234-237.
11. 11. Bontempi, E. (2020) First data analysis about possible COVID-19 virus airborne diffusion due to air particulate matter (PM): the case of Lombardy (Italy). Env. Research, 109639.
12. 12. Carraturo, F., Del Giudice, C., Morelli, M., Cerullo, V., Libralato, G., Galdiero, E., Guida, M. (2020) Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment and COVID-19 transmission risk from environmental matrices and surfaces. Environmental Pollution, 115010.
13. 13. Casanova, L., Rutala, W. A., Weber, D. J., Sobsey, M. D. (2009) Survival of surrogate coronaviruses in water. Water research, 43(7), 1893-1898.
14. 14. Chauhan, A., Singh, R. P. (2020) Decline in PM2. 5 concentrations over major cities around the world associated with COVID-19. Environmental Research, 109634.
15. 15. Coccia, M. (2020) Factors determining the diffusion of COVID-19 and suggested strategy to prevent future accelerated viral infectivity similar to COVID. Sci. Total Env., 138474.
16. 16. Conticini, E., Frediani, B., Caro, D. (2020) Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy?. Env. Poll., 114465.
17. 17. Copat, C., Cristaldi, A., Fiore, M., Grasso, A., Zuccarello, P., Santo Signorelli, S., Ferrante, M. (2020) The role of air pollution (PM and NO2) in COVID-19 spread and lethality: a systematic review. Environmental research, 110129.
18. 18. Dantas, G., Siciliano, B., França, B. B., da Silva, C. M., Arbilla, G. (2020) The impact of COVID-19 partial lockdown on the air quality of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sci. Total Env., 729, 139085.
19. 19. De Francesco, V., Giorgio, F., Hassan, C., Manes, G., Vannella, L., Panella, C., Zullo, A. (2010) Worldwide H. pylori antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. Journal of Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases, 19(4).
20. 20. Domingo, J. L., Rovira, J. (2020) Effects of air pollutants on the transmission and severity of respiratory viral infections. Environmental Research, 109650.
21. 21. Dutheil, F., Baker, J. S., Navel, V. (2020) COVID-19 as a factor influencing air pollution?. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 263, 114466.
22. 22. Fadare, O. O., Okoffo, E. D. (2020) Covid-19 face masks: A potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment. Sci. Total Env., 737, 140279.
23. 23. Fattorini, D., Regoli, F. (2020) Role of the chronic air pollution levels in the Covid-19 outbreak risk in Italy. Environmental Pollution, 114732.
24. 24. Frontera, A., Martin, C., Vlachos, K., Sgubin, G. (2020) Regional air pollution persistence links to covid19 infection zoning. The Journal of Infection.
25. 25. Garg, V., Aggarwal, S. P., Chauhan, P. (2020) Changes in turbidity along Ganga River using Sentinel-2 satellite data during lockdown associated with COVID-19. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 11(1), 1175-1195.
26. 26. Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Environmental Engineering for Stopping Viruses Pandemics. Open Access Library Journal, 7(4), 1-17.
27. 27. Gori, T., Lelieveld, J., Münzel, T. (2020) Perspective: cardiovascular disease and the Covid-19 pandemic. Basic Research in Cardiology, 115(3).
28. 28. Greenhalgh, T., Schmid, M. B., Czypionka, T., Bassler, D., Gruer, L. (2020) Face masks for the public during the covid-19 crisis. Bmj, 369.
29. 29. Gundy, P. M., Gerba, C. P., Pepper, I. L. (2009) Survival of coronaviruses in water and wastewater. Food and Environmental Virology, 1(1), 10.
30. 30. Han, Y., Lam, J. C., Li, V. O., Guo, P., Zhang, Q., Wang, A., Downey, J. (2020) The Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution Concentrations and Lockdowns on COVID-19 Infections in Wuhan and Other Provincial Capitals in China.
31. 31. Haramoto, E., Malla, B., Thakali, O., Kitajima, M. (2020) First environmental surveillance for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and river water in Japan. medRxiv.
32. 32. Heller, L., Mota, C. R., Greco, D. B. (2020) COVID-19 faecal-oral transmission: Are we asking the right questions?. Sci. Total Env., 138919.
33. 33. Hindson, J. (2020) COVID-19: faecal–oral transmission?. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 17(5), 259-259.
34. 34. Hora, P., Pati, S. G., McNamara, P. J., Arnold, W. A. (2020) Increased Use of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Beyond: Consideration of Environmental Implications. Env. Science & Technology Letters.
