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Effects of Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and Antioxidant Parameters in Rabbits

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 9 - 14, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.839675

Abstract

Many studies have been conducted on medicinal aromatic plants in recent years. Alternative medicine particularly comes to the fore as an alternative to the use of synthetic agents. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral effects of phenolic compounds, especially in the structure of aromatic plants, are known. Among those well-known aromatic plants, Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) is known to contain a large amount of phenolic compounds. In our study, by taking these effects of phenolic compounds into consideration, the effectiveness of pennyroyal on antioxidant parameters and Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which is the receptor that Covid-19 binds, and that has many important functions in the organism, was evaluated. A total of 15 New Zealand rabbits were used in the study. The animals were divided into three experimental groups with 5 rabbits in each group. While no Pennyroyal was added to the control group, 0.1% and 0.2% were added to the diets for the other groups. All groups were fed ad-libitum. On the 14th day of the experiment, serum ACE2, GSH and MDA levels were determined with blood taken from the ears of the rabbits. According to the analysis results, while a decrease in ACE2 and MDA levels was determined in the groups which were given 0.1% and 0.2% Pennyroyal compared to the control group, a significant increase was observed in the GSH level. As a result, determining the antioxidant effect of Pennyroyal as well as the effect of decreasing the serum ACE2 level revealed the need for more research to fully explain the effectiveness of aromatic plants in combating Covid-19.

