AKUAKÜLTÜRDE ANTİBİYOTİK DİRENCİ VE BİYOFİLMİN ROLÜ

Year 2020, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 168 - 178, 30.12.2020

Sultan Ayıkol Furkan Kutlu Onur Dincer Farah Gonul Aydın

https://doi.org/10.38137/vetfarmatoksbulten.834364

Abstract

Gelişmekte olan su ürünleri endüstrisi hayvansal protein üretiminin önemli bir miktarını karşılamaktadır. Ancak nüfusun giderek artması, iklim değişikliği, çevresel bozulmalar ve özellikle hastalıklar üretimi etkilemekte, bu durum ise ülke ekonomisini makro düzeyde etkilemektedir. En sık karşılaşılan hastalık etmenleri Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp.’dir. Dünya genelinde ve Türkiye’de balık hastalıklarını kontrol altına almak veya tedavi etmek amacıyla pek çok yöntem bulunmaktadır. Aşı uygulamaları büyük ölçüde kullanılırken aşılamanın yetersiz ve/veya yapılamadığı durumlarda antibiyotik kullanımı tedavide önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Türkiye’de balık hastalıklarında kullanılmak üzere ruhsatlandırılmış antibiyotiklerden 15’ini florfenikol, 12’sini oksitetrasiklin, 9’unu sülfadiazin+trimetoprim, 2’sini enrofloksasin, ve 2’sini amoksisiklin oluşturmaktadır. Bu antibiyotik ilaçların akuakültürde uygun olmayan dozda, sürede, antibiyogram testi yapılmadan doğru olmayan kombinasyonların yapılması gibi çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı bakterilerin antibiyotiklere karşı direnç kazanması ve etkili antibiyotik sayısının yetersiz kalmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu durum ulusal ve uluslararası boyutta değerlendirildiğinde antibiyotik ilaçların etkisi oluşan direnç ile azalmakta, mortalite ve tedavi maliyetini arttırmakta, bu hem veteriner hem de beşeri sağlık alanında giderek artan küresel problemlere neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca antibiyotiklerin oral ilaçlı yem premiks şeklinde uygulanması kalıntıların farklı yerlere dağılmasına, çevreye ve diğer canlılara ulaşmasına yol açmakta ve bu da beraberinde antibiyotik direncinin yayılmasına sebep olmaktadır. Planktonik bakteriler önlemede kullanılan antibiyotiklerin minimum inhibitör konsantrasyonları (MİK) biyofilmleri önlemek, inhibe etmek, azaltmak veya ortadan kaldırmak için gereken değerlerle örtüşmemektedir. Bu durum biyofilm formundaki bakterilerin ilaca çok daha dirençli olması sebebiyle başarısızlığa neden olmaktadır. Yapılan bu derleme ile bakterilerin biyofilm formlarının artan antibiyotik direnci konusundaki rolü ve buna neden olan mekanizmaları özellikle Türkiye’de gelişmekte olan akuakültür açısından değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

Akuakültür, antibiyotik, biyofilm,, direnç

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN AQUACULTURE AND THE ROLE OF BIOFILMS

Abstract

Aquaculture industry is a rising industry, fills important amounts of animal protein production. However, climate change, ecological disruption, population increase and especially diseases are affecting the national economy on a macro scale. Most commonly encountered disease agents are: Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp. There are many methods to control and treat for aquatic diseases in the World and Turkey. While vaccination programs are used regularly, in case it can’t be applied appropriately or not at all, antibiotics still plays an important role in treatment. In Turkey, antibiotics are licenced for finfish: 15 of florfenicol, 12 oxytetracycline, 9 sulfadiazine + trimethoprim, 2 enrofloxacin and 2 amoxicillin. Due to usage of those antibiotics with the wrong dosage, time of use, without an antibiogram test and usage of the wrong combination of drugs leads to bacterial antimicrobial resistance and the insufficient number of effective drugs to be used. While considering this situation on a national and international scale; with increased antimicrobial resistance, effects of antibiotics are reduced, increase of mortality and cost of treatment creates increasing global problems not just animal but also human health. Use of antibiotics as oral and premixes, increases residues in various places, making it easier to reach the aquatic environment and other animals thus increasing antimicrobial resistance even further. Minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) of antibiotics used against planktonic bacteria does not match the value to prevent, inhibit, reduce or eradicate biofilm produced by them In this review, role of biofilm bacteria in increased antimicrobial resistance and mechanisms affecting that are evaluated considering growing aquaculture industry, especially in Turkey.

Keywords

Aquaculture, antibiotic, biofilm, resistance

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