BAZI HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNİN DESTEKLENMESİNDE PROPOLİS KULLANIMININ ÖNEMİ

Year 2021, , 118 - 140, 11.09.2021

İrem Uğur , Ayşegül Eyigör , Seran Temelli

https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.962340

Abstract

Son yıllarda geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp, apiterapi ve organik ürünlere olan ilgi ve talebin artması ile fonksiyonel bir gıda ürünü olan propolis, alternatif olarak ön plana çıkmış ve bu konuda yapılan araştırmalar artmıştır. Çalışmalarda, propolisin antibakteriyel, antifungal, antiviral, antikanser, antitümör, lokal anestezik, antiinflamatuvar ve antioksidan özellikleri ile kalp ve diyabet gibi kronik hastalıklar, kanser, ağız ve diş hastalıkları, viral hastalıklar, gastrointestinal, nörolojik ve deri hastalıklarında olumlu yönde etkisinin bulunduğu bildirilmiştir. Propolisin standardizasyonu ile ilgili çalışmalar ülkemizde yürütülmekte olup diğer ülkelerde de mevcut çalışmalar içerisinde eksiklikler olmakta ve henüz genel kabul görmüş bir standardizasyon bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle, propolisin fonksiyonel özellikleri üzerinde değişen etkiler oluşturması önemli bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca, doz-yanıt ve yapı-işlev mekanizmasının daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlayabilecek nitelikte yeni araştırmalara gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Bu derlemede, propolisin bazı hastalıkların tedavisine destek olabilecek ortaya konulmuş faydalı etkilerinin güncel olarak belirlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

kanser, kronik hastalıklar, nörolojik hastalıklar, propolis, viral hastalıklar

IMPORTANCE OF PROPOLIS UTILIZATION TO COMPLEMENT TREATMENT OF CERTAIN DISESASES

Abstract

In recent years, with increasing interest and demand for traditional and complementary medicine, apitherapy and organic products, propolis, a functional food product, has been on the spotlight as an alternative, with incresing research on this field. Studies have reported that propolis, with its various antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antitumor, local anesthetic, antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties, has proven to have beneficial effects on chronic diseases related to heart and diabetes, cancer, oral and dental infections, viral infections, gastrointestinal, neurological, and skin diseases. There are ongoing studies in our country on the standardization of propolis, as well as lack of data in current studies from other countries, thus there appears to be no standardization yet with an overall acceptance. Therefore, changes in the functional properties of propolis, leading to varying effects, happens to be a significant problem. Further studies are required to better understand its dose-response and structure-function mechanisms. This review aims to determine and evaluate the current proven beneficial effects of propolis to complement treatment of certain diesases.

Keywords

cancer, chronic diseases, neurological diseases, propolis, viral diseases

References

• Adeva, M., González-Lucán, M., Seco, M., Donapetry, C. (2013). Enzymes involved in l-lactate metabolism in humans. Mitoch, 13(6): 615-629, doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.08.011.
• Afkhamizadeh, M., Aboutorabi, R., Ravari, H., Fathi Najafi, M., Ataei Azimi, S., Javadian Langaroodi, A., Sahebkar, A. (2018). Topical propolis improves wound healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized controlled trial. Nat Prod Res, 32(17): 2096-2099, doi: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1363755.
• Afra, B., Mohammadi, M., Soleimani, M., Mahjub, R. (2020). Preparation, statistical optimization, in vitro characterization, and in vivo pharmacological evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles encapsulating propolis flavonoids: a novel treatment for skin edema. Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 46(7): 1163-1176, doi: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1779286.
• Afsharpour, F., Javadi, M., Hashemipour, S., Koushan, Y. (2019). Propolis supplementation improves glycemic and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Complement Ther Med, 43: 283-288, doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.001.
• Akca, A.E., Akca, G., Topçu, F.T., Macit, E., Pikdöken, L., Özgen, I.Ş. (2016). The comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of propolis with chlorhexidine against oral pathogens: An in vitro study. Bio Med Res Int, 2016: 1-8, doi: 10.1155/2016/3627463.
• Ali, M.A., Menze, E.T., Tadros, M.G., Tolba, M.F. (2020). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester counteracts doxorubicin-induced chemobrain in Sprague-Dawley rats: Emphasis on the modulation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Neuropharmacology, 181: 108334, doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108334.
• Ali, A.M., Kunugi, H. (2021). Propolis, bee honey, and their components protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19): A review of in silico, in vitro, and clinical studies. Molecules, 26(5): 1232, doi: 10.3390/molecules26051232.
• Altıparmak, M., Kule, M., Öztürk, Y., Çelik, S.Y., Öztürk, M., Duru, M.E., Koçer, U. (2019). Skin wound healing properties of Hypericum perforatum, Liquidambar orientalis, and propolis mixtures. Eur J of Plast Surg, 42(5): 489-494, doi: 10.1007/s00238-019-01538-6.
• Aru, B., Güzelmeric, E., Akgül, A., Demirel, G.Y., Kırmızıbekmez, H. (2019). Antiproliferative activity of chemically characterized propolis from Turkey and its mechanisms of action. Chem Biodivers, 16(7): e1900189, doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201900189.
• Asgharpour, F., Moghadamnia, A.A., Motallebnejad, M., Nouri, H.R. (2019). Propolis attenuates lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory responses through intracellular ROS and NO levels along with downregulation of IL‐1β and IL‐6 expressions in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Food Biochem, 43(8): e12926, doi: 10.1111/jfbc.12926.
• Bakkaloğlu, Z., Arıcı, M. (2019). Farklı çözücülerle propolis ekstraksiyonunun toplam fenolik içeriği, antioksidan kapasite ve antimikrobiyal aktivite üzerine etkileri. Akademik Gıda, 17(4): 538-545, doi: 10.24323/akademik-gida.667272.
• Balaha, M., De Filippis, B., Cataldi, A., di Giacomo, V. (2021). CAPE and Neuroprotection: A Review. Biomolecules, 11(2): 176-206, doi:10.3390/biom11020176.
