COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTI-DOPING RULE VIOLATIONS AND SANCTIONS IN EQUESTRIAN AND HUMAN SPORTS IN TURKEY

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 34 - 42, 05.05.2025

Yagmur Yagdiran Alatli

https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1649359

Abstract

Doping artificially increases performance, disrupts fair competition and poses serious health risks. Performance enhancing substances have been used for humans and animals since ancient times. Today, with developing technology, doping has become more sophisticated and continues to be a widespread problem in both human and equestrian sports. While athletes increase their performance with banned substances in human sports, the endurance and speed of horses are increased in equestrian sports. Although the rules in the fight against doping are similar, the responsibility lies directly with the athlete in human sports, while in equestrian sports, it usually lies with the trainer or jockey. In addition, doping violations in equestrian sports are evaluated in terms of ethics and competition as well as animal rights, resulting in more comprehensive sanctions. This study compares rule violations and sanctions and offers important implications for sports management.

Keywords

Equestrian , horse racing , human sports , doping , rule violations

TÜRKİYE’DE AT SPORLARINDA VE BEŞERİ SPORLARDA DOPİNGLE MÜCADELE KURAL İHLALLERİNİN VE YAPTIRIMLARIN KARŞILAŞTIRILMALI İNCELENMESİ

Abstract

Doping, performansı yapay olarak artırarak adil rekabeti bozmakta ve ciddi sağlık riskleri doğurmaktadır. Antik dönemlerden beri insanlar ve hayvanlar için performans artırıcı maddeler kullanılmıştır. Günümüzde gelişen teknolojiyle doping daha sofistike hale gelmiş ve hem beşerî hem de at sporlarında yaygın bir sorun olmaya devam etmiştir. Beşerî sporlarda sporcular yasaklı maddelerle performanslarını artırırken, at sporlarında atların dayanıklılığı ve hızı artırılmaktadır. Dopingle mücadelede kurallar benzerlik gösterse de sorumluluk beşerî sporlarda doğrudan sporcuya, at sporlarında ise genellikle antrenör veya jokeye aittir. Ayrıca, at sporlarında doping ihlalleri etik ve rekabetin yanı sıra hayvan hakları açısından da değerlendirilerek daha kapsamlı yaptırımlarla sonuçlanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, kural ihlalleri ve yaptırımları karşılaştırarak spor yönetimi açısından önemli çıkarımlar sunmaktadır.

