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SKILLS MISMATCH IN TRANSITION TO INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THE CONTEXT OF LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN TÜRKİYE

Year 2023, , 445 - 472, 14.10.2023

Didem Koca , Erdal Tanas Karagöl

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1277147

Abstract

The present study addressed skills mismatch in the context of large-scale manufacturing industries adopting Industry 4.0 technologies in Türkiye. In this qualitative study, we held face-to-face interviews with 41 participants consisting of senior managers, human resources directors, and experts implementing the Industry 4.0 process of 19 large-scale manufacturing companies operating in seven provinces of Türkiye (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Izmit, Kayseri, Bursa, and Gaziantep). The findings demonstrated four main categories where we discussed the reasons for skills mismatch in the companies in the transition to Industry 4.0: difficulties in labor supply, difficulties in retaining the labor force, labor force’s Adaptation to Industry 4.0, and the emergence of novel business models.

Keywords

Industry 4.0 Skills Mismatch Labor Market Manufacturing Industry Labor Force Skills

References

  • Acemoglu, D. and Autor, D. (2011) “Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings”, In Handbook of Labor Economics, Elsevier.
  • Ada, N., Ilic, D. and Sagnak, M. (2021) “A Framework for New Workforce Skills in the Era of Industry 4.0.”, International Journal of Mathematical Engineering and Management Sciences, 6(3):771-786.
  • ADB (Asian Development Bank) (2009) “Good Practice in Technical and Vocational Education and Training”, Philippines.
  • Akyazi, T., Goti, A., Oyarbide, A., Alberdi, E. and Bayon, F. (2020) “A Guide for the Food Industry to Meet the Future Skills Requirements Emerging with Industry 4.0”, Foods, 9(4): 492.
  • Al-Suraihi, W. A., Samikon, S. A., Al-Suraihi, A. H. A. and Ibrahim, I. (2021) “Employee Turnover: Causes, Importance and Retention Strategies”, European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(3): 1-10.
  • Almeida, R., Behrman, J. and Robalino, D. (Eds.). (2012) “The Right Skills for the Job?:Rethinking Training Policies for Workers”, Washington: World Bank Publications.
  • Arntz, M., Gregory, T. and Zierahn, U. (2019) “Digitization and the Future of Work: Macroeconomic Consequences”, Zimmermann, K. (eds) Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economic, Springer.
  • Asai, K., Breda, T., Rain, A., Romanello, L. and Sangnier, M. (2020) “Education, Skills and Skill Mismatch. A Review and Some New Evidence Based on The PIAAC Survey”, Doctoral Dissertation, Institut Des Politiques Publiques, Paris.
  • Ashton, D., Green, F., James, D. and Sung, J. (1999) “Education and Training for Development in East Asia: The Political Economy of Skill Formation in Newly Industrialised Economies”, Routledge.
  • Australian Industry Group (2018) “Workforce Development Needs, Skilling: A National Imperative”, Survey Report, AiGroup.
  • Autor, D., Levy, F. and Murnane, R. (2003) “The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4): 1279–1333.
  • Balamurugan, G. (2016) “A Study on Employee Retention Strategies in Leading”, Human Resource Management Review, 4(3): 42-48.
  • BCG (2020) “Fixing the Global Skills Mismatch”, https://www.bcg.com/publications/2020/fixing-global-skills-mismatch (11.10.2021).
  • Bengtsson, M. (2016) “How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis”, Nursingplus Open, 2: 8-14.
  • Braun, G., Stahre, J. and Hämäläinen, R. (2022) “Skills Matching for a Greener Industry 4.0: A Literature Review”, Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering, 21:677-688.
  • Brill, M. (1990) “Workspace Design and Productivity”, Journal of Healthcare Forum, 35 (5): 51-3.
  • Brown, P., Green, A. and Lauder, H. (2001) “High Skills: Globalization, Competitiveness and Skill Formation”, OUP Oxford.
  • CEDEFOP (2015) “Skill Shortages and Gaps in European Enterprises”, Luxembourg: Publications Office.
  • Cherian, J., Gaikar, V., Paul, R. and Pech, R. (2021) “Corporate Culture and Its Impact on Employees’ Attitude, Performance, Productivity and Behavior: An Investigative Analysis from Selected Organizations of the United Arab Emirates (UAE)”, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market and Complexity, 7(1): 45.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016) “Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions”, (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Desjardins, R. and Rubenson, K. (2011) “An Analysis of Skill Mismatch Using Direct Measures of Skills, OECD Education Working Papers No.63, OECD, Paris.
  • Flores, E., Xu, X. & Lu, Y. (2020) “Human Capital 4.0: A Workforce Competence Typology for Industry 4.0”, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 31(4): 687-703.
  • Gangoda, A., Krasley, S. and Cobb, K. (2023) “AI Digitalisation and Automation of the Apparel Industry and Human Workforce Skills”, International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 1-11.
  • Garibaldi, P., Gomes, P. and Sopraseuth, T. (2020) “Output Costs of Education and Skill Mismatch”, IZA Discussion Papers, No. 12974, Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  • Goher, G., Masrom, M., Amrin, A. and Rahim, N. A. (2020) “UAE’s Labor Market Snapshot| Skills and Educational Mismatch During Industry 4.0.”, International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(6): 1332-1340.
  • Greenhill, V. (2010) “21st Century Knowledge and Skills in Educator Preparation”, Partnership For 21st Century Skills, Pearson.