• Baltas, N., Karaoglu, S.A., Tarakci, C., Kolayli, S. (2016). Effect of propolis in gastric disorders: inhibition studies on the growth of Helicobacter pylori and production of its urease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem, 31(ek sayı 2): 46-50, doi: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1186023.
• Bankova, V., Popova, M., Bogdanov, S., Sabatini, A.G. (2002). Chemical composition of European propolis: expected and unexpected results. Z Naturfors C, 57(5-6): 530-533, doi: 10.1515/znc-2002-5-622.
• Bankova, V. (2005). Chemical diversity of propolis and the problem of standardization. J Ethnopharmacol, 100(1-2): 114-117, doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.004.
• Barroso, M.V., Cattani-Cavalieri, I., de Brito-Gitirana, L., Fautrel, A., Lagente, V., Schmidt, M., Lanzetti, M. (2017). Propolis reversed cigarette smoke-induced emphysema through macrophage alternative activation independent of Nrf2. Bioorg Med Chem, 25(20): 5557-5568, doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.026.
• Basista, K.M., Filipek, B. (2012). Allergy to propolis in Polish beekeepers. Postępy Dermatol Alergol, 29(6): 440-445, doi: 10.5114 / pdia.2012.32391.
• Bezerra, G.B., de Souza, L.D.M., Dos Santos, A.S., de Almeida, G.K.M., Souza, M.T.S., Santos, S.L., de Albuquerque Júnior, R.L.C. (2017). Hydroalcoholic extract of Brazilian red propolis exerts protective effects on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in a rodent model. Biomed Pharmacother, 85: 687-696, doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.080.
• Bhat, N., Bapat, S., Asawa, K., Tak, M., Chaturvedi, P., Gupta, V.V., George, P.P. (2015). The antiplaque efficacy of propolis-based herbal toothpaste: A crossover clinical study. J Nat Sci, Biol Med, 6(2): 364-368, doi: 10.4103/0976-9668.160007.
• Bojić, M., Antolić, A., Tomičić, M., Debeljak, Ž., Maleš, Ž. (2018). Propolis ethanolic extracts reduce adenosine diphosphate induced platelet aggregation determined on whole blood. Nutr J, 17(1): 1-8, doi: 10.1186/s12937-018-0361-y.
• Botteon, C.E.A., Silva, L.B., Ccana-Ccapatinta, G.V., Silva, T.S., Ambrosio, S.R., Veneziani, R.C.S., Marcato, P.D. (2021). Biosynthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles using Brazilian red propolis and evaluation of its antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Sci Rep, 11(1): 1-16, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81281-w.
• Bonamigo, T., Campos, J.F., Alfredo, T.M., Balestieri, J.B.P., Cardoso, C.A.L., Paredes-Gamero, E.J., Dos Santos, E.L. (2017). Antioxidant, cytotoxic, and toxic activities of propolis from two native bees in Brazil: Scaptotrigona depilis and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2017: 1-12, doi: 10.1155/2017/1038153.
• Brihoum, H., Maiza, M., Sahali, H., Boulmeltout, M., Barratt, G., Benguedouar, L., Lahouel, M. (2018). Dual effect of Algerian propolis on lung cancer: antitumor and chemopreventive effects involving antioxidant activity. Braz J Pharm Sci, 54(1): e17396, doi: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000117396.
• Budisan, L., Gulei, D., Jurj, A., Braicu, C., Zanoaga, O., Cojocneanu, R., Berindan-Neagoe, I. (2019). Inhibitory effect of CAPE and kaempferol in colon cancer cell lines possible implications in new therapeutic strategies. Int J Mol Sci, 20(5): 1199, doi: 10.3390/ijms20051199.
• Bueno-Silva, B., Koo, H., Falsetta, M.L., Alencar, S.M., Ikegaki, M., Rosalen, P.L. (2013). Effect of neovestitol–vestitol containing Brazilian red propolis on accumulation of biofilm in vitro and development of dental caries in vivo. Biofouling, 29(10): 1233-1242, doi: 10.1080/08927014.2013.834050.
• Burdock, G.A. (1998). Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food Chem Toxicol, 36(4): 347-363, doi: 10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00145-2. Canoğlu, E., Güngör, H.C., Bozkurt, A. (2009). Çocuk diş hekimliğinde ilaç kullanımı. Hacettepe Diş Hek Fak Derg, 33(2): 30-44.
• Capistrano, H.M., de Assis, E.M., Leal, R.M., Alvarez-Leite, M.E., Brener, S., Bastos, E.M.A.F. (2013). Brazilian green propolis compared to miconazole gel in the treatment of Candida-associated denture stomatitis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013: 1-6, doi: 10.1155/2013/947980.
• Cardoso, J.G., Iorio, N.L.P., Rodrigues, L.F., Couri, M.L.B., Farah, A., Maia, L.C., Antonio, A.G. (2016). Influence of a Brazilian wild green propolis on the enamel mineral loss and Streptococcus mutans’ count in dental biofilm. Arch Oral Biol, 65: 77-81, doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.02.001.
• Catchpole, O., Mitchell, K., Bloor, S., Davis, P., Suddes, A. (2018). Anti-gastrointestinal cancer activity of cyclodextrin-encapsulated propolis. J Funct Foods, 41: 1-8, doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.023.
• Cho, E., Lee, J.D., Cho, S.H. (2011). Systemic contact dermatitis from propolis ingestion. Ann Dermatol, 23(1): 85, doi: 10.5021/ad.2011.23.1.85.
• Cho, H., Kim, K., Kim, N., Woo, M., Kim, H.Y. (2019). Effect of propolis phenolic compounds on free fatty acid receptor 4 activation. Food Sci Biotechnol, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1007/s10068-019-00688-4.
• Choudhari, M.K., Haghniaz, R., Rajwade, J.M., Paknikar, K.M. (2013). Anticancer activity of Indian stingless bee propolis: an in vitro study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013: 1-10, doi: 10.1155/2013/928280.
• Coelho, G.R., Mendonça, R.Z., Vilar, K.D.S., Figueiredo, C.A., Badari, J.C., Taniwaki, N., Negri, G. (2015). Antiviral action of hydromethanolic extract of geopropolis from Scaptotrigona postica against antiherpes simplex virus (HSV-1). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015: 1-10, doi: 10.1155/2015/296086.
