Açık, A., & Başer, S.Ö. (2021). “Interaction Between Commodity Prices and Freight Rates: Content Analysis of The Dry Bulk Market Reports”. İzmir Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1): 39-48. doi: 10.47899/ijss.20213104
Açık, A., & Başer, S.O. (2018) “Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi Etkin Mi?”, Journal of Yasar University, 13(50): 140-149. doi: https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.368149
Açık, A., Okutucu, Ö., Efes, K.Ö., Başer, S.Ö. (2021) “Analyzing The Impact of Interest Rate on Dry Bulk Freight Market with Time-Varying Causality Method”, Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance, 6(2): 403-417. doi: 10.30784/epfad.798092
Alimi, S.A., Ofonyelu, C.C. (2013) “Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test Between Money Market Interest Rate and Expected Inflation: The Fisher Hypothesis Revisited”, European Scientific Journal, 9(7): 125-142.
Baker, S.R., Bloom, N., Davis, S.J., & Renault, T. (2021) “Twitter-Derived Measures of Economic Uncertainty”, 13 May, 1-14.
Bakshi, G., Panayotov, G., & Skoulaki, G. (2011) “The Baltic Dry Index as a Predictor of Global Stock Returns, Commodity Returns, and Global Economic Activity”, AFA 2012 Chicago Meetings Paper, 1-51. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1747345
Bandyopadhyay, A., & Rajib, P. (2021) “The Asymmetric Relationship Between Baltic Dry Index and Commodity Spot Prices: Evidence From Nonparametric Causality-in-Quantiles Test”, Miner Econ. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-021-00287-y
Barut, A., Görgün, M., & Erdoğdu, A. (2020) “Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi ve Dow Jones Demir-Çelik Endeksi Arasındaki İlişki”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3): 3019-3033. doi: 10.15869/itobiad.700223
Başer, Ö.S., & Açık, A. (2019) “The Effects of Global Economic Growth on Dry Bulk Freight Rates”, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1): 1-17. doi:10.30711/utead.507566
Bildirici, M.E., Kayıkçı, F., & Onat, Ş.I. (2015) “Baltic Dry Index as A Major Economic Policy Indicator: The Relationship With Economic Growth”, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210: 416 – 424. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.389.
Bontempi, E.M., Frigeri, M., Golinelli, R., & Squadrani, M. (2021) “EURQ: A New Web Search-Based Uncertainty Index”, Economica, 88(9): 69–1015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12372
Cancı, M. & Güngören, M. (2013) “İktisadi Yaşamda Taşımacılık Sektörü”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(45): 198-213.
Cihangir, Ç.K. (2018) “Küresel Risk Algısının Küresel Ticaret Üzerindeki Etkisi”, İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(1): 1-10.
Doane, D.P., Seward, L.E. (2011) “Measuring Skewness: A forgotten Statistic?”, Journal of Statistics Education, 19(2): 1-18.
Dritsaki, C. (2017) “Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test between Inflation and nominal Interest Rates: Evidence From Three Countries of Europe”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(6): 120-129.
Eryuzlu, H. (2019) “Dünya Deniz Ticareti ve Türkiye Dış Ticareti Ilişkileri: Ekonometrik bir Analiz”, The Journal of Social Science, 3(5): 152-162. doi: 10.30520/tjsosci.524826
Fattah, A., & Kocabıyık, T. (2020) “Makroekonomik değişkenlerin Borsa Endeksleri Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye ve ABD Karşılaştırması”, Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 12(22): 116–151. doi: https://doi.org/10.14784/marufacd.691108
Gao R., Zhao, Y., & Zhang, B. (2021), “Baltic Dry Index and Global Economic Policy Uncertainty: Evidence from The Linear and Nonlinear Granger Causality Tests”, Applied Economics Letters, 1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2021.1985720
Geman, H., & Smith, W.O. (2012) “Shipping Markets and Freight Rates: An Analysis of The Baltic Dry Index”, The Journal of Alternative Investments, 15: 98–109.
Giannarakis, G., Lemonakis, C., Sormas, A. & Georganakis, C. (2017) “The Effect of Baltic Dry Index, Gold, Oil and USA Trade Balance on Dow Jones Sustainability Index World”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(5): 155-160.
