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Pandemi Öncesi ve Sonrası Dönemde Futbol Maçlarında Taraftar Katılımındaki Değişimin Ampirik Olarak İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 283 - 294
https://doi.org/10.70007/yalovaspor.1751587

Abstract

Bu araştırma COVID-19 pandemisi sonrası futbol karşılaşmalarında taraftarların stadyumlara katılımlarının değişimini incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. İnceleme kapsamında pandemi öncesi ve sonrası dönemler 61 bin 978 müsabaka verisi üzerinden karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Müsabaka verileri açık veri kaynağı olan Kaggle platformundan elde edilmiş ve maç verileri ile çapraz doğrulama yapılmıştır. Nicel araştırma desenine dayalı karşılaştırmalı betimsel analiz modeli ile araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizlerde ülkelere, organizasyona ve maç statüsüne göre taraftar sayısı ortalamalarının farklarını kapsamaktadır. Pandemi öncesi ve sonrası maç başına seyirci sayısı değişimleri bağımsız örneklem t-testi sonuçlarına göre değerlendirilmiş ve pandeminin sonunda seyirci sayısında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir artış saptanmıştır. Organizasyon düzeyinde UEFA Avrupa Ligi maçları pandemi sonrasında önemli bir seyirci artışı yaşamıştır. Maç statüsü bağlamında ise uluslararası kupa karşılaşmaları daha fazla izleyici çekerken, yerel lig ve kupa maçlarında seyirci sayılarında anlamlı azalmalar görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular, pandeminin futbol tribünlerindeki etkisinin eş zamanlı, eş yönlü ve homojen olmadığını, seyirci davranışlarının çeşitli koşullara göre şekillendiğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Bond, A. J., Cockayne, D., Ludvigsen, J. A. L., Maguire, K., Parnell, D., Plumley, D., Widdop, P. & Wilson, R. (2022). Covid-19: The return of football fans. Managing Sport and Leisure, 27(2), 108-118.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., ve Demirel, F. (2020). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (28. baskı). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Clarkson, B. G., Culvin, A., Pope, S., & Parry, K. D. (2020). Covid-19: Reflections on threat and uncertainty for the future of elite women’s football in England. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1766377
  • Crawford, G., Fenton, A., Chadwick, S., & Lawrence, S. (2021). ‘All avatars aren’t we’: Football and the experience of football-themed digital content during a global pandemic. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 56(6), 745–761. https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902211021529
  • Çakmak, G., Tapşın, F. O., ve Tapşın, F. O. (2021). Sakaryaspor taraftarlarının takımla özdeşleşme düzeyleri ve takım imajına yönelik algıları. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 374-390.
  • Çakmak, G., ve Başaran, Z. (2023). Futbol taraftarlarının pandemi kısıtlamaları dönemi taraftarlık deneyimleri. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, (94), 383-392.
  • Dikici, S. T., Güler, C., ve Çavuşoğlu, S. B. (2021). Pandeminin futbol ekonomisine etkileri üzerine bir araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(4). 100-118.
  • Doğru, Y. B., Koç, F., Giray, C., ve Yön, B. (2021). Futbol takımı taraftarlığında özdeşleşme: Kocaelispor taraftarı örneği. Turkish Journal of Marketing (TUJOM), 6(1), 1-20.
  • Endrich, M., & Gesche, T. (2020). Home-bias in referee decisions: Evidence from “Ghost Matches” during the Covid 19 Pandemic. Economics Letters, 197, 109621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109621
  • Galily, Y., Samuel-Azran, T., & Hayat, T. (2023). Sport fanship at the age of the pandemic: Preliminary thoughts in times of (global) change. The American Behavioral Scientist, 67(10), 1159–1167. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221118298