• Correa, L., de Carvalho Meirelles, G., Balestrin, L., de Souza, P.O., Moreira, J.C.F., Schuh, R.S., Teixeira, H.F. (2020). In vitro protective effect of topical nanoemulgels containing Brazilian red propolis benzophenones against UV-induced skin damage. Photochem Photobiol Sci, 19(10): 1460-1469, doi: 10.1039/D0PP00243G.
• Costa, P., Almeida, M.O., Lemos, M., Arruda, C., Casoti, R., Somensi, L.B., de Andrade, S.F. (2018). Artepillin C, drupanin, aromadendrin-4′-O-methyl-ether and kaempferide from Brazilian green propolis promote gastroprotective action by diversified mode of action. J Ethnopharmacol, 226: 82-89, doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.006.
• Coşansu, G. (2015). Diyabet: Küresel bir salgın hastalık. Okmeydanı Tıp Derg, 31(ek sayı): 1-6, doi: 10.5222/otd.2015.001.
• Czarnobilska, E., Obtulowicz, K., Dyga, W., Spiewak, R. (2011). The most important contact sensitizers in Polish children and adolescents with atopy and chronic recurrent eczema as detected with the extended European Baseline Series. Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 22(2): 252-256, doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01075.x.
• Çağlayan, H.Z.B., Ataoğlu, E.E., Kibaroğlu, S. (2018). The Assesment of Efficacy of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Practices in Neurology. Turk Norol Derg, 24(2): 111, doi: 10.4274/tnd.83357.
• Çakmak, S., Nural, N. (2017). Kronik Hastalıklarda Tamamlayıcı ve Alternatif Tedavi Uygulamaları. Turkiye Klin J Intern Med Nurs-Special Topics, 3(2): 57-64.
• Çetin, A., Deveci, E. (2019). Evaluation of PECAM-1 and p38 MAPK expressions in cerebellum tissue of rats treated with caffeic acid phenethyl ester: a biochemical and immunohistochemical study. Folia Morphol, 78(2): 221-229, doi:10.5603/FM.a2018.0085.
• da Costa, M.F.B., Libório, A.B., Teles, F., da Silva Martins, C., Soares, P.M.G., Meneses, G.C., Martins, A.M.C. (2015). Red propolis ameliorates ischemic-reperfusion acute kidney injury. PhyMed, 22(9): 787-795, doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.03.017.
• da Silva Frozza, C.O., Santos, D.A., Rufatto, L.C., Minetto, L., Scariot, F.J., Echeverrigaray, S., Henriques, J.A.P. (2017). Antitumor activity of Brazilian red propolis fractions against Hep-2 cancer cell line. Biomed Pharmacother, 91: 951-963, doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.027.
• de Groot, A.C. (2013). Propolis: a review of properties, applications, chemical composition, contact allergy, and other adverse effects. Dermatitis, 24(6): 263-282, doi: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000011.
• De Marco, S., Piccioni, M., Pagiotti, R., Pietrella, D. (2017). Antibiofilm and antioxidant activity of propolis and bud poplar resins versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2017: 1-11, doi: 10.1155/2017/5163575.
• Deveci, H.A., Karapehlivan, M. (2018). Chlorpyrifos-induced parkinsonian model in mice: Behavior, histopathology and biochemistry. Pestic Biochem Phys, 144: 36-41, doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.11.002.
• Dodda, D., Chhajed, R., Mishra, J. (2014). Protective effect of quercetin against acetic acid induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) like symptoms in rats: possible morphological and biochemical alterations. Pharmacol Rep, 66(1): 169-173, doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.08.013.
• dos Santos Thomazelli, A.P.F., Tomiotto-Pellissier, F., da Silva, S.S., Panis, C., Orsini, T.M., Cataneo, A.H.D., Conchon-Costa, I. (2017). Brazilian propolis promotes immunomodulation on human cells from American Tegumentar Leishmaniasis patients and healthy donors infected with L. braziliensis. Cell Immunol, 311: 22-27, doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.014.
• Dragan, S., Andrica, F., Serban, M.C., Timar, R. (2015). Polyphenols-rich natural products for treatment of diabetes. Curr Med Chem, 22(1): 14-22, doi: 10.2174/0929867321666140826115422.
• Ebeid, S.A., Abd El Moneim, N.A., El-Benhawy, S.A., Hussain, N.G., Hussain, M.I. (2016). Assessment of the radioprotective effect of propolis in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. New perspective for an old honey bee product. J Radiat Res Appl Sci, 9(4): 431-440, doi: 10.1016/j.jrras.2016.06.001.
• El Adaouia Taleb, R., Djebli, N., Chenini, H., Sahin, H., Kolayli, S. (2020). In vivo and in vitro anti-diabetic activity of ethanolic propolis extract. J Food Biochem, 44(7): e13267, doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13267.
• El-Seedi, H.R., Khalifa, S.A., Abd El-Wahed, A., Gao, R., Guo, Z., Tahir, H.E., Abbas, G. (2020). Honeybee products: An updated review of neurological actions. Trends in Food Sci Technol, 101(2020): 17-27, doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.026.
• El Sharkawy, H.M., Anees, M.M., Van Dyke, T.E. (2016). Propolis improves periodontal status and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial. J Periodontol, 87(12): 1418-1426, doi: 10.1902/jop.2016.150694.
• Esposito, C., Garzarella, E.U., Bocchino, B., D'Avino, M., Caruso, G., Buonomo, A.R., Daglia, M. (2021). A standardized polyphenol mixture extracted from poplar-type propolis for remission of symptoms of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection (URTI): A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine, 80: 153368, doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153368.
• Farag, T.K., El-Houssiny, A.S., Abdel-Rahman, E.H., Hegazi, A.G. (2020). A new approach to the treatment of lumpy skin disease infection in cattle by using propolis encapsulated within alg nps. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci, 8(12): 1346-1355, doi: 10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.12.1346.1355.
