Spor ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık: Çocuklar için Sporun Anahtar Rolü

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 18 - 35, 31.03.2025

Gökhan Acar , Kayhan Serin

https://doi.org/10.70007/yalovaspor.1604465

Abstract

Bu çalışma, çocuk sporcuların psikolojik dayanıklılığını geliştirmede sporun etkisini meta-analiz yöntemiyle değerlendirmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Meta-analiz, mevcut araştırma bulgularını sistematik bir şekilde birleştirerek genel eğilimleri ve etkileri istatistiksel olarak analiz etmeyi amaçlayan bir yöntemdir. Araştırmada, sporun çocukların stresle başa çıkma becerilerini, öz güvenlerini ve duygusal düzenleme kapasitelerini güçlendirdiğini göstermektedir. Spor etkinliklerinin problem çözme, takım çalışması ve zorluklarla mücadele becerilerini geliştirdiği belirlenmiştir. Takım sporlarının, bireysel sporlara kıyasla sosyal destek mekanizmalarını güçlendirme yoluyla dayanıklılık üzerinde daha güçlü bir etkisi olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ayıca bulgularda, spor ortamlarında uygun pedagojik yaklaşımların benimsenmesinin önemini ön plana çıkmaktadır. Çocukların dayanıklılık gelişimini desteklemek için spor programlarının yaş grupları, bireysel ihtiyaçlar ve sosyal bağlamlar dikkate alınarak tasarlanması gerekliliğinin yanı sıra sporun yalnızca bireysel faydalar sağlamakla kalmayıp, toplumsal refahı destekleyen bir araç olduğu ortaya konulmaktadır. Gelecekteki araştırmaların, çocukların yaş ve ihtiyaçlarına uygun, sürdürülebilir spor programlarının tasarımına odaklanması önerilmektedir. Ayrıca çocukların spor etkinliklerine aktif katılımı teşvik edilmelidir. Sporun çocuk gelişimindeki rolüne dair yapılan araştırmalar, bu etkinliklerin çocukların sadece fiziksel değil, aynı zamanda psikolojik sağlıklarını da desteklediğini güçlü bir şekilde ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Spor, Psikolojik Dayanıklılık, Çocuk Sporcular, Dayanıklılık Gelişimi.

Sports and Psychological Resilience: The Key Role of Sports for Children

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of sports on enhancing psychological resilience in child athletes using the meta-analysis method. Meta-analysis is a method that systematically integrates existing research findings to statistically analyze general trends and effects. The study demonstrates that sports strengthen children's ability to cope with stress, enhance their self-confidence, and improve their emotional regulation capacity. It has been determined that sports activities contribute to the development of problem-solving, teamwork, and resilience skills. Moreover, team sports have been observed to exert a stronger influence on resilience compared to individual sports by reinforcing social support mechanisms. Furthermore, the findings highlight the importance of adopting appropriate pedagogical approaches within sports environments. The necessity of designing sports programs that take into account age groups, individual needs, and social contexts to support children's resilience development is emphasized. In addition to providing individual benefits, sports are also presented as a tool that fosters societal well-being. Future research is recommended to focus on designing sustainable sports programs tailored to children's age and developmental needs. Additionally, active participation in sports activities should be encouraged. Research on the role of sports in child development strongly suggests that these activities not only contribute to children's physical health but also play a crucial role in supporting their psychological well-being.

Keywords

Sports, Psychological Resilience, Child Athletes, Resilience Development.