References

  • Agnihotri, V., Agarwal, S., Dhar, P., Thappa, R., Kapahi, B., Saxena, R., et al. (2005). Essential oil composition of Mentha pulegium L. growing wild in the north‐western Himalayas India. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20(6), 607-10
  • Ahmed, A., Ayoub, K., Chaima, A. J., Hanaa, L., & Abdelaziz, C. (2018). Effect of drying methods on yield, chemical composition and bioactivities of essential oil obtained from Moroccan Mentha pulegium L. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 16, 638-43 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2018.10.016
  • Asdadi, A., Hamdouch, A., Gharby, S., & Hassani, L. M. I. (2020). Chemical characterization of essential oil of Artemisia herba-alba asso and his possible potential against covid-19. Journal of Analytical Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, 2(2), 2-), 2020, pp. 67-72
  • Baratta, M. T., Dorman, H. D., Deans, S. G., Figueiredo, A. C., Barroso, J. G., & Ruberto, G. (1998). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of some commercial essential oils. Flavour and fragrance journal, 13(4), 235-44
  • Batlle, D., Soler, M. J., & Wysocki, J. (2008). Renin-Anjiyotensin Sisteminin Yeni Yönleri: Anjiyotensin-Dönüştürücü Enzim 2: Hipertansiyon ve Diyabetik Nefropatinin Tedavisi için Potansiyel Bir Hedef. Türkiye Klinikleri Nefroloji Dergisi, 3(2), 99-108
  • Baytop, T. (1999). Türkiye'de bitkiler ile tedavi: geçmişte ve bugün: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Beutler, E. (1963). Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J. lab. clin. Med., 61, 882-8
  • Ceylan, A. (1997). Tıbbi bitkiler II:(uçucu yağ bitkileri): Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi.
  • Chen, H., & Du , Q. (2020). Potential natural compounds for preventing SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) infection. Preprints doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0358.v3
  • Chen, H., & Du, Q. (2020). Potential natural compounds for preventing SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) infection. Preprints
  • Cheng, H., Wang, Y., & Wang, G. Q. (2020). Organ‐protective effect of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID‐19. Journal of medical virology
  • Cheng, L., Zheng, W., Li, M., Huang, J., Bao, S., Xu, Q., et al. (2020). Citrus fruits are rich in flavonoids for immunoregulation and potential targeting ACE2.
  • Cherrat, L., Espina, L., Bakkali, M., Pagán, R., & Laglaoui, A. (2014). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Mentha pulegium, Lavandula stoechas and Satureja calamintha Scheele essential oils and an evaluation of their bactericidal effect in combined processes. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 22, 221-9
  • da Silva, J. K. R., Figueiredo, P. L. B., Byler, K. G., & Setzer, W. N. (2020). Essential Oils as Antiviral Agents, Potential of Essential Oils to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An In-Silico Investigation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(10), 3426
  • Donoghue, M., Hsieh, F., Baronas, E., Godbout, K., Gosselin, M., Stagliano, N., et al. (2000). A Novel Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme–Related Carboxypeptidase (ACE2) Converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin 1-9. Circulation Research, 87(5), e1-e9 doi:doi:10.1161/01.RES.87.5.e1
  • Grimsrud, P. A., Xie, H., Griffin, T. J., & Bernlohr, D. A. (2008). Oxidative stress and covalent modification of protein with bioactive aldehydes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283(32), 21837-41
  • Gruenwald, J., Brendler, T., & Jaenicke, C. (2000). Physician’s desk reference (pdr) for herbal medicines. Ed. Montvale-w Jersey: Medical Economics Company
  • Ishtiaq, S., Ahmad, M., Hanif, U., Akbar, S., & Kamran, S. H. (2014). Phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of different fractions of Amaranthus graecizans subsp. silvestris (Vill.) Brenan. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 7, S342-S7
  • Kamkar, A., Javan, A. J., Asadi, F., & Kamalinejad, M. (2010). The antioxidative effect of Iranian Mentha pulegium extracts and essential oil in sunflower oil. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(7), 1796-800
  • Karadoğan, T., Baydar, H., & Özçelik, H. (2003). Göller yöresinde Lamiaceae familyasına dahil bitki türlerinin tespiti ve tıbbi ve aromatik değerlerinin belirlenmesi. TÜBİTAK TOGTAG Proje(2599), 1-25
  • Kasrati, A., Alaoui Jamali, C., Bekkouche, K., Spooner-Hart, R., Leach, D., & Abbad, A. (2015). Chemical Characterization and Insecticidal Properties of Essential Oils from Different Wild Populations of Mentha suaveolens subsp. timija (Briq.) Harley from Morocco. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 12(5), 823-31 doi:10.1002/cbdv.201400236
  • Keller, J. N. (2006). Interplay between oxidative damage, protein synthesis, and protein degradation in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2006
  • Kuru, M., Ögün, M., Oral, H., Kükürt, A., Makav, M., & Kulaksız, R. (2016). The use of controlled internal drug release for synchronization augmented oxidative and nitrosative stress and leptin levels in Georgian goats. J. Cell. Neurosci. Oxid. Stress, 8(1), 541-542.
  • Lee, K.-G., & Shibamoto, T. (2002). Determination of antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 50(17), 4947-52
  • Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., et al. (2020). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet, 395(10224), 565-74
  • Marzouk, B., Fredj, M. B. H., Chraief, I., Mastouri, M., Boukef, K., & Marzouk, Z. (2008). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Tunisian Mentha pulegium L. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 6(1), 78
  • NRC. (1995). Nutrient requirements of laboratory animals: 1995: National Academies Press.
  • Ölmez, M. (2018). Etlik piliç karma yemlerine ilave edilen yarpuzun (mentha pulegium l.) besi performansı, karkas kalitesi ve bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkisi. Atatürk, Erzurum.
  • Rodrigues, L., Póvoa, O., Teixeira, G., Figueiredo, A. C., Moldão, M., & Monteiro, A. (2013). Trichomes micromorphology and essential oil variation at different developmental stages of cultivated and wild growing Mentha pulegium L. populations from Portugal. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 692-700 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.061
  • Senthil Kumar, K., Gokila Vani, M., Wang, C.-S., Chen, C.-C., Chen, Y.-C., Lu, L.-P., et al. (2020). Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells. Plants, 9(6), 770
  • Serfozo, P., Wysocki, J., Gulua, G., Schulze, A., Ye, M., Liu, P., et al. (2020). Ang II (angiotensin II) conversion to angiotensin-(1-7) in the circulation is POP (prolyloligopeptidase)-dependent and ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)-independent. Hypertension, 75(1), 173-82
  • South, A. M., Brady, T. M., & Flynn, J. T. (2020). ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2), COVID-19, and ACE Inhibitor and Ang II (Angiotensin II) Receptor Blocker Use During the Pandemic. Hypertension, 76(1), 16-22 doi:doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15291
  • South, A. M., Diz, D. I., & Chappell, M. C. (2020). COVID-19, ACE2, and the cardiovascular consequences. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology
  • Teixeira, B., Marques, A., Ramos, C., Batista, I., Serrano, C., Matos, O., et al. (2012). European pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) from Portugal: Chemical composition of essential oil and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts and essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 36(1), 81-7
  • Thuy, B. T. P., My, T. T. A., Hai, N. T. T., Hieu, L. T., Hoa, T. T., Thi Phuong Loan, H., et al. (2020). Investigation into SARS-CoV-2 resistance of compounds in garlic essential oil. ACS omega, 5(14), 8312-20
  • Tipnis, S. R., Hooper, N. M., Hyde, R., Karran, E., Christie, G., & Turner, A. J. (2000). A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275(43), 33238-43
  • Vickers, C., Hales, P., Kaushik, V., Dick, L., Gavin, J., Tang, J., et al. (2002). Hydrolysis of biological peptides by human angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(17), 14838-43
  • Villaverde, J. J., Sandín-España, P., Sevilla-Morán, B., López-Goti, C., & Alonso-Prados, J. L. (2016). Biopesticides from natural products: Current development, legislative framework, and future trends. BioResources, 11(2), 5618-40
  • Yoshioka, T., Kawada, K., Shimada, T., & Mori, M. (1979). Lipid peroxidation in maternal and cord blood and protective mechanism against activated-oxygen toxicity in the blood. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 135(3), 372-6
  • Zengin, G., Aumeeruddy-Elalfi, Z., Mollica, A., Yilmaz, M. A., & Mahomoodally, M. F. (2018). In vitro and in silico perspectives on biological and phytochemical profile of three halophyte species—A source of innovative phytopharmaceuticals from nature. Phytomedicine, 38, 35-44
Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 9 - 14, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.839675

