Effects of Earthquake on Fresh and Hardened Concrete
Year 2025,
Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 1 - 16, 28.04.2025
Hatice Gizem Şahin
,
Mustaf Mohamud Abdirahman
,
Ali Mardani
,
Adem Doğangün
Abstract
February 6 earthquakes, which occurred in Turkey and were called the disaster of the century, caused more than 50 thousand deaths and the collapse of around 40 thousand structures in 11 provinces. The main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of consecutive and aftershock earthquakes on concrete strength, considering the main earthquake. It is also aimed to reveal whether the comparison of the strength values obtained by testing the cores taken from buildings that have been destroyed in earthquakes in our country and the concrete class envisaged in the project concrete is correct or not. It was revealed because of experimental studies that fresh concrete is affected by earthquakes for up to 3 days and its strength decreases by 15-20%. In the coming years, it is possible that studies will be conducted using data obtained from earthquakes using artificial intelligence to reveal the decrease in strength, even for certain earthquake effects. Therefore, it is not a correct approach to directly compare the strength of the concrete class foreseen in the project of a building that has been subjected to an earthquake and turned into rubble with the strength of the cores taken from the rubble.
References
-
Adalet Bakanlığı (2023), Deprem Nedeniyle Yıkılan veya Ağır Hasar Gören Binalarla İlgili Delil Toplama veya Delil Tespiti Hakkında Bilirkişilik Kılavuzu, Hukuk İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Bilirkişilik Daire Başkanlığı, Ankara, p. 2, https://bilirkisilik.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/kilavuzu14022023080803, Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2024
-
Alih, S. C., & Vafaei, M. (2019) Performance of reinforced concrete buildings and wooden structures during the 2015 Mw 6.0 Sabah earthquake in Malaysia. Engineering Failure Analysis, 102, 351-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.04.056
-
Bertero, V. V., Mahin, S. A., & Herrera, R. A. (1978). Aseismic design implications of near‐fault San Fernando earthquake records. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 6(1), 31-42.
-
Doğangün A, (2024), Betonarme yapıların hesap ve tasarımı, 18. Baskı, Birsen Yayınevi, ISBN: 978-975-511-310-X, 732 sayfa.
-
Grist, E. R., Paine, K. A., Heath, A., Norman, J., & Pinder, H. (2015) Structural and durability properties of hydraulic lime–pozzolan concretes. Cement and Concrete Composites, 62, 212-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.07.001
-
Gülerce, Z., Askan, A., Kale, Ö., Sandıkkaya, A., Işık, N. S., İlhan, O., ... & Aydın, M. F. (2023). Preliminary analysis of strong ground motion characteristics. Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcik (Mw= 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw= 7.5) Earthquakes.
-
Huang, Z., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Cai, F., & Liang, T. (2020a). Experimental Evaluation of the Influence of Early Disturbance on the Performance of Basalt Fiber Concrete. Advances in Civil Engineering, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8853442
-
Hulshizer, A. J. (1996). Acceptable shock and vibration limits for freshly placed and maturing concrete. Materials Journal, 93(6), 524-533.
-
ILO 2023, The effects of the February 2023 earthquake on the labour market in Türkiye, https://www.ilo.org/publications/effects-february-2023-earthquake-labour-market-turkiye (erişim 12.08.2024)
-
Jeong, G. D., & Iwan, W. D. (1988) The effect of earthquake duration on the damage of structures. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 16(8), 1201-1211.
-
Kappos, A. (2014). Earthquake resistant concrete structures. CRC Press.
-
Ke, X. (2006) The Effect of Vibrating on Compressive Strength of Newly Poured Foundation Concrete Pad [D]. Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan.
-
Li ,G., Wang, K., Wei, J., He, G., Li, P., Sun, L. (2011) The Tensile Strength of Fresh Concrete after simulated earthquake at magnitude of 6-8. Advanced Materials Research v:368-373, pp:1160-1164.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.368-373.1160
-
Liu, B., He, G. J., Li, G. H., Xu, M. Q., Wei, J. D., & Wang, K. (2012) The Strength of Fresh Concrete after Simulated Earthquake at Magnitude of 9. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 204, 2595-2599.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.204-208.2595
-
Lu, Y., Ma, X., Bao, C., Noor, N. M., Lian, H., & Lim, K. S. (2022) Influence of earthquake disturbance on concrete strength at early age. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth/Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. Parts a/B/C, 128, 103280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2022.103280
-
Mardani-Aghabaglou, A. (2016) Investigation of cement-superplasticizer admixture compatibility (Doctoral dissertation, Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Ege University).
