Review
BibTex RIS Cite

IS IT POSSIBLE FOR PULMONER ARTERIAL DIROFILARIASIS TO BE TREATED? TREATMENT OPTIONS FROM PAST TO PRESENT

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 174 - 186, 31.12.2022

Dilge Sıla Yalçın Nermin Işık

https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1200566

Abstract

Pulmoner arterial dirofilariasis, especially in domestic/wild dogs and cats, is a severe disease that can result in death by frequently localizing to the pulmonary and circulatory system. The prevalence of the agent has increased with the change of climates in the world; therefore, the disease has gained importance. In recent years, different drug/drug combinations and treatment protocols have been studied to treat dirofilariasis and prevent the disease. In this review, it might be tried to give information about the treatment and prevention of pulmoner arterial dirofilariasis.

Keywords

Dog Mosquito Prevention Treatment

References

  • Abraham, D. (1988). Biology of Dirofilaria immitis. In, Boreham PFL, Atwell RB. Editors. Dirofilariasis. 2nd ed. USA: CRC Press; 1988. pp. 30-46.
  • American Heartworm Society (2020). Prevention, diagnosis and management of Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs. American Heartworm Society Canine Guidelines. Erişim adresi: https://d3ft8sckhnqim2.cloudfront.net/images/pdf/2020_AHS_Canine_Guidelines.pdf?1580934824.
  • Atwell, R. B. & Tarish J. H. (1995). The effect of oral, low-dose prednisolone on the extent of pulmonary pathology associated with dead Dirofilaria immitis in a canine lung model. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium ’95, Auburn, AL, USA, 1995, 103-111.
  • Bandi, C., McCall, J. W., Genchi, C., Corona, S., Venco, L. & Sacchi, L. (1999). Effects of tetracycline on the filarial worms Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis and their bacterial endosymbionts Wolbachia. Int J Parasitol, 29, 357-364. doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00200-8.
  • Bazzocchi, C., Mortarino, M., Grandi, G., Kramer, L. H., Genchi, C., Bandi, C., Genchi, M., Sacchi, L. & McCall, J. W. (2008). Combined ivermectin and doxycycline treatment has microfilaricidal and adulticidal activity against Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected dogs. Int J Parasitol, 38, 1401-1410. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.002.
  • Blagburn, B., Dillon, R., Prichard, R., Geary, T., Mount, J., Land, T., Butler, J. & Bourguinat, C. (2010). Characterization of Heartworm Prevention Failures in the Central United States [abstract]. Proceedings of the State of the Heartworm Symposium ‘10, Batavia, IL, USA, 2010, 27–28.
  • Blagburn, B. L. & Dillon, A. R. (2007). Feline heartworm disease: solving the puzzle. Vet Med, 102 (l), 7-14.
  • Boudreaux, M., Dillon, A. R., Ravis, W. R., Sartin, E. A. & Spano, J. S. (1991). Effects of treatment with aspirin or aspirin/dipyridamole combination in heartworm-negative, heartworm infected, and embolized heartworm–infected dogs. Am J Vet Res, 52 (12), 1992-1999.
  • Bowman, D. D. & Atkins, C. E. (2009). Heartworm biology, treatment, and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 39 (6), 1127–1158.
  • Bowman, D. D. & Mannella, C. (2011). Macrocyclic lactones and Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae. Top Companion Anim Med, 26 (4), 160-172. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2011.07.001.
  • Börkü, M. K., Kurtdede, A., Azizoğlu, D. & Kilit, M. (1996). Dirofilaria immitis ile doğal enfekte köpeklerde thiacetarsamide sodium uygulamaları. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 43, 247-256.
  • Chandrashekar, R., Beall, M. J., Saucier, J., O’Connor, T., McCall, J. W. & McCall, S. D. (2014). Experimental Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs: effects of doxycycline and Advantage Multi(R) administration on immature adult parasites. Vet Parasitol, 206, 93–98.
  • Colwell, D. D., Dantas-Torres, F. & Otranto, D. (2011). Vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: Emerging scenarios and new perspectives. Vet Parasitol, 182, 14–21. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.012.
  • Côtĕ, E., MacDonald, K. A., Meurs, K. M. & Sleeper, M. M. (2011). Feline Cardiol¬ogy. 1st ed. Iowa, USA: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
  • Di Regalbono, A. F., Di Cesare, A., Traversa, D., Simonato, G., Poser, H., Danesi, P., Furnari, C., Russi, I., Raele, D. A., Crisi, P., Pampurini, F. & Pietrobelli, M. (2016). Microfilaricidal efficacy of a single administration of Advocate® (Bayer Animal Health) in dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis or Dirofilaria repens. Vet Parasitol, 226, 30–34. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.024.