Granger, C.W. (1969) “Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and cross-Spectral Method”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 37(3): 424-438. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791
Jurun, E., Ratkovic, N., & Moro, F. (2015) “The Baltic Dry Index and performance Excellence In A Crisis Environment”, Croatian Operational Research Review CRORR, 6(2015): 335–346. doi: 10.17535/crorr.2015.0026
Kiracı, K. & Akan, E. (2020) “İşletme ve Finans Yazıları-IV:Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi (BDI) ile Seçilmiş Makroekonomik Değişkenler Arasındaki Nedensellik Ilişkisi”, İstanbul: Beta Press.
Laulajainen, R. (2007) “Dry Bulk Shipping Market Inefficiency, The Wide Perspective”, Journal of Transport Geography, 15(3), 217–224. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.05.003
Lee, J., & Strazicich, M.C. (2003) “Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4): 1082-1089.
Lee, J., & Strazicich, M.C. (2013) “Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break”, Economics Bulletin, 33(4): 2483-2492.
Lin, F., & Sim, N.C.S. (2013) “Trade, Income and the Baltic Dry Index. European Economic Review”, 59: 1–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.12.004
Lin, Y.J., & Wang, C.C. (2014) “The dynamic analysis of Baltic Exchange Dry Index”, International Mathematical Forum, 9(17): 803-823. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/imf.2014.4473
Lin, A.J., Chang, H.Y., & Hsiao J.L. (2019) “Does the Baltic Dry Index Drive Volatility Spillovers in The Commodities, Currency, or Stock Markets?”, Transportation Research Part, E (127): 265–283. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2019.05.013
Papailias, F., Thomakos, D.D., & Liu, J. (2017) “The Baltic Dry Index: Cycliacalities, Forecasting and Hedging Strategies”, Empir Econ, 52: 255–282. doi: 10.1007/s00181-016-1081-9
Ruan Q., Wang Y., Lu X., & Qin J. (2016) “Cross-Correlations Between Baltic Dry Index and Crude Oil Prices” Physica A, 453: 278–289. doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2016.02.018
Sahan, D., Memişoğlu, R., & Baser, S.Ö. (2018) “Predicting Baltic Dry Index With Leading Indicators”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2): 233-248. doi: 10.18613/deudfd.495820
Şahin, B., Gürgen, S., Ünver, B. & Altin, I. (2018) “Forecasting the Baltic Dry Index by Using An Artificial Neural Network Approach”, Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, 26(3): 1673-1684. doi: https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1706-155
Saraç, M., Zeren, F., & Başar, R. (2015) “Küresel Altın Fiyatlarıyla ABD Ek Beslenme Yardımı Harcamaları ve Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi Arasındaki Etkileşim”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 44(1): 12-20.
Saraç, M., & Başar, R. (2015) “Amerikan Ekonomisindeki Borçluluğun Altın Fiyatlarına Etkisi”, Düzce Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2): 1-21.
Sartorius, K., Sartorius, B. & Zuccollo, D. (2018) “Does the Baltic Dry Index Predict Economic Activity in South Africa? A Review From 1985 to 2016”, South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 21(1): a1457. doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1457
Shahzad, U., Jena, S. K., Tiwari, A. K., Doğan, B. & Magazzino, C. (2022) “Time-Frequency Analysis Between Bloomberg Commodity Index (BCOM) and Wti Crude Oil Prices”, Resources Policy, 78: 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102823
Shamika, M., & Sirimanne, N. (2021) “Container Shipping in Times of COVID-19: Why Freight Rates Have Surged, and Implications for Policymakers”, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, April, 2(84): 1-4.
Toda Y.H., & Yamamoto T. (1995) “Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions With Possibly Integrated Processes”, J Econom, 66: 225–250.
UNCTAD. (2021, March). Covid-19 and maritime transport impact and responses, Transport and Trade Facilitation Series, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Report, 15, 1-76. Retrieved from https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/dtltlb2021d1_en.pdf, (02.07.2022)
UNCTAD. (2022, 28 June). The war in Ukraine and its effects on maritime trade logistics, Maritime trade disrupted, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Report, 1-10. Retrieved from: https://unctad.org/system/files/officialdocument/osginf2022d2_en.pdf, (02.07.2022)
Wu, Y., Yin J., & Sheng P. (2018) “The Dynamics of Dry Bulk Shipping Market Under The Shipping Cycle Perspective: Market Relationships and Volatility”. Transportation Research Record, 2672(11): 1 – 9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118756622
Wu Y. C., Chen C. S., Chan Y. J. (2020) “The Outbreak of COVID-19: An overview”, J Chin Med Assoc., 83(3): 217-220. doi: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270
Yang, M.J., & Liu, M. Y. (2012) “The Forecasting Power of The Volatility Index in Emerging Markets: Evidence from The Taiwan Stock Market”, International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(2): 217- 231. doi: 10.5539/ijef.v4n2p217
Yıldız, B., & Bucak, U. (2017) “Determinants of freight rates: A study on the baltic dry index”, IGU J. Soc. Sci., Spec. Iss. of ICEFM, 4(2): 17-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.317006
Zeren, F., & Kahramaner, H. (2019) “Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi ile İstanbul Navlun Endeksi Arasındaki Etkileşimin İncelenmesi: Ekonometrik Bir Uygulama”, Journal of International Management, 7(1): 68 – 79.