  • Hald, A. (1998). A history of mathematical statistics from 1750 to 1930. Wiley-Interscience. Herold, E., Boronczyk, F., & Breuer, C. (2021). Professional clubs as platforms in multi-sided markets in times of COVID-19: The role of spectators and atmosphere in live football. Sustainability, 13(4), 2312. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042312
  • Karaman, T., Özsoy, D., & Akyüz, O. (2025). Successful Reflection of Technical Director Changes on Sportive Management in Football. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 27(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1463945
  • Karasar, N. (2024). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler (39. baskı). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Krieger, K., & Davis, J. (2022). How much of “home field advantage” comes from the fans? A natural experiment from the Covid-19 pandemic. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 26(5), 59-72.
  • Lefton, T. (2025). Momentum data shows fandom getting stronger in post-COVID sports world. Sports Business Journal. https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Articles/2025/03/05/momentum-data-shows-fandom-getting-stronger-in-post-covid-sports-world adresinden 20 Temmuz 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Leitner, M. C., & Richlan, F. (2021). No fans-no pressure: Referees in professional football during the Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 1-11.
  • Mann, R. H., Clift, B. C., Boykoff, J., & Bekker, S. (2020). Athletes as community; athletes in community: Covid19, sporting mega-events and athlete health protection. British Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102433
  • Memish, Z. A., Steffen, R., White, P., Dar, O., Azhar, E. I., Sharma, A., & Zumla, A. (2019). Mass gatherings medicine: public health issues arising from mass gathering religious and sporting events. The Lancet, 393, 2073–2084.
  • Monteiro, A., & Reis Mourao, P. (2024). Why are stadiums empty in Portugal? An examination of costs associated with being a fan of Premier League football in Portugal. Soccer & Society, 25(8), 997-1020. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2024.2302488
  • Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus and COVID-19 pandemic: A review. International Journal of Surgery. 78, 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
  • Parnell, D., Widdop, P., Bond, A., & Wilson, R. (2020). COVID-19, networks and sport. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1750100
  • Petersen, E., Wilson, M. E., Touch, S., McCloskey, B., Mwaba, P., Bates, M., Dar, O., Mattes, F., Kidd, M., Ippolito, G., Azhar, E. I., & Zumla, A. (2016). Rapid spread of Zika virus in the Americas: Implications for public health preparedness for mass gatherings at the 2016. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.00067
  • Reade, J. J., & Singleton, C. (2021). Demand for public events in the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of European football. European Sport Management Quarterly, 21(3), 391-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1841261
  • Simmons, J. M., Stensland, P. J., & Slavich, M. A. (2022). COVID-19 and sports fans: Examining the pandemic’s impact on need fulfillment and psychosocial outcomes. Sport Management Review, 29(4), 541–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2022.2059546
  • Takata, K., & Hallmann, K. (2022). Sport fans' nostalgia and revisit intention to stadiums during the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 13(4), 406-421.
  • Ünsal, A. (2005). Tribün cemaatinin öfkesi – Ticarileşen Türkiye futbolunda şiddet. İletişim Yayınları.

