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POLITICAL MANIPULATİON ON SOCIAL MEDIA: POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS, AND POTENTIAL REACTIONS

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 16, 218 - 233, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54831/vanyyuiibfd.1360819

Abstract

This research examines the prevalent problem of political influence on social media platforms, its ramifications, and prospective reactions from Generation Z. Through an analysis of manipulation theories in the context of the digital era, including cognitive, emotional, and behavioral strategies, this study provides insights into the swift propagation of misinformation and the influence of algorithmic personalisation. This study conducts a comprehensive examination of relevant scholarly literature, with a particular focus on the impact of political misinformation on democratic processes. The subsequent analysis delves into the likely responses of Generation Z towards social media regulation, taking into account their inclination towards endorsing measures aimed at countering manipulation, while also expressing apprehensions over privacy and freedom of expression. This study highlights the significance of well-informed policy formulation in order to effectively tackle manipulation, while also taking into account the viewpoints of the younger demographic.

References

  • Alfred, J. J. R., & Wong, S. P. (2022). The Relationship between the Perception of Social Media Credibility and Political Engagement in Social Media among Generation Z. Journal of Communication, Language and Culture, 2(2), 18-33.
  • Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
  • Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. M. (2015). Social Psychology (9th ed.). Pearson.
  • Bakir, V., & McStay, A. (2018). Fake news and the economy of emotions: Problems, causes, solutions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 154-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645
  • Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2018). Challenging truth and trust: A global inventory of organized social media manipulation. The computational propaganda project, 1, 1-26.
  • Bradshaw, S., Campbell-Smith, U., Henle, A., Perini, A., Shalev, S., Bailey, H., & Howard, P. N. (2021). Country case studies industrialized disinformation: 2020 global inventory of organized social media manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute.
  • Brake, D. R. (2014). Are We All Equally Free Online? Corrective Justice and the Responsibility of the State for the Freedom of Expression in an Age of Platform Gatekeepers. The Information Society, 30(3), 168–177.
  • Buckingham, D. (2007). Digital Media Literacies: rethinking media education in the age of the Internet. Research in Comparative and International Education, 2(1), 43-55.
  • Caplan, R., & Boyd, D. (2018). Isomorphism through algorithms: Institutional dependencies in the case of Facebook. Big Data & Society, 5(1), 2053951718757253.
  • Cialdini, R. B. (2001). Influence: Science and practice (4th ed.). Pearson Education.
  • Çam, A. (2018). Gençlik politik mi, apolitik mi? siyasetin değişen doğası: Üniversite gençliğinin siyaset algısı ve siyasal katılımı (Master's thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining “gamification”. In Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments (pp. 9-15). https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040
  • Eslami, M., Rickman, A., Vaccaro, K., Aleyasen, A., Vuong, A., Karahalios, K., ... & Sandvig, C. (2015). "FeedVis: A Path for Exploring News Feed Curation Algorithms". In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference Companion on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 65-68).
  • Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press.
  • Graves, L., & Cherubini, F. (2016). The Rise of Fact-Checking Sites in Europe. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford.
  • Hadnagy, C. (2011). Social Engineering: The Art of Human Hacking. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hobbs, R. (2010). Digital and media literacy: A plan of action. The Aspen Institute.
  • Jago, E. (2022). Algorithmic Manipulation: How Social Media is Shaping our Theology. Eleutheria 6, (1). https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/eleu/vol6/iss1/9
  • Keser, A. (2017). Sosyal medya siyaset ilişkisi: Sosyal medyanın siyasal katılıma etkisi üzerine bir araştırma (Master's thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Lailiyah, N., Pradhana, G. A., & Yuliyanto, M. (2020). Youthizen Political Literacy: Educating The Generation Z. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Volume, 19(1), 22-39.
  • Lasswell, H. D. (1927). Propaganda Technique in the World War. The MIT Press.
  • Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the “Post-Truth” Era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008
  • Livingstone, S., Coyer, K., & Steiner, L. (2017). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: Teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media & Society, 19(3), 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815621520
  • Lynch, K., & Hogan, J. (2012). How Irish political parties are using social networking sites to reach generation Z: An insight into a new online social network in a small democracy. Irish Communications Review, 13, 83-98.
  • Lynch, M. P. (2018). The Internet of Us: Knowing More and Understanding Less in the Age of Big Data. Liveright. Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online. Data & Society Research Institute.https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/DataAndSociety_MediaManipulationAndDisinformationOnline.pdf
  • Minarlı, M. A. (2019). İletişimsel Bir Ortam Olarak Sosyal Medya ve Demokrasi (Doctoral dissertation, Marmara Universitesi (Turkey)).
  • O'Keefe, D. J. (2002). Persuasion: Theory and research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804.
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2015). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press.
  • Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(15), e2025241118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025241118
  • Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. Springer-Verlag.
  • Raven, B. H. (1992). The bases of power and the power/interaction model of interpersonal influence. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 2(1), 27-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.1992.tb00176.x
  • Selvi, M. (2020). Sosyal Medya ve Z Kuşağı Siyasal Katılım Davranışı İlişkisi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eskişehir.
  • Solove, D. J. (2006). "A Taxonomy of Privacy". University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 477-564.
  • Sunstein, C. R. (2018). #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media. Princeton University Press.
  • Şahinbaş, Y. (2016). Gençliğin siyaset algısı ve yönelimleri: Trakya Üniversitesi öğrencileri üzerine bir çalışma (Master's thesis, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Tandoc, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “Fake News”. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
  • Tandon, M. S., Singh, M. N. V., & Tripathi, D. (2022). Like, Share and Comment: Gen-Z and Political Memes on Social Media. Specialusis Ugdymas, 1(43), 2973-2998.
  • Tucker, J. A., Guess, A. M., Barberá, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., Stukal, D., & Nyhan, B. (2018). Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature. William & Mary Policy Review, 9(1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.25148/wm.v9i1.210
  • Turner, J. H. (2014). Theoretical principles of sociology, volume 3: Mesodynamics. Springer.
  • Twenge, J. M. (2017). iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy—and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood—and What That Means for the Rest of Us. Atria Books.
  • Ün, E. (2021). Türkiye'de Sosyal Medyanın Seçimler Üzerindeki Etkisi: 2018 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimleri ve Twitter Örneği (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi).
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146-1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
  • Vrij, A., Akehurst, L., Granhag, P. A., Mann, S., Leal, S., Strömwall, L. A., & Warmelink, L. (2020). Intelligence interviewing and detecting deception: The importance of the theoretical framework. Intelligence, 80, 101413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2020.101413
  • Walther, J. B. (2011). Theories of computer-mediated communication and interpersonal relations. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (4th ed., pp. 443-479). Sage.
  • Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (Eds.). (2016). Political Communication, Computational Propaganda, and Autonomous Agents: Introduction. International Journal of Communication, 10, 4882-4890. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6298
  • Yücel, M. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin siyasal katılımında sosyal medyanın rolü. UĢak: UĢak Üniversitesi Sosyal bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisasn Tezi.
  • Zillmann, D. (1996). The psychology of suspense in dramatic exposition. In P. Vorderer, H. J. Wulff, & M. Friedrichsen (Eds.), Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses, and empirical explorations (pp. 199-231). Routledge.
  • Zubair, S. (2017). A comparative study of the impact of social media on political attitude & behavior of the university students in Pakistan & USA (Master's thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. PublicAffairs.

