Year 2020,
Issue: 12, 235 - 257, 20.11.2020
Christof Dejung
Translator: Çiğdem Dumanlı
Abstract
This article examines the Global History of emergence and interaction of the middle classes within and outside of Europe. A three-stage review; the imperial context of emergence of the middle classes within non-western world, common features and differences of middle classes emerged in different parts of the world and that these middle classes can be evaluated as a result of globalization processes, is presented in the article...........................................................................................................................
References
- 1. Charles Robert Ageron, “Les classes moyennes dans l’Algérie colonial. Origines, formation et évaluation quantitative”, Les classes moyennes au Maghreb, Abdelkader Zghal (Yay.), Paris 1980, s. 52-75.
2. David Ambaras, “Social Knowedge, Cultural Capital, and the New Middle Class in Japan 1895-1912”, Journal of Japanese Studies 24 (1998), s. 1-33.
3. Margot Badran, “Competing Agenda. Feminists, Islam, and the State in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Egypt”, Global Feminismus since 1945, Bonnie G. Smith (Yay.), London 2000, s. 13-44.
4. Christopher Bayly, Die Geburt der modernen Welt. Eine Globalgeschichte 1780-1914, Frankfurt a.M. 2006.
5. Sven Beckert, Empire of Cotton. A Global History, New York 2015.
6. Sven Beckert, The Monied Metropolis. New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850-1896, Cambridge 2001.
7. Sven Beckert/Julia B. Rosenbaum (Yay.), The American Bourgeoisie. Distinction and Identity in Nineteenth Century, New York 2010.
8. Maxine Berg, “In Pursuit of Luxury. Global Origins of British Consumer Goods in the Eighteenth Century”, Past and Present 182 (2004), s. 85-142.
9. Marie-Claire Bergère, The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie 1911-1937, Cambridge 1989.
10. Hartmut Berghoff/Roland Möller, “Unternehmer in Deutschland und England 1870-1914. Aspekte eines kollektiv-biographischen Vergleichs”, HZ 256 (1993), s. 353-386.
11. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture, London 1994; Marwan M. Kraidy, Hybridity. On the Cultural Logic of Globalization, Philadelphia 2005.
12. Anil Bhatti v.d., “Ähnlichkeit. Ein kulturtheoretisches Paradigma”, Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deuschen Literatur 36 (2011), s. 234-247.
13. Burton J. Bledstein/Robert D. Johnston (Yay.), The Middling Sorts. Explorations in the History of the American Middle Class, New York 2001.
14. Elleke Boehmer, Empire, the Naional, and the Postcolonial 1890-1920. Resistance in Interaction, Oxford 2002, s. 21.
15. Rea Brändle, Nayo Bruce. Geschichte einer afrikanischen Familie in Europa, Zürich 2007.
16. Gunilla Budde, “Bürgerinnen in der Bürgergesellschaft”, Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte des Bürgertums. Eine Bilanz des Bielefelder Sonderforschungsbereichs (1986-1997), Peter Lundgreen (Yay.), Göttingen 2000, s. 249-271.
17. Gunilla Budde v.d. (Yay.), Bürgertum nach dem bürgerlichen Zeitalter. Leitbilder und Praxis seit 1945, Göttingen 2010.
- 18. David Cannadine, Ornamentalism. How the British Saw Their Empire, London 2001; A. Martin Wainwright, »The Better Class« of Indians. Social Rank, Imperial Identity, and South Asians in Britain 1858-1914, Manchester 2012.
19. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe. Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference, Princeton 2000.
20. Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World – Derivative Discourse, London 1986.
21. Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments. Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, Princeton 1993.
22. Sebastian Conrad, “»Eingeborenenpolitik« in Kolonie und Metropole. »Erziehung zur Arbeit« in Ostafrika und Ostwestfalen”, Das Kaiserreich transnational. Deutschland in der Welt 1871-1914, Sebastian Conrad/Jürgen Osterhammel (Yay.), Göttingen 2004, s. 107-128.
23. Frederick Cooper/Ann Laura Stoler (Yay.), Tensions of Empire, Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, Berkeley 1997.
24. Diane E. Davis, Discipline and Development. Middle Classes and Prosperitiy in East Asia and Latin America, Cambridge 2004.
