Göçün Güvenlikleştirilmesi: Almanya’da Aşırı Sağ Parti AfD’nin Yükselişi ve Suriyeli Mülteci Krizi

Year 2018, Issue: 8, 123 - 150, 18.12.2018

Sabiha Nur Meç

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Almanya İçin Alternatif Partisi’nin (Alternative für Deutschland) 2015’teki parti imajı ve kadro değişiminden sonra göçmen karşıtlığı temelinde politika yaparak hem eyalet parlamentolarında hem de ulusal parlamentoda elde ettiği başarılar üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın hipotezi, Suriye İç Savaşı sonucunda Almanya’ya ulaşmayı hedefleyen mülteci göçünün artan oranının AfD’nin parti manifestosu, lider söylemleri ve seçim afişleri aracılığıyla bir güvenlikleştirme unsuru olarak kullanıldığı, böylece toplumsal alanda İslamofobi ve göçmen karşıtlığını kışkırttığı üzerinedir. Almanya’nın kriz içerisinde Avrupa’daki en fazla mülteci alan ülke olması toplumsal alanda göçe yönelik reflekslerin de burada en net şekilde gözlenmesine imkân sağlamıştır. Diğer yandan 2015 sonrası mülteci krizinin yoğunlaştığı sürece paralel olarak AfD’de büyük bir misyon değişikliği yaşandığı gözlemlenmiştir. Partinin neoliberal, Avrupa şüpheci, Euro karşıtı kimliği parti içindeki milliyetçi-muhafazakâr kesimin liderliği ele geçirmesiyle birlikte yabancı düşmanlığı ve göçmen karşıtlığı üzerinden şekillenmeye başlamıştır. Bu dönüşümden sonra göçün bir propaganda aracı olarak kullanılmasıyla birlikte AfD, eyalet parlamentolarında %25’e varan oranlara ulaşmış ve Almanya’da son durumda bütün eyalet parlamentolarında temsil edilir hale gelmiştir. Son olarak da, 2017 yılındaki genel seçimlerde Nazi döneminden bu yana Almanya’da Federal Parlamento’ya giren ilk aşırı sağ parti olması özelliğiyle hem Almanya siyasetinde hem de aşırı sağ literatüründe özgün bir konum kazanmıştır.

Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada 2013 yılında kurulan AfD’nin 2015 yılı itibariyle göçü bir propaganda aracı olarak kullanması; 2015-2017 yılları arasındaki parti programı, seçim afişleri ve liderlerinin söylemlerindeki göçmenlere ve Müslüman mültecilere yönelik güvenlikleştirici argümanlar çerçevesinde incelenecek ve bunun partinin toplumsal ve siyasal alandaki iktidarına yansımaları araştırılacaktır.

Keywords

göçün güvenlikleştirilmesi, Almanya, sağ partiler, AfD, Suriyeli mülteci krizi

Securitization of Migration: Rising of Radical Right Wing Party 'AfD' in Germany and Syrian Refugee Crisis

Abstract

Hosting the largest number of refugees in Europe, Germany has witnessed the strongest reactions against immigration. This study examines how the AfD, with the change of its party manifesto and leadership, has manipulated the Syrian Refugee Crisis by using refugees as a political instrument post 2015. By constructing refugees as a security threat and provoking negative feelings in people against Muslims and refugees, the AfD has gained success both in Federal and State Parliaments, becoming the first radical right wing party to enter Federal Parliament after World War II. The main argument of this study is to show that the rise of Syrian refugee migration in Germany is used as a securitization instrument through AfD’s party manifesto, leaders’ discourse and election posters. As a result, the AfD achieved the spread of anti-immigration and Islamophobic sentiments in society. Furthermore, considering that migration as a result of Syrian civil war has intensified, AfD has redirected its party’s mission. Party identity and focus turned from Neoliberalism to anti-immigration and nationalism with the leadership change in AfD in 2015. After this process, by using refugees as an instrument of propaganda, AfD has reached 25% in state parliament elections. In this study, AfD’s securitization factors on immigration issues and the effects on the party’s success in both the social and political realm between 2015 and 2017 will be analysed.

Keywords

Securitization of migration, Germany, far right parties, AfD, Syrian Refugee Crisis

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