DETERMINING THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALTIC DRY INDEX (BDI) AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES BY TODA-YAMAMOTO ANALYSIS
The Baltic Dry Index (BDI) is the most critical indicator taking the pulse of maritime trade. Hence, it is essential to determine the macroeconomic variables that affect the BDI, which is a solid indicator for global economic activities in maritime transport.
This research paper studies the association between macroeconomic indicators and the BDI. For this purpose, the Toda-Yamamoto approach was performed to examine the causal association between macroeconomic variables and the BDI. The Lee-Strazicich (LS) unit root test was applied based on Model C (break) to determine the stationary of the model series.
The research's findings shed significant light on the relationship between the BDI and macroeconomic variables. According to the Toda-Yamamoto causality test results: BDI has a two-way relationship with S&P 500 and MSCI World indexes; besides, there is a one-way relationship from €/$ parity to BDI and from BDI to BCOM index.
Açık, A., & Başer, S.Ö. (2021). “Interaction Between Commodity Prices and Freight Rates: Content Analysis of The Dry Bulk Market Reports”. İzmir Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1): 39-48. doi: 10.47899/ijss.20213104
Açık, A., & Başer, S.O. (2018) “Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi Etkin Mi?”, Journal of Yasar University, 13(50): 140-149. doi: https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.368149
Açık, A., Okutucu, Ö., Efes, K.Ö., Başer, S.Ö. (2021) “Analyzing The Impact of Interest Rate on Dry Bulk Freight Market with Time-Varying Causality Method”, Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance, 6(2): 403-417. doi: 10.30784/epfad.798092
Alimi, S.A., Ofonyelu, C.C. (2013) “Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test Between Money Market Interest Rate and Expected Inflation: The Fisher Hypothesis Revisited”, European Scientific Journal, 9(7): 125-142.
Baker, S.R., Bloom, N., Davis, S.J., & Renault, T. (2021) “Twitter-Derived Measures of Economic Uncertainty”, 13 May, 1-14.
Bakshi, G., Panayotov, G., & Skoulaki, G. (2011) “The Baltic Dry Index as a Predictor of Global Stock Returns, Commodity Returns, and Global Economic Activity”, AFA 2012 Chicago Meetings Paper, 1-51. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1747345
Bandyopadhyay, A., & Rajib, P. (2021) “The Asymmetric Relationship Between Baltic Dry Index and Commodity Spot Prices: Evidence From Nonparametric Causality-in-Quantiles Test”, Miner Econ. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-021-00287-y
Barut, A., Görgün, M., & Erdoğdu, A. (2020) “Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi ve Dow Jones Demir-Çelik Endeksi Arasındaki İlişki”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3): 3019-3033. doi: 10.15869/itobiad.700223
Başer, Ö.S., & Açık, A. (2019) “The Effects of Global Economic Growth on Dry Bulk Freight Rates”, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1): 1-17. doi:10.30711/utead.507566
Bildirici, M.E., Kayıkçı, F., & Onat, Ş.I. (2015) “Baltic Dry Index as A Major Economic Policy Indicator: The Relationship With Economic Growth”, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210: 416 – 424. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.389.
Bontempi, E.M., Frigeri, M., Golinelli, R., & Squadrani, M. (2021) “EURQ: A New Web Search-Based Uncertainty Index”, Economica, 88(9): 69–1015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12372
Cancı, M. & Güngören, M. (2013) “İktisadi Yaşamda Taşımacılık Sektörü”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(45): 198-213.
Cihangir, Ç.K. (2018) “Küresel Risk Algısının Küresel Ticaret Üzerindeki Etkisi”, İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(1): 1-10.
Doane, D.P., Seward, L.E. (2011) “Measuring Skewness: A forgotten Statistic?”, Journal of Statistics Education, 19(2): 1-18.
Dritsaki, C. (2017) “Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test between Inflation and nominal Interest Rates: Evidence From Three Countries of Europe”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(6): 120-129.