25. Christof Dejung, “Auf dem Weg zu einer globalen Sozialgeschichte?, Neuere Ansätze zu einer Globalgeschichte des Bürgertums”, NPL 59 (2014), s. 229-253.
26. Christof Dejung, Die Fäden des globalen Marktes. Eine Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte des Welthandels am Beispiel der Handelsfirma Gebrüder Volkart 1851-1999, Köln 2013.
27. Christof Dejung, “Transregional Study of Class, Social Groups, and Milieus”, Handbook of Transregional Studies, Matthias Middell (Yay.), London 2019, s. 74-81.
28. Disiplinlerarası ağ günlüğü: https://globalmiddleclasses.wordpress.com/.
29. Henrike Donner (Yay.), Being Middle-Class in India. A Way of Life, London 2011.
30. Michel R. Doortmont, The Pen-Pictures of Modern Africans and African Celebrities by Charles Francis Hutchinson. A Collective Biography of Elite Society in the Gold Coast Colony, Leiden 2005.
31. Richard Dryton, Nature’s Government. Science, British Imperialism and the Improvement of the World, New Haven 2000.
32. Richard Drayton, “The Collaboration of Labour. Slaves, Empires, and Globalizations in the Atlantic World, c. 1600-1850”, Globalization in World History, A.G. Hopkins (Yay.), London 2002.
33. Jeroen Duindam, Dynasties. A Global History of Power, Cambridge 2016.
34. Andreas Eckert, “What is Global Labour History Good For?”, Work in a Modern Society. The German Historical Experience in Comparative Perspective, Jürgen Kocka (Yay.), New York 2010, s. 169-181.
35. Bianka Pietrow-Ennker, Russlands »neue Menschen«. Die Entwicklung der Frauenbewegung von den Anfängen bis zur Oktoberrevolution, Frankfurt a.M. 1999.
36. Frantz Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs, Paris 1952.
37. Stefanie Gänger/Su Lin Lewis, “Forum: A World of Ideas. New Pathways in Global Intellectual History, c.1880-1930”, Modern Intellectual History 10 (2013), s. 347-351.
38. Andrew Gordon, “Consumption, Leisure and the Middle Class in Transwar Japan”, Social Science Japan Journal 10 (2007), s. 1-21.
39. Müge Fatma Göçek, Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire, Ottoman Westernization and Social Change, New York 1996.
40. Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects. Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination 1830-1867, Chicago 2002.
41. Catherine Hall/Sonya O. Rose, At Home with the Empire. Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World, Cambridge 2006.
42. Rachel Heiman u.a. (Yay.), The Global Middle Classes. Theorizing Through Ethnography, Santa Fe 2012.
43. Manfred Hettling/Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann (Yay.), Der bürgerliche Wertehimmel. Innenansichten des 19. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen 2000.
44. Toufoul Abou-Hodeib, A Taste for Home. The Modern Middle Class in Ottoman Beirut, Stanford 2017.
45. Christina J. Hodge, Consumerism and the Emergence of the Middle Class in Colonial America, New York 2014.
46. Kristin L. Hoganson, Consumers’ Imperium. The Global Production of American Domesticity, 1865-1920, Chapel Hill 2007.
47. Lynn Hunt, “The Global Financial Origins of 1789”, The French Revolution in Global Perspective, Suzanne Desan v.d. (Yay.), Ithaca 2013, s. 32-43.
48. Lynn Hunt, Writing History in the Global Era, New York 2014.
49. Kumari Jayawardena, Nobodies to Somebodies. The Rise of the Colonial Bourgeoisie in Sri Lanka, London 2000.
50. Robert D. Johnston, The Radical Middle Class. Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon, Princeton 2003.
51. Charles A. Jones, International Business in the Nineteenth Century. The Rise and Fall of Cosmopolitan Bourgeoisie, Brighton 1987.
52. Sanjay Joshi, Fractured Modernity. Making of a Middle Class in Colonial North India, New Delhi 2001.
53. Prashant Kidambi, The Making of an Indian Metropolis. Colonial Governance and Public Culture in Bombay, 1890-1920, Aldershot 2007.