-
Mardani, A., Şahin, H. G., & Kaya, Y. (2024) Effect of the Kahramanmaraş earthquake on standing water tanks in the Adana region and buildings in Hatay-Antakya. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 55, 101744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101744
-
Mazılıgüney, L. and Yaman, İ.Ö. (2024) Can Concrete Core Samples be Taken From a Reinforced Concrete Building Collapsed in an Earthquake, İMO, 2024 (in Turkish).
-
Özen, S., Altun, M. G., Mardani‐Aghabaglou, A., & Ramyar, K. (2021) Effect of main and side chain length change of polycarboxylate‐ether‐based water‐reducing admixtures on the fresh state and mechanical properties of cementitious systems. Structural Concrete, 22, E607-E618. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900489
-
Su, J. H., & Yen, T. (2004b) Effects of Earthquake Excitation on the Strength Properties of Newly Poured Concrete. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.51400/2709-6998.2218
-
TBDY, 2018, Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. Yürürlük tarihi: Ocak 2019, 416 sayfa
-
TS 500+T2:2002, (2000), Betonarme Yapıların Tasarım ve Yapım Kuralları, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2000, 67 sayfa.
-
Wang, G., Wang, Y., Lu, W., Yan, P., & Chen, M. (2020) Earthquake direction effects on seismic performance of concrete gravity dams to mainshock–aftershock sequences. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 24(7), 1134-1155.
-
WIKIPEDIA, 2024. 2023 Kahramanmaraş depremleri https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Kahramanmara%C5%9F_depremleri
-
Wu, F., Xie, J., An, Z., Lyu, C., Taymaz, T., Irmak, T. S., ... & Zhou, B. (2023). Pulse-like ground motion observed during the 6 February 2023 MW7. 8 Pazarcık Earthquake (Kahramanmaraş, SE Türkiye). Earthquake Science, 36(4), 328-339.
-
Zheng, Y., Yang, J., Liao, B., Ma, S., Zhong, H., & Lei, J. (2022) Investigation on the concrete strength performance of underlying tunnel structure subjected to train-induced dynamic loads at an early age. Construction & Building Materials, 337, 127622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127622
DEPREMİN TAZE VE SERTLEŞMİŞ BETON ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ
Year 2025,
Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 1 - 16, 28.04.2025
Hatice Gizem Şahin
,
Mustaf Mohamud Abdirahman
,
Ali Mardani
,
Adem Doğangün
Abstract
Türkiye’de meydana gelen ve asrın felaketi olarak adlandırılan 6 Şubat Depremleri 11 ilde 50 binden fazla can kaybına ve 40 bin civarında yapının yıkılmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, ana depremin yanında ardışık ve artçı depremleri de dikkate alarak, depremin beton dayanımı üzerindeki etkilerini irdelemektir. Diğer taraftan ülkemizde özellikle depremde enkaz haline gelmiş binalardan alınan karotların deneye tabi tutulması sonucu elde edilen dayanım değerleri ile proje betonunda öngörülen beton sınıfının karşılaştırılmasının doğru olup olmadığının ortaya konulması da amaçlanmaktadır. Depremlerin beton dayanımı üzerindeki etkisi; taze ve sertleşmiş beton olarak iki ayrı grup beton üzerinde değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda, taze betonun 3 güne kadar depremden etkilendiği ve dayanımında %15-20 gibi belirli oranlarda düşüşler olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Depreme maruz kalmış bir yapıdaki beton dayanımının depremden etkilenmesini her durumda geçerli olabilecek şekilde ortaya koyabilen bir çalışmaya yazarlar tarafından rastlanılmamıştır. Önümüzdeki yıllarda depremlerden elde edilen veriler kullanılarak yapay zekâ ortamında belirli deprem etkileri için de olsa dayanım düşüşünü ortaya koyan çalışmaların yapılması olasıdır. Dolayısıyla günümüzde deprem geçirmiş ve enkaz haline gelmiş bir bina için projesindeki beton sınıfı için öngörülen dayanımla, enkazdan alınan karotların dayanımlarını doğrudan karşılaştırmak doğru bir yaklaşım değildir. Zira henüz karot sonuçlarının nasıl değerlendirileceği yönetmelik ve standartlarımızda belli değildir.
References
-
Adalet Bakanlığı (2023), Deprem Nedeniyle Yıkılan veya Ağır Hasar Gören Binalarla İlgili Delil Toplama veya Delil Tespiti Hakkında Bilirkişilik Kılavuzu, Hukuk İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Bilirkişilik Daire Başkanlığı, Ankara, p. 2, https://bilirkisilik.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/kilavuzu14022023080803, Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2024
-
Alih, S. C., & Vafaei, M. (2019) Performance of reinforced concrete buildings and wooden structures during the 2015 Mw 6.0 Sabah earthquake in Malaysia. Engineering Failure Analysis, 102, 351-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.04.056
-
Bertero, V. V., Mahin, S. A., & Herrera, R. A. (1978). Aseismic design implications of near‐fault San Fernando earthquake records. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 6(1), 31-42.