• Farias, J.H.C.D., Reis, A.S., Araújo, M.A.R., Araújo, M.J.A.M., Assunção, A.K.M., Farias, J.C.D., Nascimento, F.R.F.D. (2014). Effects of stingless bee propolis on experimental asthma. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2014: 1-8, doi: 10.1155/2014/951478.
• Ferreira, R.S., Dos Santos, N.A.G., Bernardes, C.P., Sisti, F.M., Amaral, L., Fontana, A.C., Dos Santos, A.C. (2019). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) protects PC12 cells against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity by activating the AMPK/SIRT1, MAPK/Erk, and PI3k/Akt signaling pathways. Neurotox Res, 36(1): 175-192, doi: 10.1007/s12640-017-9849-z.
• Franchin, M., Freires, I.A., Lazarini, J.G., Nani, B.D., da Cunha, M.G., Colón, D.F., Rosalen, P.L. (2018). The use of Brazilian propolis for discovery and development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Eur J Med Chem, 153: 49-55, doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.050.
• Freires, I.A., de Alencar, S.M., Rosalen, P.L. (2016). A pharmacological perspective on the use of Brazilian Red Propolis and its isolated compounds against human diseases. Eur J Med Chem, 110: 267-279, doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.033.
• Fukuda, T., Fukui, M., Tanaka, M., Senmaru, T., Iwase, H., Yamazaki, M., Marunaka, Y. (2015). Effect of Brazilian green propolis in patients with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Biomed Rep, 3(3): 355-360, doi: 10.3892/br.2015.436.
• Furukawa, M., Wang, J., Kurosawa, M., Ogiso, N., Shikama, Y., Kanekura, T., Matsushita, K. (2021). Effect of green propolis extracts on experimental aged gingival irritation in vivo and in vitro. J Oral Biosci, 63(1): 58-65, doi: 10.1016/j.job.2020.12.003.
• Gao, W., Pu, L., Wei, J., Yao, Z., Wang, Y., Shi, T., Guo, C. (2018). Serum antioxidant parameters are significantly increased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after consumption of Chinese propolis: A randomized controlled trial based on fasting serum glucose level. Diabetes Ther, 9(1): 101-111, doi: 10.1007/s13300-017-0341-9.
• Gargouri, W., Kammoun, R., Elleuche, M., Tlili, M., Kechaou, N., Ghoul-Mazgar, S. (2020). Effect of xylitol chewing gum enriched with propolis on dentin remineralization in vitro. Arch Oral Biol, 112: 104684, doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104684.
• Ginis, Z., Ozturk, G., Albayrak, A., Kurt, S.N., Albayrak, M., Fadillioglu, E. (2016). Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on ifosfamide-induced central neurotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Ind Health, 32(2): 337-343, doi: 10.1177/0748233713500817.
• Guler, H.I., Tatar, G., Yildiz, O., Belduz, A.O., Kolayli, S. (2021). Investigation of potential inhibitor properties of ethanolic propolis extracts against ACE-II receptors for COVID-19 treatment by Molecular Docking Study. Arch Microbiol, s. 1-8, doi: 10.1007/s00203-021-02351-1.
• H Elwakil, B., Shaaban, M.M., Bekhit, A.A., El-Naggar, M.Y., Olama, Z.A. (2021). Potential anti-COVID-19 activity of Egyptian propolis using computational modeling. Future Virol, 16(2): 107-116, doi: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0329.
• Hepşen, İ.F., Tilgen, F., Er, H. (1996). Propolis: Tıbbi özellikleri ve oftalmolojik kullanımı. Turgut Özal Tıp Merk Derg, 3(4): 386-391.
• Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Pöhlmann, S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell, 181(2): 271-280, doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.
• Hwang, S.A., Kim, C.D., Lee, W.S. (2018). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects against photothrombotic cortical ischemic injury in mice. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol, 22(1): 101-110, doi: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.1.101.
• Ishida, Y., Gao, R., Shah, N., Bhargava, P., Furune, T., Kaul, S.C., Wadhwa, R. (2018). Anticancer activity in honeybee propolis: functional insights to the role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and its complex with γ-cyclodextrin. Integr Cancer Ther, 17(3): 867-873, doi: 10.1177/1534735417753545.
• Jadhav, S.G., Meshram, R.J., Gond, D.S., Gacche, R.N. (2013). Inhibition of growth of Helicobacter pylori and its urease by coumarin derivatives: molecular docking analysis. J Pharm Res, 7(8): 705-711, doi: 10.1016/j.jopr.2013.09.002.
• Jia, Y., Jiang, S., Chen, C., Lu, G., Xie, Y., Sun, X., Huang, L. (2019). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester attenuates nuclear factor κB mediated inflammatory responses in Müller cells and protects against retinal ganglion cell death. Mol Med Rep, 19(6): 4863-4871, doi: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10151.
• Jiménez, O.V.D., Pérez, B.R., Sánchez, T.A.C., Tovar, C.G.G., Bordes, J.L.N., Zárate, C.I.S. (2020). Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Propolis from Native Bees (Plebeia frontalis) against Canine Distemper Virus. Open J Vet Med, 10(12): 207-218, doi: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.1012018.
• Kabała-Dzik, A., Rzepecka-Stojko, A., Kubina, R., Jastrzębska-Stojko, Ż., Stojko, R., Wojtyczka, R.D., Stojko, J. (2017). Comparison of two components of propolis: caffeic acid (CA) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. Molecules, 22(9): 1554, doi: 10.3390/molecules22091554.
• Karapetsas, A., Voulgaridou, G.P., Konialis, M., Tsochantaridis, I., Kynigopoulos, S., Lambropoulou, M., Pappa, A. (2019). Propolis extracts inhibit UV-induced photodamage in human experimental in vitro skin models. Antioxidants, 8(5): 125, doi: 10.3390/antiox8050125.
• Karlıdağ, S.K., Genç, F. (2007). Farklı Balarısı (Apis Mellifera) Irk ve Yöntemleri İle Üretilen Propolis Örneklerinin Reçine Miktarları. U Bee J, 7(2): 52-58.