  • Grenčíková, A., Kordoš, M. and Navickas, V. (2021) “The Impact of Industry 4.0 on Education Contents”, Business: Theory and Practice, 22(1): 29-38.
  • Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Wiederhold, S. and Woessmann, L. (2014) “Returns to Skills Around the World: Evidence From PIAAC”, European Economic Review, 73: 103-130.
  • Haskel, J. and Martin, C. (1993) “Skill Shortages, Productivity Growth and Wage Inflation. Acquiring Skills: Market Failures, Their Symptoms and Policy Responses”, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • ILO (2020) “What is Skills Mismatch and Why Should We Care?, https://www.ilo.org/skills/whatsnew/wcms_740388/lang--en/index.htm (11.10.2021).
  • Jandrić, M. and Ranđelović, S. (2018) “Adaptability of the Workforce in Europe–Changing Skills in the Digital Era”, Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog Fakulteta U Rijeci: Časopis Za Ekonomsku Teoriju İ Praksu, 36(2): 757-776.
  • Janeska, V. and Lozanoska, A. (2021) “The Impact of Digitalization on The Labour Market: The Case of North Macedonia”, Economic Analysis, 54(1): 24-40.
  • Joarder, D., Mohd, H. R. and Ashraf, M. A. (2012) “Work Satisfaction and Employee Turnover Intentions: An Empirical Study”, East West Journal of Business and Social Studies, 3:18-36.
  • Karacay, G. (2018) “Talent Development for Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0: Managing the Digital Transformation”, Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing, Springer.
  • Katz, L. F. and Autor, D. (1999) “Changes in The Wage Structure and Earnings Inequality”, In Handbook of Labor Economics, 3: 1463-1555, Elsevier.
  • Kim, H., Sefcik, J.S. and Bradway, C. (2017) “Characteristics of Qualitative Descriptive Studies: A Systematic Review”, Research in Nursing Health, 40(1):23–42.
  • Koca, D. (2020) “Sanayi 4.0 Kapsamında Türkiye’de İşgücünün Yeni Becerilerinin Belirlenmesi: Beceri Talebi ve Arzının Karşılaştırılması”, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Landsberg, E. and van den Berg, L. (2023) “4th Industrial Revolution Skills in The Current South African Accountancy Curricula: A Systematic Literature Review”, South African Journal of Accounting Research, 1-25.
  • Leblebici, D. (2012) “Impact of Workplace Quality on Employee’s Productivity: Case Study of a Bank in Turkey”, Journal of Business Economics and Finance, 1(1): 38-49.
  • Lee, B. K., Seo, D. K., Lee, J. T., Lee, A. R., Jeon, H. N. and Han, D. U. (2016) “Impact of Work Environment and Work-Related Stress on Turnover Intention in Physical Therapists”, Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(8): 2358-2361.
  • Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. (2002) “Developing a Political Economy of Skill”, Journal of Education and Work, 15(4): 365-390.
  • Logan, J. K. (2000) “Retention Tangibles and Intangibles”, Training & Development, 54(4): 48-48.
  • Magilvy, J. K. and Thomas, E. (2009) “A First Qualitative Project: Qualitative Descriptive Design for Novice Researchers”, Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 14(4): 298-300.
  • Manyika, J., Chui, M., Miremadi, M., Bughin, J., George, K., Willmott, P. and Dewhurst, M. (2017) “A Future that Works: AI, Automation, Employment and Productivity”, Mckinsey Global Institute Research, 60: 1-135.
  • McGuinness, S., Pouliakas, K. and Redmond, P. (2023) “Skills-Displacing Technological Change and its Impact on Jobs: Challenging Technological Alarmism?”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 32(3), 370-392.
  • Mckinsey Global Institute. (2017) “Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation”, https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv:78297 (15.10.2021).
  • Miguel, P. C. (2011) “Qualitative Research Approach in Production Engineering–An Assessment of a Research Project and a Sample of Master of Science Dissertations”, Exacta, 9(2), 197-206.
  • OECD (2012) “Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives: A Strategic Approach to Skills Policies”, OECD Publishing: Paris.
  • Özkan-Özen, Y. D. and Kazancoglu, Y. (2022) “Analysing Workforce Development Challenges in the Industry 4.0”, International Journal of Manpower, 43(2): 310-333.
  • Perry, A., Wiederhold, S. and Ackermann-Piek, D. (2014) “How Can Skill Mismatch be Measured? New Approaches With PIAAC”, 8(2): 137-174.
  • Quintini, G. (2011) “Right for the Job: Over-qualified or Under-Skilled?”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 120, OECD Publishing:Paris,
  • Randstad (2020) “Industry 4.0 Mismatching and Re-Skilling”, https://www.randstad.com/workforce-insights/future-of-work/industry-40-mismatching-reskilling/ (12.11.2021).
  • Thulasy, T. N., Nohuddin, P. N., Abd Rahim, N. and Amrin, A. (2022) “Skill Set Issues in Aircraft Maintenance from Industrial Revolution 4.0 Context: A Document Analytics Survey”, Human Systems Management, 41(4), 503-516.
  • TTGV (2020) “Teknolojik İnovasyon Ekosisteminde İnsan Kaynakları Araştırması”, https://www.ttgv.org.tr/tur/images/publications/60531a3973be0.pdf (19.10.2021).
  • Weaver, A. and Osterman, P. (2017) “Skill Demands and Mismatch in US Manufacturing”, ILR Review, 70(2): 275-307.
  • Wolcott, H. F. (1994) “Transforming Qualitative Data: Description, Analysis and Interpretation”, USA: SAGE Publishing.
  • Yıldırım, A. and Şimşek, H. (2016) “Qualitative Research Methods in the Social Sciences”, Ankara: Seçkin Publishing.
  • Zhurukov, D. (2020) “Skills Mismatch Elimination as a Method to Raise the Level of Finnish Higher Education”, Bachelor's Thesis, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Finland.