  • Dik, B. (2015). Veteriner Entomoloji, 2nd ed. Konya, Turkey: Ofset Hazırlık/Baskı.
  • Dik, B., Başoğlu, A. & Kaya, M. (1992). Köpeklerde Dirofilaria immitis’in sağıtımında levamisol ve ivermektin’in etkileri. SÜ Vet Fak Derg, 8 (2), 48-50.
  • Dillon, A. R., Blagburn, B. L., Tillson, M., Brawner, W., Welles, B., Johnson, C., Cattlet, R., Rynders, P. & Barney, S. (2017). Heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD) induced by immature adult Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Parasit Vectors, 10 (2), 514-529. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2452-6.
  • Dillon, A. R., Brawner, W. R. & Hanrahan, L. (1995). Influence of number of parasites and exercise on the severity of heartworm disease in dogs. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium’95. Auburn, AL, USA, 1995, 113.
  • Dillon, A. R., Tillson, D. M., Wooldridge, A., Cattley, R., Hathcock, J., Brawner, W. R., Cole, R., Welles, B., Christopherson, P. W., Lee-Fowler, T., Bordelon, S., Barney, S., Sermersheim, M., Garbarino, R., Wells, S. Z., Diffie, E. B. & Schachner, E. R. (2014). Effect of pre-cardiac and adult stages of Dirofilaria immitis in pulmonary disease of cats: CBC, bronchial lavage cytology, serology, radiographs, CT images, bronchial reactivity, and histopathology. Vet Parasitol, 206 (1-2), 24-37. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.09.007.
  • Dzimianski, M. T., McCall, J. W. & Mansour, A. M. (2010). The effect of prednisone on the efficacy of melarsomine dihydrochloride against adult Dirofilaria immitis’in experimentally infected beagles. State of the Heartworm ‘10 Symposium, Memphis, TN, USA, 2010.
  • Foster, W. A. & Walker, E. D. (2019). Mosquitoes (Culicidae). In, Mullen GR, Durden LA. Editors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 3rd ed. UK: Academic Press; 2019. pp. 261–325. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00015-7.
  • Fukami, N., Hagio, M., Okano, S. & Watanabe, S. (1998). Influence of exercise on recovery of dogs following heartworm adulticide treatment with melarsomine. Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium’98. Tampa, FL, USA, 1998, 225-227.
  • Genchi, M., Vismarra, A., Lucchetti, C., Viglietti, A., Crosara, S., Gnudi, G., Quintavalla, C., Schaper, R. & Kramer, L. (2019). Efficacy of imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 2.5% spot on (Advocate®, Advantage Multi®) and doxycycline for the treatment of natural Dirofilaria immitis infections in dogs. Vet Parasitol, 273, 11–16. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.07.011.
  • González-Miguel, J., Morchón, R., Siles-Luca, M., Oleaga, A. & Simón, F. (2010). Identification of Dirofilaria immitis immunoreactive proteins recognized by sera from infected cats using two-dimen- sional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 174 (1), 78–82. doi:10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.06.013.
  • Grandi, G., Quintavalla, C., Mavropoulou, A., Genchi, M., Gnudi, G., Bertoni, G. & Kramer, L. (2010). A combination of doxycycline and ivermectin is adulticidal in dogs with naturally acquired heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis). Vet Parasitol, 169, 347-351. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.025.
  • Hise, A. G., Ferguson, I. G. & Pearlman, E. (2004). The role endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in filarial disease. Cel Microbiol, 6 (2), 97-104. doi:10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00350.x.
  • Hoch, H. & Strickland, K. (2008). Canine and feline dirofilariasis: prophylaxis, treatment, and complications of treatment. Compendium, 30, 146-151.
  • Kozek, W. J. (2005). What is new in the Wolbachia/Dirofilaria interaction? Vet Parasitol, 133, 127–132. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.02.005.
  • Kramer, L., Grandi, G., Passeri, B., Gianelli, P., Genchi, M., Dzimianski, M. T., Supakorndej, P., Mansour, A. M., McCall, S. D. & McCall, J. W. (2011). Evaluation of lung pathology in Dirofilaria immitis-experimentally infected dogs treated with doxycycline or a combination of doxycycline and ivermectin before administration of melarsomine dihydrochloride. Vet Parasitol, 176, 357–360. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.021.
  • Kramer, L., Simón, F., Tamarozzi, F., Gechi, M. & Bazzocchi, C. (2005a). Is Wolbachia complicating the pathological effects of Dirofilaria immitis infections? Vet Parasitol, 133, 133-136. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.04.011.
  • Kramer, L. H., Tamarozzi, F., Morchón, R., López-Belmonte, J., Marcos-Atxutegi, C., Martín-Pacho, R. & Simón, F. (2005b). Immune response to and tissue localization of the Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) in dogs with natural heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 106, 303–308. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.03.011.