54. Jürgen Kocka, “Das europäische Muster und der deutsche Fall”, Bürgertum im 19. Jahrhundert. Bd. 1: Einheit und Vielfalt Europas, Jürgen Kocka (Yay.), Göttingen 1995, s. 9-75.
55. Jürgen Kocka, “Sozialgeschichte und Globalgeschichte”, Dimensionen der Kultur- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte. Festschrift für Hannes Siegrist zum 60. Geburtstag, Matthias Middel (Yay.), Leipzig 2007, s. 90-101.
56. Reinhart Koselleck/Ulrike Spree/Wilhelm Steinmetz, “Drei bürgerliche Welten. Zur vergleichenden Semantik der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft in Deutschland, England und Frankreich”, Bürger in der Gesellschaft der Neuzeit, Hans-Jürgen Puhle (Yay.), Göttingen 1991, s. 14-58.
57. Leo Kuper, An African Bourgeoisie. Race, Class, and Politics in South Africa, New Haven 1965.
58. Su Lin Lewis, “Between Orientalism and Nationalism. The Learned Society and the Making of »Southeast Asia«”, Modern Intellectual History 10 (2013), s. 353-374.
59. Marcel von Linden, Workers of the World. Essays Toward a Global Labor History, Leiden 2008.
60. A.Ricardo López/Barbara Weinstein, “We Shall Be All. Toward a Transnational History of the Middle Class”, The Making of the Middle Class. Toward a Transnational History, López/Weinstein (Yay.), Durham NC 2012, s. 1-25.
61. Chris Lorenz, “»Won’t You Tell Me, Where Have All the Good Times Gone?« On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Modernization Theory for Historical Study”, The Many Faces of Clio, Cross-cultural Approaches to Historiography, Q. Edward Wang/Franz L. Fillafer (Yay.), New York 2007, s. 104-127.
62. Kris Manjapra, Age of Entanglement. German and Indian Intellectuals across Empire, Cambridge MA 2010.
63. Patrick Manning, “L’Affaire Adjovi. La bourgeosie foncière naissante au Dahomey, face à l’administration”, Entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique, Alain Forest (Yay.), Paris 1983, s. 241-267.
64. Patrick Manning, Navigating World History. Historians Create a Global Past, New York 2003.
65. Claude Markovits, Merchants, Traders, Entrepreneurs. Indian Business in the Colonial Era, Basingstoke 2008, s. 167-83.
66. Louise McReynolds, Russia at Play. Leisure Activities at the End of the Tsarist Era, Ithaca 2003.
67. Henning Melber (Yay.), The Rise of Africa’s Middle Class, London 2016.
68. David Motadel, “Qajar Shahs in Imperial Germany”, Past and Present 213 (2011), s. 191-235.
69. Vali Nasr, Forces of Fortune. The Rise of the New Muslim Middle Class and What it Will Mean for Our World, New York 2009.
70. Jürgen Osterhammel, Die Verwandlung der Welt. Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts, München 2009, s. 1079-1097.
71. Jürgen Osterhammel, “Transnationale Gesellschaftsgeschichte, Erweiterung oder Alternative?”, GG 27 (2001), s. 464-479.
72. Paul Parker, “Burgeoning Bourgeoisie”, The Economist, 12. Febuar 2009.
73. David S. Parker/Louise E. Walker, Latin America’s Middle Class. Unsettled Debates and New Histories, Lexington 2013.
74. Margit Pernau, Bürger mit Turban. Muslime in Delhi im 19. Jahrhundert, Göttingen 2008.
75. Kenneth Pomeranz, “Social History and World History. From Daily Life to Patterns of Change”, Journal of World History 18 (2007), s. 69-98.
76. Edward Pratt, Japan’s Protoindustrial Elite. The Economic Foundations of the Gōnō, Cambridge MA. 1999.
77. Marie Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation, London 2008.
78. Kapil Raj, Relocating Modern Science. Circulation and the Construction of Knowledge in South Asia and Europe, 1650-1900, Basingstoke 2007, Kapitel 5.
79. Giorgio Riello, Cotton. The Fabric that Made the Modern World, Cambridge 2013.
80. Lucie Ryzova, The Age of the Efendiyya. Passages to Modernity in National-Colonial Egypt, Oxford 2014.
81. Cyrus Schayegh, Who is Knowledgeable is Strong. Science, Class, and the Formation of Modern Iranian Society, 1900-1950, Berkeley 2009.