References

• Bennis, W. M., Pachur, T. (2006). Fast and frugal heuristics in sports. Psychology of sport and exercise, 7(6), 611-629.
• Birrer, D., Röthlin, P., Morgan, G. (2012). Mindfulness to enhance athletic performance: Theoretical considerations and possible impact mechanisms. Mindfulness, 3(3), 235-246.
• Blascovich, J., Tomaka, J. (1996). The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 28, pp. 1-51). Academic Press.
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P., Rothstein, H. R. (2021). Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
• Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28.
• Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. routledge.
• Connaughton, D., Wadey, R., Hanton, S., Jones, G. (2008). The development and maintenance of mental toughness: Perceptions of elite performers. Journal of sports sciences, 26(1), 83-95.
• Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
• Crits-Christoph, P. (1992). A Meta-analysis. American journal of Psychiatry, 149, 151-158.
• Çelik, O. B., Tekkurşun Demir, G., İlhan, E. L., Cicioğlu, İ., vd. (2019). Sporcu ergenlerde psikolojik sağlamlık. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(2), 296-303.
• Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
• Dishman, R. K., Berthoud, H. R., Booth, F. W., Cotman, C. W., Edgerton, V. R., Fleshner, M., ... Zigmond, M. J. (2006). Neurobiology of exercise. Obesity, 14(3), 345–356.
• Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. bmj, 315(7109), 629-634.
• Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 10, 1-21.
• Fletcher, D., Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic champions. Psychology of sport and exercise, 13(5), 669-678.
• Fraser-Thomas, J. L., Côté, J., Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sport programs: An avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical education & sport pedagogy, 10(1), 19-40.
• Galli, N., Vealey, R. S. (2008). “Bouncing back” from adversity: Athletes’ experiences of resilience. The sport psychologist, 22(3), 316-335.
• Galli, N., & Gonzalez, S. P. (2015). Psychological resilience in sport: A review of the literature and implications for research and practice. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(3), 243-257.
• Gould, D., Collins, K., Lauer, L., Chung, Y. (2007). Coaching life skills through football: A study of award winning high school coaches. Journal of applied sport psychology, 19(1), 16-37.
• Hansen, D. M., Larson, R. W., & Dworkin, J. B. (2003). What adolescents learn in organized youth activities: A survey of self‐reported developmental experiences. Journal of research on adolescence, 13(1), 25-55.
• Hedges, L. V., Olkin, I. (2014). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic press.
• Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis. Statistics in medicine, 21(11), 1539-1558.
• Holt, N. L., Tamminen, K. A., Tink, L. N., Black, D. E. (2009). An interpretive analysis of life skills associated with sport participation. Qualitative research in sport and exercise, 1(2), 160-175.
• Howells, K., Fletcher, D. (2015). Sink or swim: Adversity- and growth-related experiences in Olympic swimming champions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16(1), 37–48.
• Jones, G., Hanton, S., Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of applied sport psychology, 14(3), 205-218.
• Lazarus, R. S., ve Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.
• Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child development, 71(3), 543-562.
• Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. Masten, A. S., Narayan, A. J. (2012). Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: Pathways of risk and resilience. Annual review of psychology, 63(1), 227-257.
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., PRISMA Group*, T. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of internal medicine, 151(4), 264-269.
• Morgan, P. B., Fletcher, D., Sarkar, M. (2013). Defining and characterizing team resilience in elite sport. Psychology of sport and exercise, 14(4), 549-559.
• Morgan, P. B., Fletcher, D., ve Sarkar, M. (2015). Understanding team resilience in the world’s best athletes: A case study of a rugby union World Cup winning team. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16(1), 91–100.
• Mussel, P. (2010). Epistemic curiosity and related constructs: Lacking evidence of discriminant validity. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 506-510.
• Neely, K. C., Holt, N. L. (2014). Parents’ perspectives on the benefits of sport participation for young children. The Sport Psychologist, 28(3), 255-268.
• Penedo, F. J., Dahn, J. R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Current opinion in psychiatry, 18(2), 189-193.
• Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094(1), 1-12.
• Sheng, X., Liang, K., Li, K., Chi, X., & Fan, H. (2024). Association between sports participation and resilience in school-attending students: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1365310.
• Sarkar, M., Fletcher, D. (2014). Psychological resilience in sport performers: a review of stressors and protective factors. Journal of sports sciences, 32(15), 1419-1434.
• Smith, A. L. (2003). Youth peer relationships in sport. In S. Jowette & D. Lavallee (Eds.), Social Psychology in Sport (pp. 41–54). Human Kinetics.
• Sorkkila, M., Tolvanen, A., Aunola, K., & Ryba, T. V. (2019). The role of resilience in student‐athletes' sport and school burnout and dropout: A longitudinal person‐oriented study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 29(7), 1059-1067.
• Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338.
• Ungar, M. (2008). Resilience across cultures. British journal of social work, 38(2), 218-235.
• Wagstaff, C., Fletcher, D., Hanton, S. (2012). Positive organizational psychology in sport: An ethnography of organizational functioning in a national sport organization. Journal of applied sport psychology, 24(1), 26-47.
• Windle, G., Bennett, K. M., Noyes, J. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9(1), 1-18.