  • Kryda, K., Six, R. H., Walsh, K. F., Holzmer, S. J., Chapin, S., Mahabir, S. P., Myers, M., Inskeep, T., Rugg, J., Cundiff, B., Pullins, A., Ulrich, M., McCall, J. W., McTier, T. L. & Maeder, S. J. (2019). Laboratory and field studies to investigate the efficacy of a novel, orally administered combination product containing moxidectin, sarolaner and pyrantel for the prevention of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs. Parasites Vectors, 12 (1), 445-456. doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3702-6.
  • Latrofa, M., Montarsi, F., Ciocchetta, S., Annoscia, G., Dantas-Torres, F., Ravagnan, S., Capelli, G. & Otranto, D. (2012). Molecular xenomonitoring of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from north-eastern Italy by real-time PCR coupled with melting curve analysis. Parasites Vectors, 5 (1), 76-83. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-76.
  • McCall, J. W., Genchi, C., Kramer, L., Guerrero, J., Dzimianski, M. T., Supakorndej, P., Mansour, A. M., McCall, S. D., Supakorndej, N., Grandi, G. & Carson, B. (2008a). Heartworm and Wolbachia: Therapeutic implications. Vet Parasitol, 158, 204–214. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.008.
  • McCall, J. W., Genchi, C., Kramer, L. H., Guerrero, J. Venco, L. (2008b). Heartworm disease in animals and humans. In. Rollinson D, Hay SI. Editors., Advances in Parasitology. 1st ed. Vol 66. New York, US: Academic Press; 2008b. Pp.193-285.
  • McCall, J. W., Guerrero, J., Roberts, R. E., Supakorndej, N., Mansour, A. E., Dzimianski, M. T. & McCall, S. D. (2001). Further evidence of clinical prophylactic, etro-active (reach-back) and adulticidal activity ofmonthly administrations of ivermectin (Heartgard Plus™) in dogs experimentally infected with heartworms. Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium’01. IL, USA, 2001, 189–200.
  • McCall, J. W., Hodgkins, E., Varloud, M., Mansour, A. & DiCosty, U. (2017b). Blocking the transmission of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) to mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) by weekly exposure for one month to microfilaremic dogs treated once topically with dinotefuran-permethrin-pyriproxyfen. Parasites Vectors, 10, 511-519. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2439-3.
  • McCall, J. W., Kramer, L., Genchi, C., Guerrero, J., Dzimianski, M. T., Supakorndej, P., Mansour, A., McCall, S. D., Supakorndej, N., Grandi, G. & Carson, B. (2011). Effects of doxycycline on early infections of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs. Vet Parasitol, 176, 361–367. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.022.
  • McCall, J. W., Varloud, M., Hodgkins, E., Mansour, A., DiCosty, U., McCall, S. D., Carmichael, J., Carson, B. & Carter, J. (2017a). Shifting the paradigm in Dirofilaria immitis prevention: blocking transmission from mosquitoes to dogs using repellents/insecticides and macrocyclic lactone prevention as part of a multimodal approach. Parasites Vectors, 10, 525-535. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2438-4.
  • McTier, T. L., Pullins, A., Chapin, S., Rugg, J., Von Reitzenstein, M., McCall, J. W., King, V. L. & Vatta, A. F. (2019). The efficacy of a novel topical formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner (Revolution® Plus/Stronghold® Plus) in preventing the development of Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Vet Parasitol, 270, 56-62. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.10.010.
  • Moreno, Y., Nabhan, J. F., Solomon, J., Mackenzie, C. D. & Geary, T. G. (2010). Ivermectin disrupts the function of the excretory-secretory apparatus in microfilariae of Brugia malayi. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 107, 20120–20125. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011983107.
  • Nayar, J. K. & Connelly, C. R. (2017). Mosquito-borne dog heartworm disease. In: Pests in and around the southern home. University of Florida, UF/IFAS Extension, erişim adresi: http://ifasbooks.ifas.ufl.edu/p-1222-pests-in-and-aroundthe-southern-home.aspx.
  • Nelson, C. T., Myrick, E. S. & Nelson, T. A. (2017). Clinical benefits of incorporating doxycycline into a canine heartworm treatment protocol. Parasites Vectors, 10, 515-518. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2446-4.
  • Otranto, D., Dantas-Torres, F. & Breitschwerdt, E. B. (2009). Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: part one. Trends Parasitol, 25 (4), 157–163. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2009.01.003.
  • Pfarr, K. M. & Hoerauf, A. (2006). A niche for Wolbachia. Trends Parasitol, 23, 5-7. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.11.002.