82. Jerold Seigel, Modernity and Bourgeois Life. Society, Politics, and Culture in England, France, and Germany since 1750, Cambridge 2012.
83. Hannes Siegrist, “History of Bourgeosie/Middle Classes”, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Neil J. Smelser/Paul B. Baltes (Yay.), Amsterdam 2001, s. 1307-1314.
84. Peter Stearns, “Social History and World History Toward Greater Interaction”, World History Connected 2,2 (2005) http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/2.2/stearns.html (Erişim Tarihi: 27 Şubat 2017).
85. Ann Laura Stoler/Frederick Cooper, “Between Metropole and Colony, Rethinking a Research Agenda”, Tensions of Empire. Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, Ann Laura Stoler/Frederick Cooper (Yay.), Berkeley 1997, s. 1-56.
86. Georg Thilenius, Völkerkunde und Schule. Einführung in die Austellung des Museums für Völkerkunde Hamburg, 1.-7. Juni 1925, München 1925.
87. Harald Fischer-Tiné, “Reclaiming Savages in »Darkest England« and »Darkest India«. The Salvation Army as Transnational Agents of the Civilizing Mission”, Civilizing Missions in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia. From Improvement to Developement, Carey A. Watt/Michael Mann (Yay.), London 2011, s. 125-164.
88. Keith David Watenpaugh, Being Modern in the Middle East. Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class, Princeton 2006.
89. Hans Ulrich-Wehler, Bismarck und der Imperialismus, Köln 1969; John M. MacKenzie, Propaganda and Empire. The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880-1960, Manchester 1984.
90. Michael O. West, The Rise of the African Middle Class. Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898-1965, Bloomington 2002.
91. Gary Wilder, The French Imperial Nation-State. Negritude and Colonial Humanism between the Two World Wars, Chicago 2005.
92. Oliver Zunz, “Introduction. Social Contracts Under Stress”, Social Contracts Under Stress. The Middle Classes of America, Europe, and Japan at the Turn of the Century, Zunz v.d. (Yay.), New York 2002, s. 1-17.
Dünya vatandaşları: Uzun On Dokuzuncu Yüzyılda Orta Sınıfların Küresel Tarihi Hakkında Bazı Düşünceler
Year 2020,
Issue: 12, 235 - 257, 20.11.2020
Christof Dejung
Translator: Çiğdem Dumanlı
Abstract
Bu makale, Avrupa’nın kendi orta sınıfları ile Avrupa dışı burjuvanın ortaya çıkış ve birbirleriyle etkileşim süreçlerinin küresel tarihini incelemektedir. Makalede, Batı dışı dünyada orta sınıfların ortaya çıkışının emperyal bağlamı, dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde ortaya çıkmış orta sınıfların ortak özellikleri ve farkları ve bu orta sınıfların küreselleşme süreçlerinin bir sonucu olarak değerlendirilebileceğine yönelik üç aşamalı bir inceleme sunulmaktadır..............................................
References
- 1. Charles Robert Ageron, “Les classes moyennes dans l’Algérie colonial. Origines, formation et évaluation quantitative”, Les classes moyennes au Maghreb, Abdelkader Zghal (Yay.), Paris 1980, s. 52-75.
2. David Ambaras, “Social Knowedge, Cultural Capital, and the New Middle Class in Japan 1895-1912”, Journal of Japanese Studies 24 (1998), s. 1-33.
3. Margot Badran, “Competing Agenda. Feminists, Islam, and the State in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Egypt”, Global Feminismus since 1945, Bonnie G. Smith (Yay.), London 2000, s. 13-44.
4. Christopher Bayly, Die Geburt der modernen Welt. Eine Globalgeschichte 1780-1914, Frankfurt a.M. 2006.
5. Sven Beckert, Empire of Cotton. A Global History, New York 2015.
6. Sven Beckert, The Monied Metropolis. New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850-1896, Cambridge 2001.
7. Sven Beckert/Julia B. Rosenbaum (Yay.), The American Bourgeoisie. Distinction and Identity in Nineteenth Century, New York 2010.