Keywords

At Sporları , beşerî sporlar , doping , kural ihlalleri

References

• Anonim. (1953). At Yarışları Kanunu. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. Erişim Adresi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.6132.pdf.
• Anonim. (2011). At Yarışları Yönetmeliği. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. Erişim Adresi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=14918&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5.
• Baoutina, A., Bhat, S., Zheng, M., Partis, L., Dobeson, M., Alexander, I. E. & Emslie, K. R. (2016). Synthetic certified DNA reference material for analysis of human erythropoietin transgene and transcript in gene doping and gene therapy. Gene Therapy, 23, 708–717.
• Birkeland, K. I., Donike, M., Ljungqvist, A., Fagerhol, M., Jensen, J., Hemmersbach, P., Oftebro, H. & Haug, E. (1997). Blood sampling in doping control: First experiences from regular testing in athletics. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 18, 8–12.
• Brooks, R. V., Firth, R. G. & Sumner, N. A. (1975). Detection of anabolic steroids by radioimmunoassay. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 9, 89–92.
• Chinery, S. (1983). Anabolic steroids and bodybuilding (p. 41). SMS Publishing.
• Dirix, A. & Sturbois, X. (1998). The first thirty years of the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission 1967–1997. IOC Olympic Study Center.
• Donike, M., Barwald, K. R., Kostermann, K., Schanzer, W. & Zimmermann, J. (1983). The detection of exogenous testosterone. In: H. Heck, W. Hollmann, H. Liesen, & R. Rost (Eds.), Sport: Leistung und Gesundheit (pp. 293–298). Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag.
• Dünya Dopingle Mücadele Ajansı (WADA). (2021). Dünya Dopingle Mücadele Kuralları (Code). Erişim Adresi: https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2021_wada_code.pdf.
• Dünya Dopingle Mücadele Ajansı (WADA). (2023). Sporcu Biyolojik Pasaportu Uygulama Yönergeleri (ABP). Erişim Adresi: https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2023-07/guidelines_abp_v9_2023_final_eng_1.pdf.
• Fourcroy, J. L. (2008). Pharmacology, doping and sports: A scientific guide for athletes, coaches, physicians, scientists and administrators (pp. 1–8). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
• Groth, O., Cykel, I. N. & Eklöw, R. (Eds.) (1960). Olympiaboken (p. 337). Hans Levart Förlag.
• Hanstad, D. V., Smith, A. & Waddington, I. (2008). The establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency: A study of the management of organizational change and unplanned outcomes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 43(3), 227–249.
• Higgins, A. J. (2006). From ancient Greece to modern Athens: 3000 years of doping in competition horses. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 29(s1), 4–8.
• Houlihan, B. (2002). Dying to win (2nd ed.). Council of Europe Publishing.
• Kaya, S. (2015). At yarışlarında doping (1. baskı). Ankara, Türkiye. Medisan Yayınları.
• Ljungqvist, A. (2012). The relentless fight against doping. In: M. Watman (Ed.), IAAF 100 Years (pp. 113–119). IAAF.
• Ljungqvist, A. (2017). Brief history of anti-doping. Medicine and Sport Science, 62, 1–10.
• Møller, V. (2009). The ethics of doping and anti-doping: Redeeming the soul of sport (pp. 4–12). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
• Prokop, L. (2002). Lecture on the history of doping. Antidoping Laboratory, Austrian Research Center Seibersdorf.
• Rogozkin, V. A., Morozov, V. I. & Tchaikovsky, V. S. (1979). Rapid radioimmunoassay for anabolic steroids in urine. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 21(4), 169–173.
• Thieme, D. & Hemmersbach, P. (2010). Doping in sports (Vol. 195, pp. 1–25). Springer.
• Türkiye Binicilik Federasyonu (TBF). (2015). Türkiye Binicilik Federasyonu Dopingle Mücadele Talimatı. Erişim Adresi: http://www.binicilik.org.tr/dokuman/talimatlar/TBF_dopingle_mucadele_talimatı.pdf.
• Türkiye Binicilik Federasyonu (TBF). (2019). FEI atlar için dopingle mücadele ve kontrollü ilaçlar talimatı. Erişim Adresi: https://www.binicilik.org.tr/Dosya/IcerikDosya/4-2019/32-tur_2019_fei_equine_anti_doping_and_controlled_medication_regulations.pdf.
• Türkiye Dopingle Mücadele Komisyonu (TDMK). (2021). TDMK Talimatı. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tdmk.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/TU%CC%88RKI%CC%87YE-DOPI%CC%87NGLE-MU%CC%88CADELE-TALI%CC%87MATI-2021.pdf.
• Uluslararası Binicilik Federasyonu (FEI). (2025). Equine Anti-Doping and Controlled Medication Regulations. Erişim Adresi: https://inside.fei.org/sites/default/files/EADCMRs-%20Final%20Draft%20effective%201%20 January%202025%20-%20clean.pdf.
• Waller, C. C. & McLeod, M. D. (2016). A review of designer anabolic steroids in equine sports. Testing and Analysis Separation, 9(9), 1304–1319. Wend, J. T. (2011). The FEI and the continuing fight against doping in equestrian sport. The International Sports Law Journal, 3–4.
• Wilson, W. & Derse, E. (2001). Drugs in elite sport: The politics of drugs in the Olympic movement (pp. 1–28). Human Kinetics.
• Wong, J. K. Y. & Wan, T. S. M. (2014). Doping control analyses in horseracing: A clinician’s guide. The Veterinary Journal, 200, 8–16.
• Young, R. (2017). The development of the World Anti-Doping Code. Medicine and Sport Science, 62, 11–21.