Eryuzlu, H. (2019) “Dünya Deniz Ticareti ve Türkiye Dış Ticareti Ilişkileri: Ekonometrik bir Analiz”, The Journal of Social Science, 3(5): 152-162. doi: 10.30520/tjsosci.524826
Fattah, A., & Kocabıyık, T. (2020) “Makroekonomik değişkenlerin Borsa Endeksleri Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye ve ABD Karşılaştırması”, Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 12(22): 116–151. doi: https://doi.org/10.14784/marufacd.691108
Gao R., Zhao, Y., & Zhang, B. (2021), “Baltic Dry Index and Global Economic Policy Uncertainty: Evidence from The Linear and Nonlinear Granger Causality Tests”, Applied Economics Letters, 1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2021.1985720
Geman, H., & Smith, W.O. (2012) “Shipping Markets and Freight Rates: An Analysis of The Baltic Dry Index”, The Journal of Alternative Investments, 15: 98–109.
Giannarakis, G., Lemonakis, C., Sormas, A. & Georganakis, C. (2017) “The Effect of Baltic Dry Index, Gold, Oil and USA Trade Balance on Dow Jones Sustainability Index World”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(5): 155-160.
Granger, C.W. (1969) “Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and cross-Spectral Method”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 37(3): 424-438. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791
Jurun, E., Ratkovic, N., & Moro, F. (2015) “The Baltic Dry Index and performance Excellence In A Crisis Environment”, Croatian Operational Research Review CRORR, 6(2015): 335–346. doi: 10.17535/crorr.2015.0026
Kiracı, K. & Akan, E. (2020) “İşletme ve Finans Yazıları-IV:Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi (BDI) ile Seçilmiş Makroekonomik Değişkenler Arasındaki Nedensellik Ilişkisi”, İstanbul: Beta Press.
Laulajainen, R. (2007) “Dry Bulk Shipping Market Inefficiency, The Wide Perspective”, Journal of Transport Geography, 15(3), 217–224. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.05.003
Lee, J., & Strazicich, M.C. (2003) “Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4): 1082-1089.
Lee, J., & Strazicich, M.C. (2013) “Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break”, Economics Bulletin, 33(4): 2483-2492.
Lin, F., & Sim, N.C.S. (2013) “Trade, Income and the Baltic Dry Index. European Economic Review”, 59: 1–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.12.004
Lin, Y.J., & Wang, C.C. (2014) “The dynamic analysis of Baltic Exchange Dry Index”, International Mathematical Forum, 9(17): 803-823. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/imf.2014.4473
Lin, A.J., Chang, H.Y., & Hsiao J.L. (2019) “Does the Baltic Dry Index Drive Volatility Spillovers in The Commodities, Currency, or Stock Markets?”, Transportation Research Part, E (127): 265–283. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2019.05.013
Papailias, F., Thomakos, D.D., & Liu, J. (2017) “The Baltic Dry Index: Cycliacalities, Forecasting and Hedging Strategies”, Empir Econ, 52: 255–282. doi: 10.1007/s00181-016-1081-9
Ruan Q., Wang Y., Lu X., & Qin J. (2016) “Cross-Correlations Between Baltic Dry Index and Crude Oil Prices” Physica A, 453: 278–289. doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2016.02.018
Sahan, D., Memişoğlu, R., & Baser, S.Ö. (2018) “Predicting Baltic Dry Index With Leading Indicators”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2): 233-248. doi: 10.18613/deudfd.495820
Şahin, B., Gürgen, S., Ünver, B. & Altin, I. (2018) “Forecasting the Baltic Dry Index by Using An Artificial Neural Network Approach”, Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, 26(3): 1673-1684. doi: https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1706-155
Saraç, M., Zeren, F., & Başar, R. (2015) “Küresel Altın Fiyatlarıyla ABD Ek Beslenme Yardımı Harcamaları ve Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi Arasındaki Etkileşim”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 44(1): 12-20.
Saraç, M., & Başar, R. (2015) “Amerikan Ekonomisindeki Borçluluğun Altın Fiyatlarına Etkisi”, Düzce Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2): 1-21.
Sartorius, K., Sartorius, B. & Zuccollo, D. (2018) “Does the Baltic Dry Index Predict Economic Activity in South Africa? A Review From 1985 to 2016”, South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 21(1): a1457. doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1457
Shahzad, U., Jena, S. K., Tiwari, A. K., Doğan, B. & Magazzino, C. (2022) “Time-Frequency Analysis Between Bloomberg Commodity Index (BCOM) and Wti Crude Oil Prices”, Resources Policy, 78: 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102823
Shamika, M., & Sirimanne, N. (2021) “Container Shipping in Times of COVID-19: Why Freight Rates Have Surged, and Implications for Policymakers”, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, April, 2(84): 1-4.