  • Powers, K. G., Parbuoni, E. L. & Furrow, R. D. (1981). Dirofilaria immitis: 1. Adverse reactions associated with diethylcarbamazine therapy in microfilaremic dogs, in Otto GF. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium’80. Batavia, IL, USA, 108-111.
  • Prichard, R. K. & Geary, T. G. (2019). Perspectives on the utility of moxidectin for the control of parasitic nematodes in the face of developing anthelmintic resistance. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist, 10, 69–83. doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.06.002.
  • Pulliam, J. D., Seward, R. L., Henry, R. T. & Steinberg, S. A. (1985). Investigating ivermectin toxicity in Collies. Vet Med, 80, 33-40.
  • Pullins, A., McTier, T. L., Mahabir, S., DeRose, G. & Hedges, L. (2020). The efficacy of a topical formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner in preventing the development of a macrocyclic lactone-resistant strain of Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Vet Parasitol, 282/109122. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109122.
  • Rawlings, C. A., Keith, J. C. Jr., Losonsky, J. M. & McCall, J. M. (1984). An aspirin-prednisolone combination to modify post adulticide lung disease in heartworm-infected dogs. Am J Vet Res, 45, 2371-2375.
  • Rossi, M. I. D., Paiva, J., Bendas, A., Mendes-de-Almeida, F., Knackfuss, F., Miranda, M., Guerrero, J., Fernandes, O. & Labarthe, N. (2010). Effects of doxycycline on the endosymbiont Wolbachia in Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856)-Naturally infected dogs. Vet Parasitol, 174 (1-2), 119-123. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.07.019.
  • Sarnıç, H. & Alkan, M. (1986). Köpeklerde Dirofilariasis olguları ve insan sağlığı yönünden önemi. Türk Parazit Derg, 1-2, 169-174.
  • Schlotthauer, J. C., Stromberg, B. E. & Paul, A. J. (1986). Safety and acceptability of ivermectin in dogs with naturally acquired patent infection of Dirofilaria immitis. Ed.: Otto GF. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium’86. Batavia, IL, USA, 1986, 29-32.
  • Simón, F., Prieto, G., Morchón, R., Bazzocchi, C., Bandi, C. & Genchi, C. (2003). Immunoglobulin G antibodies against the endosymbionts of filarial nematodes (Wolbachia) in patients with pulmonary dirofilariasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 10, 180-181. doi:10.1128/CDLI.10.1.180-181.2003.
  • Simón, F., Siles-Lucas, M., Morchon, R., Gonzalez-Miguel, J., Mellado, I., Carreton, E. & Montoya-Alonso, J. A. (2012). Human and animal Dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clin Microbiol Rev, 25, 507–544. doi:10.1128/cmr.00012-12.
  • Şahal, M., Doğanay, A. & İmren, H. (1986). Unterschungen auf die wirksamkeit der präparate Citarin-L und Aricyl gegen microfilarien und adulte würmer von Dirofilaria immitis und Dirofilaria repens bei natürlich infizierten hunden. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 33 (3), 297-308.
  • Taylor, M. J., Bandi, C. & Hoerauf, A. (2005). Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts of filarial nematodes. Adv Parasitol, 60, 245–284. doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(05)60004-8.
  • Taylor, M. J., Cross, H. F., Ford, L., Makunde, W. H., Prasad, G. B. K. S. & Bilo, K. (2001). Wolbachia bacteria in filaria immunity and disease. Parasite İmmunol, 23, 401-409. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3024.2001.00400.x
  • Umur, Ş., Köroğlu, E., Güçlü, F. & Tınar, R. (2006). Nematoda. In, Tınar R. Editors. Helmintoloji. 1st ed. Ankara, Turkey: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım; 2006, pp. 213-441.
  • Vatta, A. F., Dzimianski, M., Storey, B. E., Camus, M. S., Moorhead, A. R., Kaplan, R. M. & Wolstenholme, A. J. (2014). Ivermectin-dependent attachment of neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells to Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in vitro. Vet Parasitol, 206, 38–42. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.004.
  • Venco, L., McCall, J. W., Guerrero, J. & Genchi, C. (2004). Efficacy of long-term monthly administration of ivermectin on the progress of naturally acquired heartworm infections in dogs. Vet Parasitol, 124, 259–268. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.06.024.
  • Vezzoni, A., Genchi, C. & Raynaud, J. P. (1992). Adulticide efficacy of RM 340 in dogs with mild and severe natural infections. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium’92. Austin, TX, USA, 1992, 231-240.
  • Wolstenholme, A. J., Evans, C. C., Jimenez, P. D. & Moorhead, A. R. (2015). The emergence of macrocyclic lactone resistance in the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis. Parasitology, 142, 1249–1259. doi:10.1017/S003118201500061X.