SOSYAL MEDYADA SİYASİ MANİPÜLASYON: POLİTİKA ÖNERİLERİ VE POTANSİYEL TEPKİLER

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 16, 218 - 233, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54831/vanyyuiibfd.1360819

Abstract

Bu araştırma, sosyal medya platformlarında siyasi etkinin yaygın sorununu, sonuçlarını ve Z kuşağının olası tepkilerini incelemektedir. Bilişsel, duygusal ve davranışsal stratejiler de dahil olmak üzere dijital çağ bağlamında manipülasyon teorilerinin analizi yoluyla, bu çalışma yanlış bilginin hızlı yayılması ve algoritma tabanlı kişiselleştirmenin etkisi konusunda içgörüler sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, demokratik süreçler üzerindeki siyasi yanlış bilgi etkisi üzerine ilgili bilimsel literatürün kapsamlı bir incelemesini gerçekleştirmektedir. Sonraki analiz, manipülasyona karşı önlem almaya yönelik önlemleri destekleme eğilimlerini dikkate alarak, Z kuşağının sosyal medya düzenlemelerine olası tepkilerine derinlemesine inmektedir, aynı zamanda gizlilik ve ifade özgürlüğü konusunda endişelerini de dile getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, manipülasyonla etkili bir şekilde mücadele etmek için iyi bilgilendirilmiş politika oluşturmanın önemini vurgularken, aynı zamanda genç nüfusun görüşlerini de dikkate almaktadır