• Kashiwakura, J.I., Yoshihara, M., Saitoh, K., Kagohashi, K., Sasaki, Y., Kobayashi, F., Matsuda, T. (2020). Propolis suppresses cytokine production in activated basophils and basophil-mediated skin and intestinal allergic inflammation in mice. Allergol Int, pp. 8, doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.11.005.
• Kasiotis, K.M., Anastasiadou, P., Papadopoulos, A., Machera, K. (2017). Revisiting Greek propolis: chromatographic analysis and antioxidant activity study. PloS one, 12(1): e0170077, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170077.
• Keskin, M. (2018). Propoliste standardizasyon mümkün mü?. U Bee J, 18(2): 101-110, doi: 10.31467/uluaricilik.485080.
• Khan, M.N., Lane, M.E., McCarron, P.A., Tambuwala, M.M. (2018). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is protective in experimental ulcerative colitis via reduction in levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and enhancement of epithelial barrier function. Inflammopharmacology, 26(2): 561-569, doi: 10.1007/s10787-017-0364-x.
• Kim, D.H., Auh, J.H., Oh, J., Hong, S., Choi, S., Shin, E.J., Byun, S. (2020). Propolis Suppresses UV-Induced Photoaging in Human Skin through Directly Targeting Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase. Nutrients, 12(12): 3790, doi: 10.3390/nu12123790.
• Kleczka, A., Kubina, R., Dzik, R., Jasik, K., Stojko, J., Cholewa, K., Kabała-Dzik, A. (2020). Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) Induced Apoptosis in Serous Ovarian Cancer OV7 Cells by Deregulation of BCL2/BAX Genes. Molecules, 25(15): 3514, doi: 10.3390/molecules25153514.
• Komericki, P., Kränke, B. (2009). Maculopapular exanthem from propolis: case report and review of systemic cutaneous and non-cutaneous reactions. Contact Derm, 61(6): 353-355, doi : 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01642.x.
• Koo, H.J., Lee, K.R., Kim, H.S., Lee, B.M. (2019). Detoxification effects of aloe polysaccharide and propolis on the urinary excretion of metabolites in smokers. Food Chem Toxicol, 130: 99-108, doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.029.
• Kouidhi, B., Zmantar, T., Bakhrouf, A. (2010). Anti-cariogenic and anti-biofilms activity of Tunisian propolis extract and its potential protective effect against cancer cells proliferation. Anaerobe, 16(6): 566-571, doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.09.005.
• Kujumgiev, A., Tsvetkova, I., Serkedjieva, Y., Bankova, V., Christov, R., Popov, S. (1999). Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin. J Ethnopharmacol, 64(3): 235-240, doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00131-7.
• Kumar, M., Kaur, D., Bansal, N. (2017). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) prevents development of STZ-ICV induced dementia in rats. Pharmacogn Mag, 13(Suppl 1): 10-15, doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.203974.
• Kumar, M., Bansal, N. (2018). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester rescued streptozotocin-induced memory loss through PI3-kinase dependent pathway. Biomed Pharmacother, 101: 162-173, doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.089.
• Kuo, C.C., Wang, R.H., Wang, H.H., Li, C.H. (2018). Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the efficacy of propolis mouthwash in cancer therapy-induced oral mucositis. Supportive Care Cancer, 26(12): 4001-400, doi: 10.1007/s00520-018-4344-5.
• Kuo, Y.H., Chiang, H.L., Wu, P.Y., Chu, Y., Chang, Q.X., Wen, K.C., Chiang, H.M. (2020). Protection against Ultraviolet A-Induced Skin Apoptosis and Carcinogenesis through the Oxidative Stress Reduction Effects of N-(4-bromophenethyl) Caffeamide, A Propolis Derivative. Antioxidants, 9(4): 335, doi: 10.3390/antiox9040335.
• Kusumawardani, A., Kariosentono, H., Purwanto, B., Redhono, D., Arief, R.C., Wasita, B., Adji, R.S. (2020). The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Propolis on Skin Manifestation and Skin Tissue Necrosis in Cutaneous Anthrax Animal Model. Syst Rev Pharm, 11(11): 1539-1544.
• Kwon, M.J., Shin, H.M., Perumalsamy, H., Wang, X., Ahn, Y.J. (2020). Antiviral effects and possible mechanisms of action of constituents from Brazilian propolis and related compounds. J Apic Res, 59(4): 413-425, doi: 10.1080/00218839.2019.1695715.
• Li, Y.J., Lin, J.L., Yang, C.W., Yu, C.C. (2005). Acute renal failure induced by a Brazilian variety of propolis. Am J Kidney Dis, 46(6): 125-129, doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.08.028.
• Lin, D., Xiao, M., Zhao, J., Li, Z., Xing, B., Li, X., Chen, S. (2016). An overview of plant phenolic compounds and their importance in human nutrition and management of type 2 diabetes. Molecules, 21(10): 1374, doi: 10.3390/molecules21101374.
• Lisičić, D., Benković, V., Đikić, D., Blažević, A.S., Mihaljević, J., Oršolić, N., Knežević, A.H. (2014). Addition of propolis to irinotecan therapy prolongs survival in ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice. Cancer Biother Radiophar, 29(2): 62-69, doi: 10.1089/cbr.2013.1535.
• Liu, G., Xie, W., He, A.D., Da, X.W., Liang, M.L., Yao, G.Q., Ming, Z.Y. (2016). Antiplatelet activity of chrysin via inhibiting platelet αIIbβ3 mediated signaling pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res, 60(9): 1984-1993, doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500801.
• Ma, X., Guo, Z., Shen, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y. (2015). The anti-porcine parvovirus activity of nanometer propolis flavone and propolis flavone in vitro and in vivo. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2015: 1-10, doi: 10.1155/2015/472876.
• Ma, Y., Zhang, J.X., Liu, Y.N., Ge, A., Gu, H., Zha, W.J., Huang, M. (2016). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester alleviates asthma by regulating the airway microenvironment via the ROS-responsive MAPK/Akt pathway. Free Radic Biol Med, 101: 163-175, doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.012.
• Ma, Y., Li, L., Kong, L., Zhu, Z., Zhang, W., Song, J., Du, G. (2018). Pinocembrin protects blood-brain barrier function and expands the therapeutic time window for tissue-type plasminogen activator treatment in a rat thromboembolic stroke model. BioMed Res Int, 2018: 1-13, doi: 10.1155/2018/8943210.