PULMONER ARTERİYAL DİROFİLARİASİS TEDAVİ EDİLEBİLİR Mİ? GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE TEDAVİ SEÇENEKLERİ

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 174 - 186, 31.12.2022

Dilge Sıla Yalçın Nermin Işık

https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1200566

Abstract

Pulmoner arteriyal dirofilariasis, özellikle evcil/yabani köpek ve kedilerde sıklıkla pulmoner sistem ve dolaşım sistemine yerleşim göstererek ölümle sonuçlanabilen zoonoz karakterde bir filarial nematod enfeksiyonudur. Dünyada iklimlerin değişmesiyle etkenin yaygınlığı artmış ve bu nedenle hastalık önem kazanmıştır. Dirofilarisisi tedavi etmek ve hastalıktan korunmak için son yıllarda farklı ilaç/ilaç kombinasyonları ve tedavi protokolleri üzerinde çalışılmaktadır. Bu derlemede, pulmoner arteriyal dirofilariasisin tedavisi ve hastalıktan korunma yolları hakkında bilgiler verilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

Dirofilaria immitis Korunma Köpek Sivrisinek Tedavi

References

  • Abraham, D. (1988). Biology of Dirofilaria immitis. In, Boreham PFL, Atwell RB. Editors. Dirofilariasis. 2nd ed. USA: CRC Press; 1988. pp. 30-46.
  • American Heartworm Society (2020). Prevention, diagnosis and management of Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs. American Heartworm Society Canine Guidelines. Erişim adresi: https://d3ft8sckhnqim2.cloudfront.net/images/pdf/2020_AHS_Canine_Guidelines.pdf?1580934824.
  • Atwell, R. B. & Tarish J. H. (1995). The effect of oral, low-dose prednisolone on the extent of pulmonary pathology associated with dead Dirofilaria immitis in a canine lung model. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium ’95, Auburn, AL, USA, 1995, 103-111.
  • Bandi, C., McCall, J. W., Genchi, C., Corona, S., Venco, L. & Sacchi, L. (1999). Effects of tetracycline on the filarial worms Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis and their bacterial endosymbionts Wolbachia. Int J Parasitol, 29, 357-364. doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00200-8.
  • Bazzocchi, C., Mortarino, M., Grandi, G., Kramer, L. H., Genchi, C., Bandi, C., Genchi, M., Sacchi, L. & McCall, J. W. (2008). Combined ivermectin and doxycycline treatment has microfilaricidal and adulticidal activity against Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected dogs. Int J Parasitol, 38, 1401-1410. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.002.
  • Blagburn, B., Dillon, R., Prichard, R., Geary, T., Mount, J., Land, T., Butler, J. & Bourguinat, C. (2010). Characterization of Heartworm Prevention Failures in the Central United States [abstract]. Proceedings of the State of the Heartworm Symposium ‘10, Batavia, IL, USA, 2010, 27–28.
  • Blagburn, B. L. & Dillon, A. R. (2007). Feline heartworm disease: solving the puzzle. Vet Med, 102 (l), 7-14.
  • Boudreaux, M., Dillon, A. R., Ravis, W. R., Sartin, E. A. & Spano, J. S. (1991). Effects of treatment with aspirin or aspirin/dipyridamole combination in heartworm-negative, heartworm infected, and embolized heartworm–infected dogs. Am J Vet Res, 52 (12), 1992-1999.
  • Bowman, D. D. & Atkins, C. E. (2009). Heartworm biology, treatment, and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 39 (6), 1127–1158.
  • Bowman, D. D. & Mannella, C. (2011). Macrocyclic lactones and Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae. Top Companion Anim Med, 26 (4), 160-172. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2011.07.001.
  • Börkü, M. K., Kurtdede, A., Azizoğlu, D. & Kilit, M. (1996). Dirofilaria immitis ile doğal enfekte köpeklerde thiacetarsamide sodium uygulamaları. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 43, 247-256.
  • Chandrashekar, R., Beall, M. J., Saucier, J., O’Connor, T., McCall, J. W. & McCall, S. D. (2014). Experimental Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs: effects of doxycycline and Advantage Multi(R) administration on immature adult parasites. Vet Parasitol, 206, 93–98.
  • Colwell, D. D., Dantas-Torres, F. & Otranto, D. (2011). Vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: Emerging scenarios and new perspectives. Vet Parasitol, 182, 14–21. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.012.
  • Côtĕ, E., MacDonald, K. A., Meurs, K. M. & Sleeper, M. M. (2011). Feline Cardiol¬ogy. 1st ed. Iowa, USA: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
  • Di Regalbono, A. F., Di Cesare, A., Traversa, D., Simonato, G., Poser, H., Danesi, P., Furnari, C., Russi, I., Raele, D. A., Crisi, P., Pampurini, F. & Pietrobelli, M. (2016). Microfilaricidal efficacy of a single administration of Advocate® (Bayer Animal Health) in dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis or Dirofilaria repens. Vet Parasitol, 226, 30–34. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.024.
  • Dik, B. (2015). Veteriner Entomoloji, 2nd ed. Konya, Turkey: Ofset Hazırlık/Baskı.