35. 35. Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z., Tufekci, Z., Zdimal, V., van der Westhuizen, H. M., Tang, V. (2020) Face masks against COVID-19: an evidence review.
36. 36. https://cygm.csb.gov.tr/covid-19-salgini-ve-atiksu-yonetimine-iliskin-onlemler-genelgesi-duyuru-407943, Erişim Tarihi: 15.04 2020, Konu: CYGM, 2020, COVİD-19 Salgını ve Atıksu Yönetimine İlişkin Önlemler Genelgesi.
37. 37. https://iafp.confex.com/iafp/2012/webprogram/Paper2281.html, Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2020, Konu: Jensen, D. (2012) Efficacy of handwashing duration and drying methods. International Association for Food Protection.
38. 38. https://www.biovendor.com/sars-cov-2-2019-ncov-proteins, Erişim Tarihi: 09.09.2020, Konu: Fenna I., 23.03.2020, BioVendor offers new SARS-CoV-2 structural protein products for virology research.
39. 39. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/yamuna -rivers -toxic -foam -and -delhi -air -pollution - greet -indi a -hindu -devotees -for -chhath -puja -festival/, Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2020, Konu: Zargar, A.R., 2019. Hindu festival in India marred by a river of toxic foam and a blanket of killer smog. CBS News, 5th November.
40. 40. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/18/photos-water-in-venice-italys-canals-clear-amid-covid-19-lockdown.html, Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2020, Konu: Clifford, C., The Water in Venice, Italy's Canals Is Running Clear amid the COVID-19 Lockdown.
41. 41. https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-lockdown-gives-animals-rare-break-from-noise pollution/a-53106214, Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2020, Konu: Schuster, K., 2020.Coronavirus lockdown gives animals rare break from noise pollution.
42. 42. https://www.epa.gov/, Erişim Tarihi: 24.03.2020,
43. 43. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/gundem/bilim-kurulu-uyesinden-gumus-suyu-iddiasina-yanit-geldi-5831873/, Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2020, Konu: Bilim Kurulu üyesinden ‘gümüş suyu’ iddiasına yanıt.
44. 44. https://www.stockholmresilience.org/publications/artiklar/2010-03-06-pandemic-2.0-can-information-technology-help-save-the-planet.html, Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2020, Konu: Pandemic 2.0: Can information technology help save the planet?
45. 45. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SYGM/Belgeler/covid%2019%20arde%20duyuru/KS_Covid_19_Raporu.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.04 2020, Konu: TOB, 2020, KOVİD-19 Bulaşma Riskinin Kullanılmış Suların Yeniden Kullanılması Perspektifinden Değerlendirilmesi
46. 46. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/08/more-masks-than-jellyfish-coronavirus-waste-ends-up-in-ocean, Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2020, Konu: Kassam A., 2020. 'More masks than jellyfish': coronavirus waste ends up in ocean
47. 47. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/15/covid-19-pandemic-is-fire-drill-for-effects-of-climate-crisis-says-un-officia,l Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2020, Harvey F., 2020. Covid-19 pandemic is 'fire drill' for effects of climate crisis, says UN official.
48. 48. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/22/reusable-containers-safe-during-covid-19-pandemic-say-experts, Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2020, Konu: Laville S, Reusable containers safe during Covid-19 pandemic, say experts.
49. 49. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/apr/06/lockdown-has-cut-britains-vibrations-seismologists-find, Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2020, Konu: Sample, I. 2020, Lockdown has cut Britain's vibrations, seismologists find.
50. 50. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-11-march-2020, Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2020, Konu: WHO, (2020a). Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020.
51. 51. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019, Erişim Tarihi: 20.05 2020, Konu: WHO, (2020b). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.
52. 52. https://www.who.int/gho/phe/outdoor_air_pollution/en/#:~:text=Worldwide%2C%20ambient%20air%20pollution%20is,26%25%20of%20respiratory%20infection%20deaths. Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2020, Konu: WHO, (2016).
53. 53. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/water-sanitation-hygiene-and-waste-management-for-the-covid-19-virus-interim-guidance, Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2020, Konu: WHO, (2020c). Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for the COVID-19 virus.
54. 54. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/, Erişim Tarihi: 23.05 2020, Konu: Worldometer. (2020). Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic.