An Empirical Investigation of the Change in Fan Attendance at Football Matches Before and After the Pandemic

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 283 - 294
https://doi.org/10.70007/yalovaspor.1751587

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the changes in the attendance of fans in football stadiums after the COVID-19 pandemic. Within the scope of the study, the pre and post-pandemic periods were analyzed comparatively over 61,978 matches. Competition data was obtained from the open data source Kaggle platform and cross-validated with match data. The research was conducted with a comparative descriptive analysis model based on quantitative research design. The analysis includes the differences in the average number of fans by country, organization and match status. The changes in the number of spectators per match before and after the pandemic were evaluated according to the independent sample t-test results and a statistically significant increase in the number of spectators was found at the end of the pandemic. At the organization level, UEFA Europa League matches experienced a significant increase in attendance after the pandemic. In terms of match status, international cup matches attracted more spectators, while local league and cup matches showed significant decreases in attendance. The findings show that the impact of the pandemic on football stands is not simultaneous, simultaneous, and homogeneous, and that audience behavior is shaped according to various conditions.

References

  • Bond, A. J., Cockayne, D., Ludvigsen, J. A. L., Maguire, K., Parnell, D., Plumley, D., Widdop, P. & Wilson, R. (2022). Covid-19: The return of football fans. Managing Sport and Leisure, 27(2), 108-118.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., ve Demirel, F. (2020). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (28. baskı). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Clarkson, B. G., Culvin, A., Pope, S., & Parry, K. D. (2020). Covid-19: Reflections on threat and uncertainty for the future of elite women’s football in England. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1766377
  • Crawford, G., Fenton, A., Chadwick, S., & Lawrence, S. (2021). ‘All avatars aren’t we’: Football and the experience of football-themed digital content during a global pandemic. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 56(6), 745–761. https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902211021529
  • Çakmak, G., Tapşın, F. O., ve Tapşın, F. O. (2021). Sakaryaspor taraftarlarının takımla özdeşleşme düzeyleri ve takım imajına yönelik algıları. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 374-390.
  • Çakmak, G., ve Başaran, Z. (2023). Futbol taraftarlarının pandemi kısıtlamaları dönemi taraftarlık deneyimleri. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, (94), 383-392.
  • Dikici, S. T., Güler, C., ve Çavuşoğlu, S. B. (2021). Pandeminin futbol ekonomisine etkileri üzerine bir araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(4). 100-118.
  • Doğru, Y. B., Koç, F., Giray, C., ve Yön, B. (2021). Futbol takımı taraftarlığında özdeşleşme: Kocaelispor taraftarı örneği. Turkish Journal of Marketing (TUJOM), 6(1), 1-20.
  • Endrich, M., & Gesche, T. (2020). Home-bias in referee decisions: Evidence from “Ghost Matches” during the Covid 19 Pandemic. Economics Letters, 197, 109621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109621
  • Galily, Y., Samuel-Azran, T., & Hayat, T. (2023). Sport fanship at the age of the pandemic: Preliminary thoughts in times of (global) change. The American Behavioral Scientist, 67(10), 1159–1167. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221118298
  • Hald, A. (1998). A history of mathematical statistics from 1750 to 1930. Wiley-Interscience. Herold, E., Boronczyk, F., & Breuer, C. (2021). Professional clubs as platforms in multi-sided markets in times of COVID-19: The role of spectators and atmosphere in live football. Sustainability, 13(4), 2312. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042312
  • Karaman, T., Özsoy, D., & Akyüz, O. (2025). Successful Reflection of Technical Director Changes on Sportive Management in Football. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 27(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1463945
  • Karasar, N. (2024). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler (39. baskı). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Krieger, K., & Davis, J. (2022). How much of “home field advantage” comes from the fans? A natural experiment from the Covid-19 pandemic. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 26(5), 59-72.
  • Lefton, T. (2025). Momentum data shows fandom getting stronger in post-COVID sports world. Sports Business Journal. https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Articles/2025/03/05/momentum-data-shows-fandom-getting-stronger-in-post-covid-sports-world adresinden 20 Temmuz 2025 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Leitner, M. C., & Richlan, F. (2021). No fans-no pressure: Referees in professional football during the Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 1-11.
  • Mann, R. H., Clift, B. C., Boykoff, J., & Bekker, S. (2020). Athletes as community; athletes in community: Covid19, sporting mega-events and athlete health protection. British Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102433
  • Memish, Z. A., Steffen, R., White, P., Dar, O., Azhar, E. I., Sharma, A., & Zumla, A. (2019). Mass gatherings medicine: public health issues arising from mass gathering religious and sporting events. The Lancet, 393, 2073–2084.
  • Monteiro, A., & Reis Mourao, P. (2024). Why are stadiums empty in Portugal? An examination of costs associated with being a fan of Premier League football in Portugal. Soccer & Society, 25(8), 997-1020. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2024.2302488
  • Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus and COVID-19 pandemic: A review. International Journal of Surgery. 78, 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
  • Parnell, D., Widdop, P., Bond, A., & Wilson, R. (2020). COVID-19, networks and sport. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1750100
  • Petersen, E., Wilson, M. E., Touch, S., McCloskey, B., Mwaba, P., Bates, M., Dar, O., Mattes, F., Kidd, M., Ippolito, G., Azhar, E. I., & Zumla, A. (2016). Rapid spread of Zika virus in the Americas: Implications for public health preparedness for mass gatherings at the 2016. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.00067
  • Reade, J. J., & Singleton, C. (2021). Demand for public events in the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of European football. European Sport Management Quarterly, 21(3), 391-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1841261
  • Simmons, J. M., Stensland, P. J., & Slavich, M. A. (2022). COVID-19 and sports fans: Examining the pandemic’s impact on need fulfillment and psychosocial outcomes. Sport Management Review, 29(4), 541–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2022.2059546
  • Takata, K., & Hallmann, K. (2022). Sport fans' nostalgia and revisit intention to stadiums during the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 13(4), 406-421.
  • Ünsal, A. (2005). Tribün cemaatinin öfkesi – Ticarileşen Türkiye futbolunda şiddet. İletişim Yayınları.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Science and Exercise (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Taner Karaman 0000-0002-1468-4234

Early Pub Date October 21, 2025
Publication Date October 23, 2025
Submission Date July 26, 2025
Acceptance Date October 12, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karaman, T. (2025). Pandemi Öncesi ve Sonrası Dönemde Futbol Maçlarında Taraftar Katılımındaki Değişimin Ampirik Olarak İncelenmesi. Yalova Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 283-294. https://doi.org/10.70007/yalovaspor.1751587

Yalova University Journal of Sports Sciences © 2022 is published by Yalova University and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.