  • Dik, B., Başoğlu, A. & Kaya, M. (1992). Köpeklerde Dirofilaria immitis’in sağıtımında levamisol ve ivermektin’in etkileri. SÜ Vet Fak Derg, 8 (2), 48-50.
  • Dillon, A. R., Blagburn, B. L., Tillson, M., Brawner, W., Welles, B., Johnson, C., Cattlet, R., Rynders, P. & Barney, S. (2017). Heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD) induced by immature adult Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Parasit Vectors, 10 (2), 514-529. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2452-6.
  • Dillon, A. R., Brawner, W. R. & Hanrahan, L. (1995). Influence of number of parasites and exercise on the severity of heartworm disease in dogs. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium’95. Auburn, AL, USA, 1995, 113.
  • Dillon, A. R., Tillson, D. M., Wooldridge, A., Cattley, R., Hathcock, J., Brawner, W. R., Cole, R., Welles, B., Christopherson, P. W., Lee-Fowler, T., Bordelon, S., Barney, S., Sermersheim, M., Garbarino, R., Wells, S. Z., Diffie, E. B. & Schachner, E. R. (2014). Effect of pre-cardiac and adult stages of Dirofilaria immitis in pulmonary disease of cats: CBC, bronchial lavage cytology, serology, radiographs, CT images, bronchial reactivity, and histopathology. Vet Parasitol, 206 (1-2), 24-37. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.09.007.
  • Dzimianski, M. T., McCall, J. W. & Mansour, A. M. (2010). The effect of prednisone on the efficacy of melarsomine dihydrochloride against adult Dirofilaria immitis’in experimentally infected beagles. State of the Heartworm ‘10 Symposium, Memphis, TN, USA, 2010.
  • Foster, W. A. & Walker, E. D. (2019). Mosquitoes (Culicidae). In, Mullen GR, Durden LA. Editors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 3rd ed. UK: Academic Press; 2019. pp. 261–325. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00015-7.
  • Fukami, N., Hagio, M., Okano, S. & Watanabe, S. (1998). Influence of exercise on recovery of dogs following heartworm adulticide treatment with melarsomine. Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium’98. Tampa, FL, USA, 1998, 225-227.
  • Genchi, M., Vismarra, A., Lucchetti, C., Viglietti, A., Crosara, S., Gnudi, G., Quintavalla, C., Schaper, R. & Kramer, L. (2019). Efficacy of imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 2.5% spot on (Advocate®, Advantage Multi®) and doxycycline for the treatment of natural Dirofilaria immitis infections in dogs. Vet Parasitol, 273, 11–16. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.07.011.
  • González-Miguel, J., Morchón, R., Siles-Luca, M., Oleaga, A. & Simón, F. (2010). Identification of Dirofilaria immitis immunoreactive proteins recognized by sera from infected cats using two-dimen- sional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 174 (1), 78–82. doi:10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.06.013.
  • Grandi, G., Quintavalla, C., Mavropoulou, A., Genchi, M., Gnudi, G., Bertoni, G. & Kramer, L. (2010). A combination of doxycycline and ivermectin is adulticidal in dogs with naturally acquired heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis). Vet Parasitol, 169, 347-351. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.025.
  • Hise, A. G., Ferguson, I. G. & Pearlman, E. (2004). The role endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in filarial disease. Cel Microbiol, 6 (2), 97-104. doi:10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00350.x.
  • Hoch, H. & Strickland, K. (2008). Canine and feline dirofilariasis: prophylaxis, treatment, and complications of treatment. Compendium, 30, 146-151.
  • Kozek, W. J. (2005). What is new in the Wolbachia/Dirofilaria interaction? Vet Parasitol, 133, 127–132. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.02.005.
  • Kramer, L., Grandi, G., Passeri, B., Gianelli, P., Genchi, M., Dzimianski, M. T., Supakorndej, P., Mansour, A. M., McCall, S. D. & McCall, J. W. (2011). Evaluation of lung pathology in Dirofilaria immitis-experimentally infected dogs treated with doxycycline or a combination of doxycycline and ivermectin before administration of melarsomine dihydrochloride. Vet Parasitol, 176, 357–360. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.021.
  • Kramer, L., Simón, F., Tamarozzi, F., Gechi, M. & Bazzocchi, C. (2005a). Is Wolbachia complicating the pathological effects of Dirofilaria immitis infections? Vet Parasitol, 133, 133-136. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.04.011.
  • Kramer, L. H., Tamarozzi, F., Morchón, R., López-Belmonte, J., Marcos-Atxutegi, C., Martín-Pacho, R. & Simón, F. (2005b). Immune response to and tissue localization of the Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) in dogs with natural heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 106, 303–308. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.03.011.