8. Maxine Berg, “In Pursuit of Luxury. Global Origins of British Consumer Goods in the Eighteenth Century”, Past and Present 182 (2004), s. 85-142.
9. Marie-Claire Bergère, The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie 1911-1937, Cambridge 1989.
10. Hartmut Berghoff/Roland Möller, “Unternehmer in Deutschland und England 1870-1914. Aspekte eines kollektiv-biographischen Vergleichs”, HZ 256 (1993), s. 353-386.
11. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture, London 1994; Marwan M. Kraidy, Hybridity. On the Cultural Logic of Globalization, Philadelphia 2005.
12. Anil Bhatti v.d., “Ähnlichkeit. Ein kulturtheoretisches Paradigma”, Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deuschen Literatur 36 (2011), s. 234-247.
13. Burton J. Bledstein/Robert D. Johnston (Yay.), The Middling Sorts. Explorations in the History of the American Middle Class, New York 2001.
14. Elleke Boehmer, Empire, the Naional, and the Postcolonial 1890-1920. Resistance in Interaction, Oxford 2002, s. 21.
15. Rea Brändle, Nayo Bruce. Geschichte einer afrikanischen Familie in Europa, Zürich 2007.
16. Gunilla Budde, “Bürgerinnen in der Bürgergesellschaft”, Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte des Bürgertums. Eine Bilanz des Bielefelder Sonderforschungsbereichs (1986-1997), Peter Lundgreen (Yay.), Göttingen 2000, s. 249-271.
17. Gunilla Budde v.d. (Yay.), Bürgertum nach dem bürgerlichen Zeitalter. Leitbilder und Praxis seit 1945, Göttingen 2010.
- 18. David Cannadine, Ornamentalism. How the British Saw Their Empire, London 2001; A. Martin Wainwright, »The Better Class« of Indians. Social Rank, Imperial Identity, and South Asians in Britain 1858-1914, Manchester 2012.
19. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe. Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference, Princeton 2000.
20. Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World – Derivative Discourse, London 1986.
21. Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments. Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, Princeton 1993.
22. Sebastian Conrad, “»Eingeborenenpolitik« in Kolonie und Metropole. »Erziehung zur Arbeit« in Ostafrika und Ostwestfalen”, Das Kaiserreich transnational. Deutschland in der Welt 1871-1914, Sebastian Conrad/Jürgen Osterhammel (Yay.), Göttingen 2004, s. 107-128.
23. Frederick Cooper/Ann Laura Stoler (Yay.), Tensions of Empire, Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, Berkeley 1997.
24. Diane E. Davis, Discipline and Development. Middle Classes and Prosperitiy in East Asia and Latin America, Cambridge 2004.
25. Christof Dejung, “Auf dem Weg zu einer globalen Sozialgeschichte?, Neuere Ansätze zu einer Globalgeschichte des Bürgertums”, NPL 59 (2014), s. 229-253.
26. Christof Dejung, Die Fäden des globalen Marktes. Eine Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte des Welthandels am Beispiel der Handelsfirma Gebrüder Volkart 1851-1999, Köln 2013.
27. Christof Dejung, “Transregional Study of Class, Social Groups, and Milieus”, Handbook of Transregional Studies, Matthias Middell (Yay.), London 2019, s. 74-81.
28. Disiplinlerarası ağ günlüğü: https://globalmiddleclasses.wordpress.com/.
29. Henrike Donner (Yay.), Being Middle-Class in India. A Way of Life, London 2011.
30. Michel R. Doortmont, The Pen-Pictures of Modern Africans and African Celebrities by Charles Francis Hutchinson. A Collective Biography of Elite Society in the Gold Coast Colony, Leiden 2005.
31. Richard Dryton, Nature’s Government. Science, British Imperialism and the Improvement of the World, New Haven 2000.
32. Richard Drayton, “The Collaboration of Labour. Slaves, Empires, and Globalizations in the Atlantic World, c. 1600-1850”, Globalization in World History, A.G. Hopkins (Yay.), London 2002.
33. Jeroen Duindam, Dynasties. A Global History of Power, Cambridge 2016.
34. Andreas Eckert, “What is Global Labour History Good For?”, Work in a Modern Society. The German Historical Experience in Comparative Perspective, Jürgen Kocka (Yay.), New York 2010, s. 169-181.