Abstract

References

  • Agnihotri, V., Agarwal, S., Dhar, P., Thappa, R., Kapahi, B., Saxena, R., et al. (2005). Essential oil composition of Mentha pulegium L. growing wild in the north‐western Himalayas India. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20(6), 607-10
  • Ahmed, A., Ayoub, K., Chaima, A. J., Hanaa, L., & Abdelaziz, C. (2018). Effect of drying methods on yield, chemical composition and bioactivities of essential oil obtained from Moroccan Mentha pulegium L. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 16, 638-43 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2018.10.016
  • Asdadi, A., Hamdouch, A., Gharby, S., & Hassani, L. M. I. (2020). Chemical characterization of essential oil of Artemisia herba-alba asso and his possible potential against covid-19. Journal of Analytical Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, 2(2), 2-), 2020, pp. 67-72
  • Baratta, M. T., Dorman, H. D., Deans, S. G., Figueiredo, A. C., Barroso, J. G., & Ruberto, G. (1998). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of some commercial essential oils. Flavour and fragrance journal, 13(4), 235-44
  • Batlle, D., Soler, M. J., & Wysocki, J. (2008). Renin-Anjiyotensin Sisteminin Yeni Yönleri: Anjiyotensin-Dönüştürücü Enzim 2: Hipertansiyon ve Diyabetik Nefropatinin Tedavisi için Potansiyel Bir Hedef. Türkiye Klinikleri Nefroloji Dergisi, 3(2), 99-108
  • Baytop, T. (1999). Türkiye'de bitkiler ile tedavi: geçmişte ve bugün: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Beutler, E. (1963). Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J. lab. clin. Med., 61, 882-8
  • Ceylan, A. (1997). Tıbbi bitkiler II:(uçucu yağ bitkileri): Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi.
  • Chen, H., & Du , Q. (2020). Potential natural compounds for preventing SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) infection. Preprints doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0358.v3
  • Chen, H., & Du, Q. (2020). Potential natural compounds for preventing SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) infection. Preprints
  • Cheng, H., Wang, Y., & Wang, G. Q. (2020). Organ‐protective effect of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID‐19. Journal of medical virology
  • Cheng, L., Zheng, W., Li, M., Huang, J., Bao, S., Xu, Q., et al. (2020). Citrus fruits are rich in flavonoids for immunoregulation and potential targeting ACE2.
  • Cherrat, L., Espina, L., Bakkali, M., Pagán, R., & Laglaoui, A. (2014). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Mentha pulegium, Lavandula stoechas and Satureja calamintha Scheele essential oils and an evaluation of their bactericidal effect in combined processes. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 22, 221-9
  • da Silva, J. K. R., Figueiredo, P. L. B., Byler, K. G., & Setzer, W. N. (2020). Essential Oils as Antiviral Agents, Potential of Essential Oils to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An In-Silico Investigation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(10), 3426
  • Donoghue, M., Hsieh, F., Baronas, E., Godbout, K., Gosselin, M., Stagliano, N., et al. (2000). A Novel Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme–Related Carboxypeptidase (ACE2) Converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin 1-9. Circulation Research, 87(5), e1-e9 doi:doi:10.1161/01.RES.87.5.e1
  • Grimsrud, P. A., Xie, H., Griffin, T. J., & Bernlohr, D. A. (2008). Oxidative stress and covalent modification of protein with bioactive aldehydes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283(32), 21837-41
  • Gruenwald, J., Brendler, T., & Jaenicke, C. (2000). Physician’s desk reference (pdr) for herbal medicines. Ed. Montvale-w Jersey: Medical Economics Company
  • Ishtiaq, S., Ahmad, M., Hanif, U., Akbar, S., & Kamran, S. H. (2014). Phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of different fractions of Amaranthus graecizans subsp. silvestris (Vill.) Brenan. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 7, S342-S7
  • Kamkar, A., Javan, A. J., Asadi, F., & Kamalinejad, M. (2010). The antioxidative effect of Iranian Mentha pulegium extracts and essential oil in sunflower oil. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(7), 1796-800
  • Karadoğan, T., Baydar, H., & Özçelik, H. (2003). Göller yöresinde Lamiaceae familyasına dahil bitki türlerinin tespiti ve tıbbi ve aromatik değerlerinin belirlenmesi. TÜBİTAK TOGTAG Proje(2599), 1-25
  • Kasrati, A., Alaoui Jamali, C., Bekkouche, K., Spooner-Hart, R., Leach, D., & Abbad, A. (2015). Chemical Characterization and Insecticidal Properties of Essential Oils from Different Wild Populations of Mentha suaveolens subsp. timija (Briq.) Harley from Morocco. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 12(5), 823-31 doi:10.1002/cbdv.201400236