Year 2023, , 445 - 472, 14.10.2023

Didem Koca , Erdal Tanas Karagöl

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1277147

Abstract

References

  • Acemoglu, D. and Autor, D. (2011) “Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings”, In Handbook of Labor Economics, Elsevier.
  • Ada, N., Ilic, D. and Sagnak, M. (2021) “A Framework for New Workforce Skills in the Era of Industry 4.0.”, International Journal of Mathematical Engineering and Management Sciences, 6(3):771-786.
  • ADB (Asian Development Bank) (2009) “Good Practice in Technical and Vocational Education and Training”, Philippines.
  • Akyazi, T., Goti, A., Oyarbide, A., Alberdi, E. and Bayon, F. (2020) “A Guide for the Food Industry to Meet the Future Skills Requirements Emerging with Industry 4.0”, Foods, 9(4): 492.
  • Al-Suraihi, W. A., Samikon, S. A., Al-Suraihi, A. H. A. and Ibrahim, I. (2021) “Employee Turnover: Causes, Importance and Retention Strategies”, European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(3): 1-10.
  • Almeida, R., Behrman, J. and Robalino, D. (Eds.). (2012) “The Right Skills for the Job?:Rethinking Training Policies for Workers”, Washington: World Bank Publications.
  • Arntz, M., Gregory, T. and Zierahn, U. (2019) “Digitization and the Future of Work: Macroeconomic Consequences”, Zimmermann, K. (eds) Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economic, Springer.
  • Asai, K., Breda, T., Rain, A., Romanello, L. and Sangnier, M. (2020) “Education, Skills and Skill Mismatch. A Review and Some New Evidence Based on The PIAAC Survey”, Doctoral Dissertation, Institut Des Politiques Publiques, Paris.
  • Ashton, D., Green, F., James, D. and Sung, J. (1999) “Education and Training for Development in East Asia: The Political Economy of Skill Formation in Newly Industrialised Economies”, Routledge.
  • Australian Industry Group (2018) “Workforce Development Needs, Skilling: A National Imperative”, Survey Report, AiGroup.
  • Autor, D., Levy, F. and Murnane, R. (2003) “The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4): 1279–1333.
  • Balamurugan, G. (2016) “A Study on Employee Retention Strategies in Leading”, Human Resource Management Review, 4(3): 42-48.
  • BCG (2020) “Fixing the Global Skills Mismatch”, https://www.bcg.com/publications/2020/fixing-global-skills-mismatch (11.10.2021).
  • Bengtsson, M. (2016) “How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis”, Nursingplus Open, 2: 8-14.
  • Braun, G., Stahre, J. and Hämäläinen, R. (2022) “Skills Matching for a Greener Industry 4.0: A Literature Review”, Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering, 21:677-688.
  • Brill, M. (1990) “Workspace Design and Productivity”, Journal of Healthcare Forum, 35 (5): 51-3.
  • Brown, P., Green, A. and Lauder, H. (2001) “High Skills: Globalization, Competitiveness and Skill Formation”, OUP Oxford.
  • CEDEFOP (2015) “Skill Shortages and Gaps in European Enterprises”, Luxembourg: Publications Office.
  • Cherian, J., Gaikar, V., Paul, R. and Pech, R. (2021) “Corporate Culture and Its Impact on Employees’ Attitude, Performance, Productivity and Behavior: An Investigative Analysis from Selected Organizations of the United Arab Emirates (UAE)”, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market and Complexity, 7(1): 45.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016) “Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions”, (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Desjardins, R. and Rubenson, K. (2011) “An Analysis of Skill Mismatch Using Direct Measures of Skills, OECD Education Working Papers No.63, OECD, Paris.