  • Kryda, K., Six, R. H., Walsh, K. F., Holzmer, S. J., Chapin, S., Mahabir, S. P., Myers, M., Inskeep, T., Rugg, J., Cundiff, B., Pullins, A., Ulrich, M., McCall, J. W., McTier, T. L. & Maeder, S. J. (2019). Laboratory and field studies to investigate the efficacy of a novel, orally administered combination product containing moxidectin, sarolaner and pyrantel for the prevention of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs. Parasites Vectors, 12 (1), 445-456. doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3702-6.
  • Latrofa, M., Montarsi, F., Ciocchetta, S., Annoscia, G., Dantas-Torres, F., Ravagnan, S., Capelli, G. & Otranto, D. (2012). Molecular xenomonitoring of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from north-eastern Italy by real-time PCR coupled with melting curve analysis. Parasites Vectors, 5 (1), 76-83. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-76.
  • McCall, J. W., Genchi, C., Kramer, L., Guerrero, J., Dzimianski, M. T., Supakorndej, P., Mansour, A. M., McCall, S. D., Supakorndej, N., Grandi, G. & Carson, B. (2008a). Heartworm and Wolbachia: Therapeutic implications. Vet Parasitol, 158, 204–214. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.008.
  • McCall, J. W., Genchi, C., Kramer, L. H., Guerrero, J. Venco, L. (2008b). Heartworm disease in animals and humans. In. Rollinson D, Hay SI. Editors., Advances in Parasitology. 1st ed. Vol 66. New York, US: Academic Press; 2008b. Pp.193-285.
  • McCall, J. W., Guerrero, J., Roberts, R. E., Supakorndej, N., Mansour, A. E., Dzimianski, M. T. & McCall, S. D. (2001). Further evidence of clinical prophylactic, etro-active (reach-back) and adulticidal activity ofmonthly administrations of ivermectin (Heartgard Plus™) in dogs experimentally infected with heartworms. Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium’01. IL, USA, 2001, 189–200.
  • McCall, J. W., Hodgkins, E., Varloud, M., Mansour, A. & DiCosty, U. (2017b). Blocking the transmission of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) to mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) by weekly exposure for one month to microfilaremic dogs treated once topically with dinotefuran-permethrin-pyriproxyfen. Parasites Vectors, 10, 511-519. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2439-3.
  • McCall, J. W., Kramer, L., Genchi, C., Guerrero, J., Dzimianski, M. T., Supakorndej, P., Mansour, A., McCall, S. D., Supakorndej, N., Grandi, G. & Carson, B. (2011). Effects of doxycycline on early infections of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs. Vet Parasitol, 176, 361–367. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.022.
  • McCall, J. W., Varloud, M., Hodgkins, E., Mansour, A., DiCosty, U., McCall, S. D., Carmichael, J., Carson, B. & Carter, J. (2017a). Shifting the paradigm in Dirofilaria immitis prevention: blocking transmission from mosquitoes to dogs using repellents/insecticides and macrocyclic lactone prevention as part of a multimodal approach. Parasites Vectors, 10, 525-535. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2438-4.
  • McTier, T. L., Pullins, A., Chapin, S., Rugg, J., Von Reitzenstein, M., McCall, J. W., King, V. L. & Vatta, A. F. (2019). The efficacy of a novel topical formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner (Revolution® Plus/Stronghold® Plus) in preventing the development of Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Vet Parasitol, 270, 56-62. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.10.010.
  • Moreno, Y., Nabhan, J. F., Solomon, J., Mackenzie, C. D. & Geary, T. G. (2010). Ivermectin disrupts the function of the excretory-secretory apparatus in microfilariae of Brugia malayi. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 107, 20120–20125. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011983107.
  • Nayar, J. K. & Connelly, C. R. (2017). Mosquito-borne dog heartworm disease. In: Pests in and around the southern home. University of Florida, UF/IFAS Extension, erişim adresi: http://ifasbooks.ifas.ufl.edu/p-1222-pests-in-and-aroundthe-southern-home.aspx.
  • Nelson, C. T., Myrick, E. S. & Nelson, T. A. (2017). Clinical benefits of incorporating doxycycline into a canine heartworm treatment protocol. Parasites Vectors, 10, 515-518. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2446-4.
  • Otranto, D., Dantas-Torres, F. & Breitschwerdt, E. B. (2009). Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: part one. Trends Parasitol, 25 (4), 157–163. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2009.01.003.
  • Pfarr, K. M. & Hoerauf, A. (2006). A niche for Wolbachia. Trends Parasitol, 23, 5-7. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.11.002.
  • Powers, K. G., Parbuoni, E. L. & Furrow, R. D. (1981). Dirofilaria immitis: 1. Adverse reactions associated with diethylcarbamazine therapy in microfilaremic dogs, in Otto GF. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium’80. Batavia, IL, USA, 108-111.
  • Prichard, R. K. & Geary, T. G. (2019). Perspectives on the utility of moxidectin for the control of parasitic nematodes in the face of developing anthelmintic resistance. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist, 10, 69–83. doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.06.002.