35. Bianka Pietrow-Ennker, Russlands »neue Menschen«. Die Entwicklung der Frauenbewegung von den Anfängen bis zur Oktoberrevolution, Frankfurt a.M. 1999.
36. Frantz Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs, Paris 1952.
37. Stefanie Gänger/Su Lin Lewis, “Forum: A World of Ideas. New Pathways in Global Intellectual History, c.1880-1930”, Modern Intellectual History 10 (2013), s. 347-351.
38. Andrew Gordon, “Consumption, Leisure and the Middle Class in Transwar Japan”, Social Science Japan Journal 10 (2007), s. 1-21.
39. Müge Fatma Göçek, Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire, Ottoman Westernization and Social Change, New York 1996.
40. Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects. Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination 1830-1867, Chicago 2002.
41. Catherine Hall/Sonya O. Rose, At Home with the Empire. Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World, Cambridge 2006.
42. Rachel Heiman u.a. (Yay.), The Global Middle Classes. Theorizing Through Ethnography, Santa Fe 2012.
43. Manfred Hettling/Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann (Yay.), Der bürgerliche Wertehimmel. Innenansichten des 19. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen 2000.
44. Toufoul Abou-Hodeib, A Taste for Home. The Modern Middle Class in Ottoman Beirut, Stanford 2017.
45. Christina J. Hodge, Consumerism and the Emergence of the Middle Class in Colonial America, New York 2014.
46. Kristin L. Hoganson, Consumers’ Imperium. The Global Production of American Domesticity, 1865-1920, Chapel Hill 2007.
47. Lynn Hunt, “The Global Financial Origins of 1789”, The French Revolution in Global Perspective, Suzanne Desan v.d. (Yay.), Ithaca 2013, s. 32-43.
48. Lynn Hunt, Writing History in the Global Era, New York 2014.
49. Kumari Jayawardena, Nobodies to Somebodies. The Rise of the Colonial Bourgeoisie in Sri Lanka, London 2000.
50. Robert D. Johnston, The Radical Middle Class. Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon, Princeton 2003.
51. Charles A. Jones, International Business in the Nineteenth Century. The Rise and Fall of Cosmopolitan Bourgeoisie, Brighton 1987.
52. Sanjay Joshi, Fractured Modernity. Making of a Middle Class in Colonial North India, New Delhi 2001.
53. Prashant Kidambi, The Making of an Indian Metropolis. Colonial Governance and Public Culture in Bombay, 1890-1920, Aldershot 2007.
54. Jürgen Kocka, “Das europäische Muster und der deutsche Fall”, Bürgertum im 19. Jahrhundert. Bd. 1: Einheit und Vielfalt Europas, Jürgen Kocka (Yay.), Göttingen 1995, s. 9-75.
55. Jürgen Kocka, “Sozialgeschichte und Globalgeschichte”, Dimensionen der Kultur- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte. Festschrift für Hannes Siegrist zum 60. Geburtstag, Matthias Middel (Yay.), Leipzig 2007, s. 90-101.
56. Reinhart Koselleck/Ulrike Spree/Wilhelm Steinmetz, “Drei bürgerliche Welten. Zur vergleichenden Semantik der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft in Deutschland, England und Frankreich”, Bürger in der Gesellschaft der Neuzeit, Hans-Jürgen Puhle (Yay.), Göttingen 1991, s. 14-58.
57. Leo Kuper, An African Bourgeoisie. Race, Class, and Politics in South Africa, New Haven 1965.
58. Su Lin Lewis, “Between Orientalism and Nationalism. The Learned Society and the Making of »Southeast Asia«”, Modern Intellectual History 10 (2013), s. 353-374.
59. Marcel von Linden, Workers of the World. Essays Toward a Global Labor History, Leiden 2008.
60. A.Ricardo López/Barbara Weinstein, “We Shall Be All. Toward a Transnational History of the Middle Class”, The Making of the Middle Class. Toward a Transnational History, López/Weinstein (Yay.), Durham NC 2012, s. 1-25.