  • Keller, J. N. (2006). Interplay between oxidative damage, protein synthesis, and protein degradation in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2006
  • Kuru, M., Ögün, M., Oral, H., Kükürt, A., Makav, M., & Kulaksız, R. (2016). The use of controlled internal drug release for synchronization augmented oxidative and nitrosative stress and leptin levels in Georgian goats. J. Cell. Neurosci. Oxid. Stress, 8(1), 541-542.
  • Lee, K.-G., & Shibamoto, T. (2002). Determination of antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spices. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 50(17), 4947-52
  • Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., et al. (2020). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet, 395(10224), 565-74
  • Marzouk, B., Fredj, M. B. H., Chraief, I., Mastouri, M., Boukef, K., & Marzouk, Z. (2008). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Tunisian Mentha pulegium L. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 6(1), 78
  • NRC. (1995). Nutrient requirements of laboratory animals: 1995: National Academies Press.
  • Ölmez, M. (2018). Etlik piliç karma yemlerine ilave edilen yarpuzun (mentha pulegium l.) besi performansı, karkas kalitesi ve bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkisi. Atatürk, Erzurum.
  • Rodrigues, L., Póvoa, O., Teixeira, G., Figueiredo, A. C., Moldão, M., & Monteiro, A. (2013). Trichomes micromorphology and essential oil variation at different developmental stages of cultivated and wild growing Mentha pulegium L. populations from Portugal. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 692-700 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.061
  • Senthil Kumar, K., Gokila Vani, M., Wang, C.-S., Chen, C.-C., Chen, Y.-C., Lu, L.-P., et al. (2020). Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells. Plants, 9(6), 770
  • Serfozo, P., Wysocki, J., Gulua, G., Schulze, A., Ye, M., Liu, P., et al. (2020). Ang II (angiotensin II) conversion to angiotensin-(1-7) in the circulation is POP (prolyloligopeptidase)-dependent and ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)-independent. Hypertension, 75(1), 173-82
  • South, A. M., Brady, T. M., & Flynn, J. T. (2020). ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2), COVID-19, and ACE Inhibitor and Ang II (Angiotensin II) Receptor Blocker Use During the Pandemic. Hypertension, 76(1), 16-22 doi:doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15291
  • South, A. M., Diz, D. I., & Chappell, M. C. (2020). COVID-19, ACE2, and the cardiovascular consequences. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology
  • Teixeira, B., Marques, A., Ramos, C., Batista, I., Serrano, C., Matos, O., et al. (2012). European pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) from Portugal: Chemical composition of essential oil and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts and essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 36(1), 81-7
  • Thuy, B. T. P., My, T. T. A., Hai, N. T. T., Hieu, L. T., Hoa, T. T., Thi Phuong Loan, H., et al. (2020). Investigation into SARS-CoV-2 resistance of compounds in garlic essential oil. ACS omega, 5(14), 8312-20
  • Tipnis, S. R., Hooper, N. M., Hyde, R., Karran, E., Christie, G., & Turner, A. J. (2000). A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275(43), 33238-43
  • Vickers, C., Hales, P., Kaushik, V., Dick, L., Gavin, J., Tang, J., et al. (2002). Hydrolysis of biological peptides by human angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(17), 14838-43
  • Villaverde, J. J., Sandín-España, P., Sevilla-Morán, B., López-Goti, C., & Alonso-Prados, J. L. (2016). Biopesticides from natural products: Current development, legislative framework, and future trends. BioResources, 11(2), 5618-40
  • Yoshioka, T., Kawada, K., Shimada, T., & Mori, M. (1979). Lipid peroxidation in maternal and cord blood and protective mechanism against activated-oxygen toxicity in the blood. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 135(3), 372-6
  • Zengin, G., Aumeeruddy-Elalfi, Z., Mollica, A., Yilmaz, M. A., & Mahomoodally, M. F. (2018). In vitro and in silico perspectives on biological and phytochemical profile of three halophyte species—A source of innovative phytopharmaceuticals from nature. Phytomedicine, 38, 35-44
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mustafa Makav 0000-0003-1879-8180

Mükremin Ölmez 0000-0002-5003-3383

Publication Date April 30, 2021
Submission Date December 12, 2020
Acceptance Date March 9, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Makav, M., & Ölmez, M. (2021). Effects of Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and Antioxidant Parameters in Rabbits. Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 6(1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.839675

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