References

  • Alfred, J. J. R., & Wong, S. P. (2022). The Relationship between the Perception of Social Media Credibility and Political Engagement in Social Media among Generation Z. Journal of Communication, Language and Culture, 2(2), 18-33.
  • Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
  • Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. M. (2015). Social Psychology (9th ed.). Pearson.
  • Bakir, V., & McStay, A. (2018). Fake news and the economy of emotions: Problems, causes, solutions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 154-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645
  • Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2018). Challenging truth and trust: A global inventory of organized social media manipulation. The computational propaganda project, 1, 1-26.
  • Bradshaw, S., Campbell-Smith, U., Henle, A., Perini, A., Shalev, S., Bailey, H., & Howard, P. N. (2021). Country case studies industrialized disinformation: 2020 global inventory of organized social media manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute.
  • Brake, D. R. (2014). Are We All Equally Free Online? Corrective Justice and the Responsibility of the State for the Freedom of Expression in an Age of Platform Gatekeepers. The Information Society, 30(3), 168–177.
  • Buckingham, D. (2007). Digital Media Literacies: rethinking media education in the age of the Internet. Research in Comparative and International Education, 2(1), 43-55.
  • Caplan, R., & Boyd, D. (2018). Isomorphism through algorithms: Institutional dependencies in the case of Facebook. Big Data & Society, 5(1), 2053951718757253.
  • Cialdini, R. B. (2001). Influence: Science and practice (4th ed.). Pearson Education.
  • Çam, A. (2018). Gençlik politik mi, apolitik mi? siyasetin değişen doğası: Üniversite gençliğinin siyaset algısı ve siyasal katılımı (Master's thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining “gamification”. In Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments (pp. 9-15). https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040
  • Eslami, M., Rickman, A., Vaccaro, K., Aleyasen, A., Vuong, A., Karahalios, K., ... & Sandvig, C. (2015). "FeedVis: A Path for Exploring News Feed Curation Algorithms". In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference Companion on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 65-68).
  • Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press.
  • Graves, L., & Cherubini, F. (2016). The Rise of Fact-Checking Sites in Europe. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford.
  • Hadnagy, C. (2011). Social Engineering: The Art of Human Hacking. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hobbs, R. (2010). Digital and media literacy: A plan of action. The Aspen Institute.
  • Jago, E. (2022). Algorithmic Manipulation: How Social Media is Shaping our Theology. Eleutheria 6, (1). https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/eleu/vol6/iss1/9
  • Keser, A. (2017). Sosyal medya siyaset ilişkisi: Sosyal medyanın siyasal katılıma etkisi üzerine bir araştırma (Master's thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Lailiyah, N., Pradhana, G. A., & Yuliyanto, M. (2020). Youthizen Political Literacy: Educating The Generation Z. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Volume, 19(1), 22-39.
  • Lasswell, H. D. (1927). Propaganda Technique in the World War. The MIT Press.
  • Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the “Post-Truth” Era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008
  • Livingstone, S., Coyer, K., & Steiner, L. (2017). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: Teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media & Society, 19(3), 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815621520
  • Lynch, K., & Hogan, J. (2012). How Irish political parties are using social networking sites to reach generation Z: An insight into a new online social network in a small democracy. Irish Communications Review, 13, 83-98.
  • Lynch, M. P. (2018). The Internet of Us: Knowing More and Understanding Less in the Age of Big Data. Liveright. Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online. Data & Society Research Institute.https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/DataAndSociety_MediaManipulationAndDisinformationOnline.pdf
  • Minarlı, M. A. (2019). İletişimsel Bir Ortam Olarak Sosyal Medya ve Demokrasi (Doctoral dissertation, Marmara Universitesi (Turkey)).
  • O'Keefe, D. J. (2002). Persuasion: Theory and research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804.
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2015). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press.
  • Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(15), e2025241118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025241118
  • Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. Springer-Verlag.
  • Raven, B. H. (1992). The bases of power and the power/interaction model of interpersonal influence. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 2(1), 27-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.1992.tb00176.x
  • Selvi, M. (2020). Sosyal Medya ve Z Kuşağı Siyasal Katılım Davranışı İlişkisi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eskişehir.
  • Solove, D. J. (2006). "A Taxonomy of Privacy". University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 477-564.
  • Sunstein, C. R. (2018). #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media. Princeton University Press.
  • Şahinbaş, Y. (2016). Gençliğin siyaset algısı ve yönelimleri: Trakya Üniversitesi öğrencileri üzerine bir çalışma (Master's thesis, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Tandoc, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “Fake News”. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
  • Tandon, M. S., Singh, M. N. V., & Tripathi, D. (2022). Like, Share and Comment: Gen-Z and Political Memes on Social Media. Specialusis Ugdymas, 1(43), 2973-2998.
  • Tucker, J. A., Guess, A. M., Barberá, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., Stukal, D., & Nyhan, B. (2018). Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature. William & Mary Policy Review, 9(1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.25148/wm.v9i1.210
  • Turner, J. H. (2014). Theoretical principles of sociology, volume 3: Mesodynamics. Springer.
  • Twenge, J. M. (2017). iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy—and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood—and What That Means for the Rest of Us. Atria Books.
  • Ün, E. (2021). Türkiye'de Sosyal Medyanın Seçimler Üzerindeki Etkisi: 2018 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimleri ve Twitter Örneği (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi).
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146-1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
  • Vrij, A., Akehurst, L., Granhag, P. A., Mann, S., Leal, S., Strömwall, L. A., & Warmelink, L. (2020). Intelligence interviewing and detecting deception: The importance of the theoretical framework. Intelligence, 80, 101413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2020.101413
  • Walther, J. B. (2011). Theories of computer-mediated communication and interpersonal relations. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (4th ed., pp. 443-479). Sage.
  • Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (Eds.). (2016). Political Communication, Computational Propaganda, and Autonomous Agents: Introduction. International Journal of Communication, 10, 4882-4890. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6298
  • Yücel, M. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin siyasal katılımında sosyal medyanın rolü. UĢak: UĢak Üniversitesi Sosyal bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisasn Tezi.
  • Zillmann, D. (1996). The psychology of suspense in dramatic exposition. In P. Vorderer, H. J. Wulff, & M. Friedrichsen (Eds.), Suspense: Conceptualizations, theoretical analyses, and empirical explorations (pp. 199-231). Routledge.
  • Zubair, S. (2017). A comparative study of the impact of social media on political attitude & behavior of the university students in Pakistan & USA (Master's thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. PublicAffairs.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Policy and Administration (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ertuğrul Buğra Orhan 0000-0003-2455-5441

Early Pub Date December 31, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date September 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 16

Cite

APA Orhan, E. B. (2023). POLITICAL MANIPULATİON ON SOCIAL MEDIA: POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS, AND POTENTIAL REACTIONS. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(16), 218-233. https://doi.org/10.54831/vanyyuiibfd.1360819