• Marcucci, M.C., Ferreres, F., Garcıa-Viguera, C., Bankova, V.S., De Castro, S.L., Dantas, A.P., Paulino, N. (2001). Phenolic compounds from Brazilian propolis with pharmacological activities. J Ethnopharmacol, 74(2): 105-112, doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00326-3.
• Martins, M.L., Monteiro, A.S.N., Guimarães, J.E.C., Guimarães, M.B.D.C.T., da Silva, R.F., Cabral, L.M., Fonseca-Gonçalves, A. (2019). Cytotoxic and antibacterial effect of a red propolis mouthwash, with or without fluoride, on the growth of a cariogenic biofilm. Arch Oral Biol, 107: 104512, doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104512.
• Mazzarello, V., Donadu, M.G., Ferrari, M., Piga, G., Usai, D., Zanetti, S., Sotgiu, M.A. (2018). Treatment of acne with a combination of propolis, tea tree oil, and Aloe vera compared to erythromycin cream: two double-blind investigations. Clin Pharmacol, 10: 175-181, doi: 10.2147/CPAA.S180474.
• Menezes da Silveira, C.C., Luz, D.A., da Silva, C.C., Prediger, R.D., Martins, M.D., Martins, M.A., Maia, C.S. (2021). Propolis: A useful agent on psychiatric and neurological disorders? A focus on CAPE and pinocembrin components. Med Res Rev, 41(2): 1195-1215, doi: 10.1002/med.21757.
• Mirsadraee, M., Azmoon, B., Ghaffari, S., Abdolsamadi, A., Khazdair, M.R. (2021). Effect of Propolis on moderate persistent asthma: A phase two randomized, double blind, controlled clinical trial. Avicenna J Phytomedicine, 11(1): 22-31, doi: 10.22038/ajp.2020.15777.
• Mohan, P.U., Uloopi, K.S., Vinay, C., Rao, R.C. (2016). In vivo comparison of cavity disinfection efficacy with APF gel, Propolis, Diode Laser, and 2% chlorhexidine in primary teeth. Contemp Clin Dent, 7(1): 45, doi: 10.4103/0976-237X.177110.
• Miryan, M., Alavinejad, P., Abbaspour, M., Soleimani, D., Ostadrahimi, A. (2021). Effects of Propolis Supplementation on The Severity of Disease In Irritable Bowel Syndrome Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial, Research Square, January 2021, pp. 1-15, doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-144646/v1.
• Morroni, F., Sita, G., Graziosi, A., Turrini, E., Fimognari, C., Tarozzi, A., Hrelia, P. (2018). Neuroprotective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease involves Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Aging Dis, 9(4): 605, doi: 10.14336/AD.2017.0903.
• Mousavi, M.S., Mannani, R., Mottaghi, M., Torkan, B., Afrouzan, H. (2016). Comparing the effect of propolis vaginal cream and metronidazol vaginal gel for treatment of bacterial vaginosis. J Adv Med Biomed Res, 24(106): 42-50.
• Mujica, V., Orrego, R., Pérez, J., Romero, P., Ovalle, P., Zúñiga-Hernández, J., Leiva, E. (2017). The role of propolis in oxidative stress and lipid metabolism: a randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2017: 1-11, doi: 10.1155/2017/4272940.
• Münstedt, K., Hellner, M., Hackethal, A., Winter, D., Von Georgi, R. (2007). Contact allergy to propolis in beekeepers. Allergol Immunopathol, 35(3): 95-100, doi: 10.1157/13106776.
• Nani, M., Leone, A., Bom, V.P., Buszinski, A.F., Oliveira de Souza, R., Pinheiro, V.A., Nogueira, R.J.L. (2018). Evaluation and Comparison of Wound Healing Properties of an Ointment (AlpaWash) Containing Brazilian Micronized Propolis and Peucedanum ostruthium Leaf Extract in Skin Ulcer in Rats. Int J Pharm Compd, 22(2): 154-163.
• Nisari, M., Emre, M.H., Dolu, N., Acer H., Pektaş, F. (2020). Investigation of dose related effects of propolis on anxiety and some biochemical parameters with sympathetic skin response and increased T-maze. J Surg Med, 4(5): 346-350, doi: 10.28982/josam.726017.
• Novak, E.M., Marcucci, M.C., Sawaya, A.C.H.F., López, B.G.C., Fortes, M.A.H.Z., Giorgi, R.R., Maria, D.A. (2014). Antitumoural activity of Brazilian red propolis fraction enriched with xanthochymol and formononetin: An in vitro and in vivo study. J Funct Foods, 11: 91-102, doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.09.008.
• Olczyk, P., Wisowski, G., Komosinska-Vassev, K., Stojko, J., Klimek, K., Olczyk, M., Kozma, E.M. (2013). Propolis modifies collagen types I and III accumulation in the matrix of burnt tissue. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013: 1-10, doi: 10.1155/2013/423809.
• Onur, E., Nalbantsoy, A., Kışla, D. (2018). İmmünoterapi ve propolisin kanser immünoterapisinde kullanım potansiyeli. Food and Health, 4(4): 231-246, doi: 10.3153/FH18023.
• Pahlavani, N., Malekahmadi, M., Firouzi, S., Rostami, D., Sedaghat, A., Moghaddam, A.B., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M. (2020). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of the effects of Propolis in inflammation, oxidative stress and glycemic control in chronic diseases. Nutr Metab, 17(1): 1-12, doi: 10.1186/s12986-020-00485-5.
• Palaz, M.N., Akcay, E. (2020). The impact of propolis factor caffeic acid phenethyl-ester on the cerebral vasospasm and early brain damage in the experimentally induced subarachnoid hemorrhage on rats. World Neurosurg, 138: e736-e742, doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.058.
• Papapanagiotou, A., Daskalakis, G., Siasos, G., Gargalionis, A., G Papavassiliou, A. (2016). The role of platelets in cardiovascular disease: molecular mechanisms. Curr Pharm Des, 22(29): 4493-4505, doi: 10.2174/1381612822666160607064118.