55. 55. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=UwlQkgLKPtQ, Erişim tarih: 01.05.2020, Konu: Satellite data. 2020. Air pollution over china dropped in January, rebounding in March - satellite data. 2020.
56. 56. Ignatov, I. (2020) Antiviral effects of nano colloidal silver, water catholyte, oxidal with methylene blue. possible effects of influence over coronavirus SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 with Disease COVID-19. In Global Congress on Infectious Diseases, Sci Tech Infectious Diseases.
57. 57. Jiang, Y., Wu, X. J., Guan, Y. J. (2020) Effect of ambient air pollutants and meteorological variables on COVID-19 incidence. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 1-11.
58. 58. Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., Steinmann, E. (2020) Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J. Hosp. Inf. 104(3), 246-251.
59. 59. Kitajima, M., Ahmed, W., Bibby, K., Carducci, A., Gerba, C. P., Hamilton, K. A., Rose, J. B. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: State of the knowledge and research needs. Sci. Total Env., 139076.
60. 60. Klemeš, J. J., Van Fan, Y., Tan, R. R., Jiang, P. (2020) Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 127, 109883.
61. 61. Kocamemi, B. A., Kurt, H., Sait, A., Sarac, F., Saatci, A. M., Pakdemirli, B. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Istanbul Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludges. medRxiv.
62. 62. Kumar, M., Kuroda, K., Dhangar, K., Mazumder, P., Sonne, C., Rinklebe, J., Kitajima, M. (2020a) Potential emergence of antiviral-resistant pandemic viruses via environmental drug exposure of animal reservoirs. Env. Science & Technology, 54(14), 8503-8505.
63. 63. Kumar, M., Patel, A. K., Shah, A. V., Raval, J., Rajpara, N., Joshi, M., Joshi, C. G. (2020b. First proof of the capability of wastewater surveillance for COVID-19 in India through detection of genetic material of SARS-CoV-2. Sci. Total Env., 746, 141326.
64. 64. Kümmerer, K. (2001) Drugs in the environment: emission of drugs, diagnostic aids and disinfectants into wastewater by hospitals in relation to other sources–a review. Chemosphere, 45(6-7), 957-969.
65. 65. Kümmerer, K. (2018) Management of Environmental Contaminants From Health Care: Sustainable Pharmacy. In Health Care and Env. Contamination (225-237). Elsevier.
66. 66. Lahrich, S., Laghrib, F., Farahi, A., Bakasse, M., Saqrane, S., El Mhammedi, M. A. (2020) Review on the contamination of wastewater by COVID-19 virus: Impact and treatment. Sci. Total Env., 751, 142325.
67. 67. Lal, P., Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Kumari, S., Saikia, P., Dayanandan, A., Khan, M. L. (2020) The dark cloud with a silver lining: Assessing the impact of the SARS COVID-19 pandemic on the global environment. Sci. Total Env., 139297.
68. 68. Lecocq, T., Hicks, S. P., Van Noten, K., van Wijk, K., Koelemeijer, P., De Plaen, R. S., Arroyo-Solórzano, M. (2020) Global quieting of high-frequency seismic noise due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures. Science.
69. 69. Leung, C. C., Lam, T. H., Cheng, K. K. (2020) Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: people need guidance. Lancet, 395(10228), 945.
70. 70. Li, D., Jin, M., Bao, P., Zhao, W., Zhang, S. (2020a) Clinical characteristics and results of semen tests among men with coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open, 3(5) e208292.
71. 71. Li, H., Xu, X. L., Dai, D. W., Huang, Z. Y., Ma, Z., Guan, Y. J. (2020b) Air Pollution and temperature are associated with increased COVID-19 incidence: a time series study. International Journal of Infectious Diseases.
72. 72. Lodder, W., de Roda Husman, A. M. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: potential health risk, but also data source. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 5(6), 533-534.
73. 73. Mahato, S., Pal, S., Ghosh, K. G. (2020) Effect of lockdown amid COVID-19 pandemic on air quality of the megacity Delhi, India. Sci. Total Env., 139086.
74. 74. Mallapaty, S. (2020) How sewage could reveal true scale of coronavirus outbreak. Nature, 580(7802), 176-177.
75. 75. Mandal, I., Pal, S. (2020) COVID-19 pandemic persuaded lockdown effects on environment over stone quarrying and crushing areas. Sci. Total Env., 139281.
76. 76. Mao, K., Zhang, K., Du, W., Ali, W., Feng, X., Zhang, H. (2020) The potential of wastewater-based epidemiology as surveillance and early warning of infectious disease outbreaks. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health.