  • Pulliam, J. D., Seward, R. L., Henry, R. T. & Steinberg, S. A. (1985). Investigating ivermectin toxicity in Collies. Vet Med, 80, 33-40.
  • Pullins, A., McTier, T. L., Mahabir, S., DeRose, G. & Hedges, L. (2020). The efficacy of a topical formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner in preventing the development of a macrocyclic lactone-resistant strain of Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Vet Parasitol, 282/109122. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109122.
  • Rawlings, C. A., Keith, J. C. Jr., Losonsky, J. M. & McCall, J. M. (1984). An aspirin-prednisolone combination to modify post adulticide lung disease in heartworm-infected dogs. Am J Vet Res, 45, 2371-2375.
  • Rossi, M. I. D., Paiva, J., Bendas, A., Mendes-de-Almeida, F., Knackfuss, F., Miranda, M., Guerrero, J., Fernandes, O. & Labarthe, N. (2010). Effects of doxycycline on the endosymbiont Wolbachia in Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856)-Naturally infected dogs. Vet Parasitol, 174 (1-2), 119-123. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.07.019.
  • Sarnıç, H. & Alkan, M. (1986). Köpeklerde Dirofilariasis olguları ve insan sağlığı yönünden önemi. Türk Parazit Derg, 1-2, 169-174.
  • Schlotthauer, J. C., Stromberg, B. E. & Paul, A. J. (1986). Safety and acceptability of ivermectin in dogs with naturally acquired patent infection of Dirofilaria immitis. Ed.: Otto GF. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium’86. Batavia, IL, USA, 1986, 29-32.
  • Simón, F., Prieto, G., Morchón, R., Bazzocchi, C., Bandi, C. & Genchi, C. (2003). Immunoglobulin G antibodies against the endosymbionts of filarial nematodes (Wolbachia) in patients with pulmonary dirofilariasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 10, 180-181. doi:10.1128/CDLI.10.1.180-181.2003.
  • Simón, F., Siles-Lucas, M., Morchon, R., Gonzalez-Miguel, J., Mellado, I., Carreton, E. & Montoya-Alonso, J. A. (2012). Human and animal Dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clin Microbiol Rev, 25, 507–544. doi:10.1128/cmr.00012-12.
  • Şahal, M., Doğanay, A. & İmren, H. (1986). Unterschungen auf die wirksamkeit der präparate Citarin-L und Aricyl gegen microfilarien und adulte würmer von Dirofilaria immitis und Dirofilaria repens bei natürlich infizierten hunden. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 33 (3), 297-308.
  • Taylor, M. J., Bandi, C. & Hoerauf, A. (2005). Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts of filarial nematodes. Adv Parasitol, 60, 245–284. doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(05)60004-8.
  • Taylor, M. J., Cross, H. F., Ford, L., Makunde, W. H., Prasad, G. B. K. S. & Bilo, K. (2001). Wolbachia bacteria in filaria immunity and disease. Parasite İmmunol, 23, 401-409. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3024.2001.00400.x
  • Umur, Ş., Köroğlu, E., Güçlü, F. & Tınar, R. (2006). Nematoda. In, Tınar R. Editors. Helmintoloji. 1st ed. Ankara, Turkey: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım; 2006, pp. 213-441.
  • Vatta, A. F., Dzimianski, M., Storey, B. E., Camus, M. S., Moorhead, A. R., Kaplan, R. M. & Wolstenholme, A. J. (2014). Ivermectin-dependent attachment of neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells to Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in vitro. Vet Parasitol, 206, 38–42. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.004.
  • Venco, L., McCall, J. W., Guerrero, J. & Genchi, C. (2004). Efficacy of long-term monthly administration of ivermectin on the progress of naturally acquired heartworm infections in dogs. Vet Parasitol, 124, 259–268. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.06.024.
  • Vezzoni, A., Genchi, C. & Raynaud, J. P. (1992). Adulticide efficacy of RM 340 in dogs with mild and severe natural infections. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium’92. Austin, TX, USA, 1992, 231-240.
  • Wolstenholme, A. J., Evans, C. C., Jimenez, P. D. & Moorhead, A. R. (2015). The emergence of macrocyclic lactone resistance in the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis. Parasitology, 142, 1249–1259. doi:10.1017/S003118201500061X.
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Sciences
Journal Section Review
Authors

Dilge Sıla Yalçın 0000-0002-9343-9842

Nermin Işık 0000-0001-7466-7068

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Acceptance Date December 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yalçın, D. S., & Işık, N. (2022). PULMONER ARTERİYAL DİROFİLARİASİS TEDAVİ EDİLEBİLİR Mİ? GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE TEDAVİ SEÇENEKLERİ. Veteriner Farmakoloji Ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 13(3), 174-186. https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1200566
 Download Cover Image


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.