mRNA AŞILARINDA GÜNCEL YAKLAŞIMLAR

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 1 - 10, 30.04.2022

Kamil Batur , Hakan Yardımcı

https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1021843

Abstract

Tarihteki ilk aşının 1796 yılında Edward Jenner tarafından geliştirilmesinden günümüze kadar geçen süreçte birçok hastalığa karşı aşı geliştirilmiştir ve etkili olarak kullanılmıştır. Son yıllarda giderek popülerleşen mRNA aşılarının geçmişi 90’lı yıllara kadar dayanmaktadır. Wolf ve arkadaşlarının 1990 yılında lusiferaz ve beta-galaktosidaz enzimlerini kodlayan mRNA’ları farelere kas içi uyguyalarak bu proteinleri in vivo olarak gözlemlemeleri mRNA aşılarının gelişiminde önemli bir basamak olmuştur. mRNA aşıları bir Cap Bölgesi, 5’ ve 3’ translasyona uğramayan bölgeler, açık okuma bölgesi ve Poli A kuyruğundan oluşur. Geleneksel mRNA aşıları ve kendi kendini çoğaltan mRNA aşıları olarak iki gruba ayrılırlar. İki grup da hücre translasyon mekanizmalarını kullanarak antijen üretir. mRNA’nın stabilitesini ve translasyon verimini arttırmak için Cap, UTR, Poli A kuyruğu gibi bölgeler ve nükleotid bazlar optimize edilmelidir. mRNA’nın hücre içine iletimi için viral vektörler, peptid, polimer ve lipid tabanlı vektörler kullanılabilir. Hedef bölge sakansını içeren bir pDNA tasarımı ile başlayan üretim süreci, optimizasyon ve kalıntılardan arındırma ile devam eder. Son ürün bir taşıma sistemi içerisine dahil edilir ve ürünün proteine çevrilme yeteneği test edilir. mRNA aşıları, genome entegre olmaması, nispeten kolay ve hızlı bir şekilde üretilebilmeleri ve güçlü bir bağışıklık yanıtı oluşturmaları gibi avantajları nedeniyle tercih edilen bir aşı platformu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu derlemede mRNA aşıları ve optimizasyonu hakkında genel bilgiler verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Aşı, Bağışıklık, mRNA, mRNA Aşıları

CURRENT APPROACHES to mRNA VACCINES

Abstract

Since the development of the first vaccine in history by Edward Jenner in 1796, vaccines against many diseases have been developed and used effectively. The history of mRNA vaccines, which has become increasingly popular in recent years, dates back to the 90s. In 1990, Wolf et al. observed these proteins in vivo by intramuscularly administering mRNAs encoding luciferase and beta-galactosidase enzymes to mice, which was an important step in the development of mRNA vaccines. mRNA vaccines consist of a Cap Region, 5’ and 3’ non-translated regions, open reading region, and Poly A tail. They are divided into two groups as conventional mRNA vaccines and self-replicating mRNA vaccines. Both groups produce antigens using cell translational mechanisms. In order to increase the stability and translation efficiency of mRNA, regions such as Cap, UTR, Poly A tail and nucleotide bases should be optimized. Viral vectors, peptide, polymer and lipid-based vectors can be used for intracellular delivery of mRNA. The production process, which starts with a pDNA design containing the target region saccharine, continues with optimization and decontamination. The final product is incorporated into a transport system and the ability of the product to be converted into protein is tested. mRNA vaccines emerge as a preferred vaccine platform due to their advantages such as not being integrated into the genome, being relatively easy and fast to produce, and generating a strong immune response. In this review, it is aimed to give general information about mRNA vaccines and their optimization.

Keywords

Immunity, mRNA, mRNA Vaccine, Vaccine

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