-
Doğangün A, (2024), Betonarme yapıların hesap ve tasarımı, 18. Baskı, Birsen Yayınevi, ISBN: 978-975-511-310-X, 732 sayfa.
-
Grist, E. R., Paine, K. A., Heath, A., Norman, J., & Pinder, H. (2015) Structural and durability properties of hydraulic lime–pozzolan concretes. Cement and Concrete Composites, 62, 212-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.07.001
-
Gülerce, Z., Askan, A., Kale, Ö., Sandıkkaya, A., Işık, N. S., İlhan, O., ... & Aydın, M. F. (2023). Preliminary analysis of strong ground motion characteristics. Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcik (Mw= 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw= 7.5) Earthquakes.
-
Huang, Z., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Cai, F., & Liang, T. (2020a). Experimental Evaluation of the Influence of Early Disturbance on the Performance of Basalt Fiber Concrete. Advances in Civil Engineering, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8853442
-
Hulshizer, A. J. (1996). Acceptable shock and vibration limits for freshly placed and maturing concrete. Materials Journal, 93(6), 524-533.
-
ILO 2023, The effects of the February 2023 earthquake on the labour market in Türkiye, https://www.ilo.org/publications/effects-february-2023-earthquake-labour-market-turkiye (erişim 12.08.2024)
-
Jeong, G. D., & Iwan, W. D. (1988) The effect of earthquake duration on the damage of structures. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 16(8), 1201-1211.
-
Kappos, A. (2014). Earthquake resistant concrete structures. CRC Press.
-
Ke, X. (2006) The Effect of Vibrating on Compressive Strength of Newly Poured Foundation Concrete Pad [D]. Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan.
-
Li ,G., Wang, K., Wei, J., He, G., Li, P., Sun, L. (2011) The Tensile Strength of Fresh Concrete after simulated earthquake at magnitude of 6-8. Advanced Materials Research v:368-373, pp:1160-1164.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.368-373.1160
-
Liu, B., He, G. J., Li, G. H., Xu, M. Q., Wei, J. D., & Wang, K. (2012) The Strength of Fresh Concrete after Simulated Earthquake at Magnitude of 9. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 204, 2595-2599.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.204-208.2595
-
Lu, Y., Ma, X., Bao, C., Noor, N. M., Lian, H., & Lim, K. S. (2022) Influence of earthquake disturbance on concrete strength at early age. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth/Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. Parts a/B/C, 128, 103280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2022.103280
-
Mardani-Aghabaglou, A. (2016) Investigation of cement-superplasticizer admixture compatibility (Doctoral dissertation, Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Ege University).
-
Mardani, A., Şahin, H. G., & Kaya, Y. (2024) Effect of the Kahramanmaraş earthquake on standing water tanks in the Adana region and buildings in Hatay-Antakya. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 55, 101744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101744
-
Mazılıgüney, L. and Yaman, İ.Ö. (2024) Can Concrete Core Samples be Taken From a Reinforced Concrete Building Collapsed in an Earthquake, İMO, 2024 (in Turkish).
-
Özen, S., Altun, M. G., Mardani‐Aghabaglou, A., & Ramyar, K. (2021) Effect of main and side chain length change of polycarboxylate‐ether‐based water‐reducing admixtures on the fresh state and mechanical properties of cementitious systems. Structural Concrete, 22, E607-E618. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900489
-
Su, J. H., & Yen, T. (2004b) Effects of Earthquake Excitation on the Strength Properties of Newly Poured Concrete. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.51400/2709-6998.2218
-
TBDY, 2018, Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. Yürürlük tarihi: Ocak 2019, 416 sayfa
-
TS 500+T2:2002, (2000), Betonarme Yapıların Tasarım ve Yapım Kuralları, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2000, 67 sayfa.
-
Wang, G., Wang, Y., Lu, W., Yan, P., & Chen, M. (2020) Earthquake direction effects on seismic performance of concrete gravity dams to mainshock–aftershock sequences. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 24(7), 1134-1155.
-
WIKIPEDIA, 2024. 2023 Kahramanmaraş depremleri https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Kahramanmara%C5%9F_depremleri
-
Wu, F., Xie, J., An, Z., Lyu, C., Taymaz, T., Irmak, T. S., ... & Zhou, B. (2023). Pulse-like ground motion observed during the 6 February 2023 MW7. 8 Pazarcık Earthquake (Kahramanmaraş, SE Türkiye). Earthquake Science, 36(4), 328-339.
-
Zheng, Y., Yang, J., Liao, B., Ma, S., Zhong, H., & Lei, J. (2022) Investigation on the concrete strength performance of underlying tunnel structure subjected to train-induced dynamic loads at an early age. Construction & Building Materials, 337, 127622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127622