61. Chris Lorenz, “»Won’t You Tell Me, Where Have All the Good Times Gone?« On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Modernization Theory for Historical Study”, The Many Faces of Clio, Cross-cultural Approaches to Historiography, Q. Edward Wang/Franz L. Fillafer (Yay.), New York 2007, s. 104-127.
62. Kris Manjapra, Age of Entanglement. German and Indian Intellectuals across Empire, Cambridge MA 2010.
63. Patrick Manning, “L’Affaire Adjovi. La bourgeosie foncière naissante au Dahomey, face à l’administration”, Entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique, Alain Forest (Yay.), Paris 1983, s. 241-267.
64. Patrick Manning, Navigating World History. Historians Create a Global Past, New York 2003.
65. Claude Markovits, Merchants, Traders, Entrepreneurs. Indian Business in the Colonial Era, Basingstoke 2008, s. 167-83.
66. Louise McReynolds, Russia at Play. Leisure Activities at the End of the Tsarist Era, Ithaca 2003.
67. Henning Melber (Yay.), The Rise of Africa’s Middle Class, London 2016.
68. David Motadel, “Qajar Shahs in Imperial Germany”, Past and Present 213 (2011), s. 191-235.
69. Vali Nasr, Forces of Fortune. The Rise of the New Muslim Middle Class and What it Will Mean for Our World, New York 2009.
70. Jürgen Osterhammel, Die Verwandlung der Welt. Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts, München 2009, s. 1079-1097.
71. Jürgen Osterhammel, “Transnationale Gesellschaftsgeschichte, Erweiterung oder Alternative?”, GG 27 (2001), s. 464-479.
72. Paul Parker, “Burgeoning Bourgeoisie”, The Economist, 12. Febuar 2009.
73. David S. Parker/Louise E. Walker, Latin America’s Middle Class. Unsettled Debates and New Histories, Lexington 2013.
74. Margit Pernau, Bürger mit Turban. Muslime in Delhi im 19. Jahrhundert, Göttingen 2008.
75. Kenneth Pomeranz, “Social History and World History. From Daily Life to Patterns of Change”, Journal of World History 18 (2007), s. 69-98.
76. Edward Pratt, Japan’s Protoindustrial Elite. The Economic Foundations of the Gōnō, Cambridge MA. 1999.
77. Marie Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation, London 2008.
78. Kapil Raj, Relocating Modern Science. Circulation and the Construction of Knowledge in South Asia and Europe, 1650-1900, Basingstoke 2007, Kapitel 5.
79. Giorgio Riello, Cotton. The Fabric that Made the Modern World, Cambridge 2013.
80. Lucie Ryzova, The Age of the Efendiyya. Passages to Modernity in National-Colonial Egypt, Oxford 2014.
81. Cyrus Schayegh, Who is Knowledgeable is Strong. Science, Class, and the Formation of Modern Iranian Society, 1900-1950, Berkeley 2009.
82. Jerold Seigel, Modernity and Bourgeois Life. Society, Politics, and Culture in England, France, and Germany since 1750, Cambridge 2012.
83. Hannes Siegrist, “History of Bourgeosie/Middle Classes”, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Neil J. Smelser/Paul B. Baltes (Yay.), Amsterdam 2001, s. 1307-1314.
84. Peter Stearns, “Social History and World History Toward Greater Interaction”, World History Connected 2,2 (2005) http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/2.2/stearns.html (Erişim Tarihi: 27 Şubat 2017).
85. Ann Laura Stoler/Frederick Cooper, “Between Metropole and Colony, Rethinking a Research Agenda”, Tensions of Empire. Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, Ann Laura Stoler/Frederick Cooper (Yay.), Berkeley 1997, s. 1-56.
86. Georg Thilenius, Völkerkunde und Schule. Einführung in die Austellung des Museums für Völkerkunde Hamburg, 1.-7. Juni 1925, München 1925.
87. Harald Fischer-Tiné, “Reclaiming Savages in »Darkest England« and »Darkest India«. The Salvation Army as Transnational Agents of the Civilizing Mission”, Civilizing Missions in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia. From Improvement to Developement, Carey A. Watt/Michael Mann (Yay.), London 2011, s. 125-164.
88. Keith David Watenpaugh, Being Modern in the Middle East. Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class, Princeton 2006.
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