77. 77. Martelletti, L., Martelletti, P. (2020) Air pollution and the novel Covid-19 disease: a putative disease risk factor. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, 1-5.
78. 78. Medema, G., Heijnen, L., Elsinga, G., Italiaander, R., Brouwer, A. (2020) Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in sewage and correlation with reported COVID-19 prevalence in the early stage of the epidemic in the Netherlands. Env.Science & Technology Letters.
79. 79. Muhammad, S., Long, X., Salman, M. (2020) COVID-19 pandemic and environmental pollution: a blessing in disguise?. Sci. Total Env., 138820.
80. 80. Naddeo, V., Liu, H. (2020) Editorial Perspectives: 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): what is its fate in urban water cycle and how can the water research community respond?. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 6(5), 1213-1216.
81. 81. Nakada, L. Y. K., Urban, R. C. (2020) COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on the air quality during the partial lockdown in São Paulo state, Brazil. Sci Total Env., 139087.
82. 82. Nannou, C., Ofrydopoulou, A., Evgenidou, E., Heath, D., Heath, E., Lambropoulou, D. (2020) Antiviral drugs in aquatic environment and wastewater treatment plants: A review on occurrence, fate, removal and ecotoxicity. Sci. Total Env., 699, 134322.
83. 83. Ogen, Y. (2020) Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to the coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality rate. Sci. Total Env., 138605.
84. 84. Ogunseitan, O.A. (2020) The Materials Genome and COVID-19 Pandemic. Jom (Warrendale, Pa.: 1989), 72(6), 1-3.
85. 85. Paital, B. (2020) Nurture to nature via COVID-19, a self-regenerating environmental strategy of environment in global context. Sci. Total Env., 139088.
86. 86. Paital, B., Das, K., Parida, S. K. (2020) Inter nation social lockdown versus medical care against COVID-19, a mild environmental insight with special reference to India. Sci. Total Env., 138914.
87. 87. Patel, P. P., Mondal, S., Ghosh, K. G. (2020) Some respite for India's dirtiest river? Examining the Yamuna's water quality at Delhi during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Sci. Total Env., 140851.
88. 88. Pecson, B., Gerrity, D., Bibby, K., Drewes, J. E., Gerba, C., Gersberg, R., Olivieri, A. (2020) Editorial Perspectives: will SARS-CoV-2 reset public health requirements in the water industry? Integrating lessons of the past and emerging research. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology.
89. 89. Pinder, A. C., Raghavan, R., Britton, J. R., Cooke, S. (2020) COVID-19 and biodiversity: The paradox of cleaner rivers and elevated extinction risk to iconic fish species. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 30(6), 1061-1062.
90. 90. Prata, J. C., Patrício Silva, A. L., Walker, T. R., Duarte, A. C., Rocha Santos, T. (2020) COVID-19 pandemic repercussions on the use and management of plastics. Env. Science & Technology.
91. 91. Qu G, Li X, Hu L, Jiang G. (2020) An imperative need for research on the role of environmental factors in transmission of novel coronavirus (COVID-19), Environ. Sci. Technol., 54 (7), 3730–3732.
92. 92. Randazzo, W., Truchado, P., Cuevas-Ferrando, E., Simón, P., Allende, A., Sánchez, G. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area. Water Research, 115942.
93. 93. Rosenbloom, D., Markard, J. (2020) A COVID-19 recovery for climate, 368, 6490, 447.
94. 94. Saadat, S., Rawtani, D., Hussain, C. M. (2020) Environmental perspective of COVID-19. Sci. Total Env., 138870.
95. 95. Silva, A. L. P., Prata, J. C., Walker, T. R., Campos, D., Duarte, A. C., Soares, A. M., Rocha-Santos, T. (2020) Rethinking and optimising plastic waste management under COVID-19 pandemic: Policy solutions based on redesign and reduction of single-use plastics and personal protective equipment. Sci. Total Env., 140565.
96. 96. Sims, N., Kasprzyk-Hordern, B. (2020) Future perspectives of wastewater-based epidemiology: monitoring infectious disease spread and resistance to the community level. Env. International, 105689.
97. 97. Turoňová, B., Sikora, M., Schürmann C., Hagen, W.J., Welsch, S., Blanc, F.E., van Zandbergen, G. (2020) In situ structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike reveals flexibility mediated by three hinges. Science, 370(6513), 203-208.