• Patche, J., Girard, D., Catan, A., Boyer, F., Dobi, A., Planesse, C., Rondeau, P. (2017). Diabetes-induced hepatic oxidative stress: a new pathogenic role for glycated albumin. Free Radic Biol Med, 102: 133-148, doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.026.
• Paulino, N., Coutinho, L.A., Coutinho, J.R., Vilela, G.C., da Silva Leandro, V.P., Paulino, A.S. (2015). Antiulcerogenic effect of Brazilian propolis formulation in mice. Pharmacol Pharm, 6(12): 580, doi: 10.4236/pp.2015.612060.
• Piñeros, A.R., de Lima, M.H., Rodrigues, T., Gembre, A.F., Bertolini, T.B., Fonseca, M.D., Bonato, V.L. (2020). Green propolis increases myeloid suppressor cells and CD4+ Foxp3+ cells and reduces Th2 inflammation in the lungs after allergen exposure. J Ethnopharmacol, 252: 112496, doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112496.
• Rani, A. J., Mythili, S. (2014). Study on total antioxidant status in relation to oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Diagn Res: JCDR, 8(3): 108-110, doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/7603.4121.
• Refaat, H., Mady, F.M., Sarhan, H.A., Rateb, H.S., Alaaeldin, E. (2021). Optimization and Evaluation of Propolis liposomes as a promising therapeutic approach for COVID-19. Int J Pharm, 592: 120028, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120028.
• Ren, K., Zhang, W., Wu, G., Ren, J., Lu, H., Li, Z., Han, X. (2016). Synergistic anti-cancer effects of galangin and berberine through apoptosis induction and proliferation inhibition in oesophageal carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother, 84: 1748-1759, doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.111.
• Ripari, N., Sartori, A.A., da Silva Honorio, M., Conte, F.L., Tasca, K.I., Santiago, K.B., Sforcin, J.M. (2021). Propolis antiviral and immunomodulatory activity: a review and perspectives for COVID-19 treatment. J Pharm Pharmacol, 73(3): 281-29, doi: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa067.
• Rivera-Yañez, N., Rivera-Yañez, C.R., Pozo-Molina, G., Méndez-Catalá, C.F., Méndez-Cruz, A.R., Nieto-Yañez, O. (2021). Biomedical Properties of Propolis on Diverse Chronic Diseases and Its Potential Applications and Health Benefits. Nutrients, 13(1): 78, doi: 10.3390/nu13010078.
• Roquetto, A.R., Monteiro, N.E.S., Moura, C.S., Toreti, V.C., de Pace, F., Dos Santos, A., Amaya-Farfan, J. (2015). Green propolis modulates gut microbiota, reduces endotoxemia and expression of TLR4 pathway in mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Res Int, 76: 796-803, doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.026.
• Román-Pintos, L.M., Villegas-Rivera, G., Rodríguez-Carrizalez, A.D., Miranda-Díaz, A.G., Cardona-Muñoz, E.G. (2016). Diabetic polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function. J Diabetes Res, 2016: 1-16, doi: 10.1155/2016/3425617.
• Romero, M., Freire, J., Pastene, E., García, A., Aranda, M., González, C. (2019). Propolis polyphenolic compounds affect the viability and structure of Helicobacter pylori in vitro. Rev Bras Farmacogn, 29(3): 325-332, doi: 10.1016/j.bjp.2019.03.002.
• Salas, A.L., Alberto, M.R., Zampini, I.C., Cuello, A.S., Maldonado, L., Ríos, J.L., Isla, M.I. (2016). Biological activities of polyphenols-enriched propolis from Argentina arid regions. Phytomedicine, 23(1): 27-31, doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.11.007.
• Samadi, N., Mozaffari-Khosravi, H., Rahmanian, M., Askarishahi, M. (2017). Effects of bee propolis supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and insulin resistance indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Integr Med, 15(2): 124-134, doi: 10.1016/S2095-4964(17)60315-7.
• Sekiou, O., Bouziane, I., Bouslama, Z., Djemel, A. (2020). In-silico identification of potent inhibitors of COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) from natural products: Quercetin, hispidulin, and cirsimaritin exhibited better potential inhibition than hydroxy-chloroquine against COVID-19 main protease active site and ACE2. ChemRxiv. Preprint, pp. 22, doi: 10.26434/chemrxiv.12181404.v1.
• Seydi, E., Hosseini, S.A., Salimi, A., Pourahmad, J. (2016). Propolis induce cytotoxicity on cancerous hepatocytes isolated from rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma: Involvement of ROS-mediated mitochondrial targeting. PharmaNutrition, 4(4): 143-150, doi: 10.1016/j.phanu.2016.10.001.
• Silva, L.M.D., Souza, P.D., Jaouni, S.K.A., Harakeh, S., Golbabapour, S., de Andrade, S.F. (2018). Propolis and its potential to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2018: 1-12, doi: 10.1155/2018/2035820.
• Silva-Beltrán, N.P., Balderrama-Carmona, A.P., Umsza-Guez, M.A., Machado, B.A.S. (2020). Antiviral effects of Brazilian green and red propolis extracts on Enterovirus surrogates. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 27(23): 28510-28517, doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-07458-z.
• Silveira, M.A.D., Capcha, J.M.C., Sanches, T.R., de Sousa Moreira, R., Garnica, M.S., Shimizu, M.H., Andrade, L. (2021). Green propolis extract attenuates acute kidney injury and lung injury in a rat model of sepsis. Sci Rep, 11(1): 1-11, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85124-6.
• Silveira, M.A.D., De Jong, D., Berretta, A.A., dos Santos Galvão, E.B., Ribeiro, J.C., Cerqueira-Silva, T., da Hora Passos, R. (2021). Efficacy of Brazilian green propolis (EPP-AF®) as an adjunct treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. BioMed & Pharmacother, 138: 111526, doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111526.
• Simone-Finstrom, M., Spivak, M. (2010). Propolis and bee health: the natural history and significance of resin use by honey bees. Apidologie, 41(3): 295-311, doi: 10.1051/apido/2010016.