Toda Y.H., & Yamamoto T. (1995) “Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions With Possibly Integrated Processes”, J Econom, 66: 225–250.
UNCTAD. (2021, March). Covid-19 and maritime transport impact and responses, Transport and Trade Facilitation Series, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Report, 15, 1-76. Retrieved from https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/dtltlb2021d1_en.pdf, (02.07.2022)
UNCTAD. (2022, 28 June). The war in Ukraine and its effects on maritime trade logistics, Maritime trade disrupted, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Report, 1-10. Retrieved from: https://unctad.org/system/files/officialdocument/osginf2022d2_en.pdf, (02.07.2022)
Wu, Y., Yin J., & Sheng P. (2018) “The Dynamics of Dry Bulk Shipping Market Under The Shipping Cycle Perspective: Market Relationships and Volatility”. Transportation Research Record, 2672(11): 1 – 9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118756622
Wu Y. C., Chen C. S., Chan Y. J. (2020) “The Outbreak of COVID-19: An overview”, J Chin Med Assoc., 83(3): 217-220. doi: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270
Yang, M.J., & Liu, M. Y. (2012) “The Forecasting Power of The Volatility Index in Emerging Markets: Evidence from The Taiwan Stock Market”, International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(2): 217- 231. doi: 10.5539/ijef.v4n2p217
Yıldız, B., & Bucak, U. (2017) “Determinants of freight rates: A study on the baltic dry index”, IGU J. Soc. Sci., Spec. Iss. of ICEFM, 4(2): 17-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.317006
Zeren, F., & Kahramaner, H. (2019) “Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi ile İstanbul Navlun Endeksi Arasındaki Etkileşimin İncelenmesi: Ekonometrik Bir Uygulama”, Journal of International Management, 7(1): 68 – 79.
Özcan Akdağ, N., Kocabıyık, T., & Karaatlı, M. (2023). DETERMINING THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALTIC DRY INDEX (BDI) AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES BY TODA-YAMAMOTO ANALYSIS. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21(1), 59-80. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1173114
AMA
Özcan Akdağ N, Kocabıyık T, Karaatlı M. DETERMINING THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALTIC DRY INDEX (BDI) AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES BY TODA-YAMAMOTO ANALYSIS. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi. March 2023;21(1):59-80. doi:10.11611/yead.1173114
Chicago
Özcan Akdağ, Nesrin, Turan Kocabıyık, and Meltem Karaatlı. “DETERMINING THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALTIC DRY INDEX (BDI) AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES BY TODA-YAMAMOTO ANALYSIS”. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 21, no. 1 (March 2023): 59-80. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1173114.
EndNote
Özcan Akdağ N, Kocabıyık T, Karaatlı M (March 1, 2023) DETERMINING THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALTIC DRY INDEX (BDI) AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES BY TODA-YAMAMOTO ANALYSIS. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 21 1 59–80.
IEEE
N. Özcan Akdağ, T. Kocabıyık, and M. Karaatlı, “DETERMINING THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALTIC DRY INDEX (BDI) AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES BY TODA-YAMAMOTO ANALYSIS”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 59–80, 2023, doi: 10.11611/yead.1173114.
ISNAD
Özcan Akdağ, Nesrin et al. “DETERMINING THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALTIC DRY INDEX (BDI) AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES BY TODA-YAMAMOTO ANALYSIS”. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 21/1 (March 2023), 59-80. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1173114.
JAMA
Özcan Akdağ N, Kocabıyık T, Karaatlı M. DETERMINING THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALTIC DRY INDEX (BDI) AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES BY TODA-YAMAMOTO ANALYSIS. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2023;21:59–80.
MLA
Özcan Akdağ, Nesrin et al. “DETERMINING THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALTIC DRY INDEX (BDI) AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES BY TODA-YAMAMOTO ANALYSIS”. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 1, 2023, pp. 59-80, doi:10.11611/yead.1173114.
Vancouver
Özcan Akdağ N, Kocabıyık T, Karaatlı M. DETERMINING THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALTIC DRY INDEX (BDI) AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES BY TODA-YAMAMOTO ANALYSIS. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2023;21(1):59-80.