98. 98. VishnuRadhan, R., Eldho, T. I., Bhagat, J. (2020) Do atmospheric plastics act as fomites for novel viruses?.
99. 99. Walser, T., Demou, E., Lang, D. J., Hellweg, S. (2011) Prospective environmental life cycle assessment of nanosilver T-shirts. Environmental science & technology, 45(10), 4570-4578.
100. 100. Wang, J., Du, G. (2020) COVID-19 may transmit through aerosol. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-), 1-2.
101. 101. Wang, P., Chen, K., Zhu, S., Wang, P., Zhang, H. (2020a) Severe air pollution events not avoided by reduced anthropogenic activities during COVID-19 outbreak. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 158, 104814.
102. 102. Whitehouse, M. W. (2015) Silver pharmacology: past, present and questions for the future. In Novel Natural Products: Therapeutic Effects in Pain, Arthritis and Gastro-Intestinal Diseases (pp. 237-273). Springer, Basel.
103. 103. Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Hoelscher, M. (2020) Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature, 581(7809), 465-469.
104. 104. Wu, F., Xiao, A., Zhang, J., Gu, X., Lee, W. L., Kauffman, K., Duvallet, C. (2020a) SARS-CoV-2 titers in wastewater are higher than expected from clinically confirmed cases. medRxiv.
105. 105. Wu, X., Nethery, R. C., Sabath, B. M., Braun, D., Dominici, F. (2020b) Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States. medRxiv.
106. 106. Wurtzer, S., Marechal, V., Mouchel, J. M., Maday, Y., Teyssou, R., Richard, E., Moulin, L. (2020a) Evaluation of lockdown impact on SARS-CoV-2 dynamics through viral genome quantification in Paris wastewaters. medRxiv.
107. 107. Wurtzer, S., Marechal, V., Mouchel, J. M., Moulin, L. (2020b) Time course quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Parisian wastewaters correlates with COVID-19 confirmed cases. MedRxiv.
108. 108. Xu, Y., Li, X., Zhu, B., Liang, H., Fang, C., Gong, Y., Zhang, H. (2020) Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence for persistent fecal viral shedding. Nature medicine, 26(4), 502-505.
109. 109. Yao, X. H., He, Z. C., Li, T. Y., Zhang, H. R., Wang, Y., Mou, H., Ping, Y. F. (2020) Pathological evidence for residual SARS-CoV-2 in pulmonary tissues of a ready-for-discharge patient. Cell Research, 30(6), 541-543.
110. 110. Yeo, C., Kaushal, S., Yeo, D. (2020) Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal–oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible?. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 5(4), 335-337.
111. 111. Yunus, A. P., Masago, Y., Hijioka, Y. (2020) COVID-19 and surface water quality: Improved lake water quality during the lockdown. Sci. Total Env., 139012.
112. 112. Yurtsever M. (2018) Çevre, Bilim ve Teknoloji, Bölüm adı: (Küresel Plastik Kirliliği, Nano-Mikroplastik Tehlikesi ve Sürdürülebilirlik), Güven Plus Grup A.Ş. Yayınları, Basım sayısı:1, ISBN:978-605-7594-06-8, (Yayın No: 4722811).
113. 113. Yurtsever M., Yurtsever U. (2019) Use of a convolutional neural network for the classification of microbeads in urban wastewater. Chemosphere, 216, 271-280.,
114. 114. Zambrano-Monserrate, M. A., Ruano, M. A., Sanchez-Alcalde, L. (2020) Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Sci. Total Env., 138813.
115. 115. Zang, R., Castro, M. F. G., McCune, B. T., Zeng, Q., Rothlauf, P. W., Sonnek, N. M., Diamond, M. S. (2020) TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes. Science immunology, 5(47).
116. 116. Zhu, Y., Xie, J., Huang, F., Cao, L. (2020) Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: Evidence from China. Sci. Total Env., 727.
117. 117. Zoran, M. A., Savastru, R. S., Savastru, D. M., Tautan, M. N. (2020a) Assessing the relationship between surface levels of PM2. 5 and PM10 particulate matter impact on COVID-19 in Milan, Italy. Sci. Total Env., 738, 139825.
118. 118. Zoran, M. A., Savastru, R. S., Savastru, D. M., Tautan, M. N. (2020b) Assessing the relationship between ground levels of ozone (O3) and nitrogen