• Simone-Finstrom, M., Borba, R.S., Wilson, M., Spivak, M. (2017). Propolis counteracts some threats to honey bee health. Insects, 8(2): 46, doi: 10.3390/insects8020046.
• Soleimani, D., Miryan, M., Tutunchi, H., Navashenaq, J.G., Sadeghi, E., Ghayour Mobarhan, M., Ostadrahimi, A. (2021). A systematic review of preclinical studies on the efficacy of propolis for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Phytother Res, 35(2): 701-710, doi: 10.1002/ptr.6856.
• Suleman, T., Van Vuuren, S., Sandasi, M., Viljoen, A.M. (2015). Antimicrobial activity and chemometric modelling of S outh A frican propolis. J Appl Microbiol, 119(4): 981-990, doi: 10.1111/jam.12906.
• Sun, G.W., Qiu, Z.D., Wang, W.N., Sui, X., Sui, D.J. (2016). Flavonoids extraction from propolis attenuates pathological cardiac hypertrophy through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2016: 1-11, doi: 10.1155/2016/6281376.
• Tarakçı, C. (2018). Helicobacter pylori karakterizasyonu, bal ve propolis örneklerinin bakteri ve üreazı üzerine inhibisyon etkilerinin araştırılması (Master's thesis, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı). 80 s.
• Tlak, G.I., Iva, P., Mirza, B., Ivan, K., Siniša, S., Toni, V., Josipa, V. (2017). Components responsible for antimicrobial activity of propolis from continental and Mediterranean regions in Croatian. Czech J Food Sci, 35(5): 376-385, doi: 10.17221/103/2017-CJFS.
• Tünger, Ö. (2008). Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonlari. Turk J Infect, 22(1): 107-15.
• Usman, U.Z., Bakar, A.B.A., Mohamed, M. (2018). Propolis improves pregnancy outcomes and placental oxidative stress status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med, 18(1), 1-6, doi: 10.1186/s12906-018-2391-6.
• Veloz, J.J., Saavedra, N., Alvear, M., Zambrano, T., Barrientos, L., Salazar, L.A. (2016). Polyphenol-rich extract from propolis reduces the expression and activity of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases at subinhibitory concentrations. BioMed Res Int, 2016: 1-7, doi: 10.1155/2016/4302706.
• Villanueva, M., González, M., Fernandez, H., Wilson, M., Manquián, N., Otth, C., Otth, L. (2015). In vitro antibacterial activity of Chilean propolis against Helicobacter pylori. Rev Chilena Infectol, 32(5): 530-535, doi: 10.4067/s0716-10182015000600007.
• Vit, P., Bogdanov, S., Kilchenmann, V. (1994). Composition of Venezuelan honeys from stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponinae) and Apis mellifera L. Apidologie, 25(3): 278-288, doi: 10.1051/apido:19940302.
• Vukovic, N.L., Obradovic, A.D., Vukic, M.D., Jovanovic, D., Djurdjevic, P.M. (2018). Cytotoxic, proapoptotic and antioxidative potential of flavonoids isolated from propolis against colon (HCT-116) and breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines. Food Res Int, 106: 71-80, doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.056.
• Wang, K., Ping, S., Huang, S., Hu, L., Xuan, H., Zhang, C., Hu, F. (2013). Molecular mechanisms underlying the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of a flavonoid-rich ethanol extract from Chinese propolis (poplar type). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013: 1-11, doi: 10.1155/2013/127672.
• Yildirim, A., Duran, G.G., Duran, N., Jenedi, K., Bolgul, B.S., Miraloglu, M., Muz, M. (2016). Antiviral activity of hatay propolis against replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2. Med Sci Mon Int Med J Exp Clin Res, 22: 422-430, doi: 10.12659/MSM.897282.
• Yoshimasu, Y., Ikeda, T., Sakai, N., Yagi, A., Hirayama, S., Morinaga, Y., Nakao, R. (2018). Rapid bactericidal action of propolis against Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Dent Rese, 97(8): 928-936, doi: 10.1177/0022034518758034.
• Yuan, W., Chang, H., Liu, X., Wang, S., Liu, H., Xuan, H. (2019). Brazilian green propolis inhibits Ox-LDL-stimulated oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells partly through PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2019: 1-12, doi: 10.1155/2019/5789574.
• Yuluğ, E., Türedi, S., Yıldırım, Ö., Yenilmez, E., Aliyazıcıoğlu, Y., Demir, S., Menteşe, A. (2019). Biochemical and morphological evaluation of the effects of propolis on cisplatin induced kidney damage in rats. Biotech Histochem, 94(3): 204-213, doi: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1543895.
• Zaitone, S.A., Ahmed, E., Elsherbiny, N.M., Mehanna, E.T., El-Kherbetawy, M.K., ElSayed, M.H., Moustafa, Y.M. (2019). Caffeic acid improves locomotor activity and lessens inflammatory burden in a mouse model of rotenone-induced nigral neurodegeneration: Relevance to Parkinson’s disease therapy. Pharmacol Rep, 71(1): 32-41, doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.08.004.
• Zhang, Y.X., Yang, T.T., Xia, L., Zhang, W.F., Wang, J.F., Wu, Y.P. (2017). Inhibitory effect of Propolis on platelet aggregation in vitro. J Healthc Eng, 2017: 1-6, doi: 10.1155/2017/3050895.
• Zhao, L., Pu, L., Wei, J., Li, J., Wu, J., Xin, Z., Guo, C. (2016). Brazilian green propolis improves antioxidant function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Env Res Public He, 13(5): 498, doi: 10.3390/ijerph13050498.
• Zhou, H., Wang, H., Shi, N., Wu, F. (2020). Potential Protective Effects of the Water Soluble Chinese Propolis on Hypertension Induced by High Salt Intake. Clin Transl Sci, 13(5): 907-915, doi: 10.1111/cts.12770.
• Zulhendri, F., Ravalia, M., Kripal, K., Chandrasekaran, K., Fearnley, J., Perera, C. O. (2021). Propolis in Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associated Chronic Diseases: A Narrative Review. Antioxidants, 10(3): 348, doi: 10.3390/antiox10030348.