  • Flores, E., Xu, X. & Lu, Y. (2020) “Human Capital 4.0: A Workforce Competence Typology for Industry 4.0”, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 31(4): 687-703.
  • Gangoda, A., Krasley, S. and Cobb, K. (2023) “AI Digitalisation and Automation of the Apparel Industry and Human Workforce Skills”, International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 1-11.
  • Garibaldi, P., Gomes, P. and Sopraseuth, T. (2020) “Output Costs of Education and Skill Mismatch”, IZA Discussion Papers, No. 12974, Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  • Goher, G., Masrom, M., Amrin, A. and Rahim, N. A. (2020) “UAE’s Labor Market Snapshot| Skills and Educational Mismatch During Industry 4.0.”, International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(6): 1332-1340.
  • Greenhill, V. (2010) “21st Century Knowledge and Skills in Educator Preparation”, Partnership For 21st Century Skills, Pearson.
  • Grenčíková, A., Kordoš, M. and Navickas, V. (2021) “The Impact of Industry 4.0 on Education Contents”, Business: Theory and Practice, 22(1): 29-38.
  • Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Wiederhold, S. and Woessmann, L. (2014) “Returns to Skills Around the World: Evidence From PIAAC”, European Economic Review, 73: 103-130.
  • Haskel, J. and Martin, C. (1993) “Skill Shortages, Productivity Growth and Wage Inflation. Acquiring Skills: Market Failures, Their Symptoms and Policy Responses”, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • ILO (2020) “What is Skills Mismatch and Why Should We Care?, https://www.ilo.org/skills/whatsnew/wcms_740388/lang--en/index.htm (11.10.2021).
  • Jandrić, M. and Ranđelović, S. (2018) “Adaptability of the Workforce in Europe–Changing Skills in the Digital Era”, Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog Fakulteta U Rijeci: Časopis Za Ekonomsku Teoriju İ Praksu, 36(2): 757-776.
  • Janeska, V. and Lozanoska, A. (2021) “The Impact of Digitalization on The Labour Market: The Case of North Macedonia”, Economic Analysis, 54(1): 24-40.
  • Joarder, D., Mohd, H. R. and Ashraf, M. A. (2012) “Work Satisfaction and Employee Turnover Intentions: An Empirical Study”, East West Journal of Business and Social Studies, 3:18-36.
  • Karacay, G. (2018) “Talent Development for Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0: Managing the Digital Transformation”, Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing, Springer.
  • Katz, L. F. and Autor, D. (1999) “Changes in The Wage Structure and Earnings Inequality”, In Handbook of Labor Economics, 3: 1463-1555, Elsevier.
  • Kim, H., Sefcik, J.S. and Bradway, C. (2017) “Characteristics of Qualitative Descriptive Studies: A Systematic Review”, Research in Nursing Health, 40(1):23–42.
  • Koca, D. (2020) “Sanayi 4.0 Kapsamında Türkiye’de İşgücünün Yeni Becerilerinin Belirlenmesi: Beceri Talebi ve Arzının Karşılaştırılması”, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Landsberg, E. and van den Berg, L. (2023) “4th Industrial Revolution Skills in The Current South African Accountancy Curricula: A Systematic Literature Review”, South African Journal of Accounting Research, 1-25.
  • Leblebici, D. (2012) “Impact of Workplace Quality on Employee’s Productivity: Case Study of a Bank in Turkey”, Journal of Business Economics and Finance, 1(1): 38-49.
  • Lee, B. K., Seo, D. K., Lee, J. T., Lee, A. R., Jeon, H. N. and Han, D. U. (2016) “Impact of Work Environment and Work-Related Stress on Turnover Intention in Physical Therapists”, Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(8): 2358-2361.
  • Lloyd, C. and Payne, J. (2002) “Developing a Political Economy of Skill”, Journal of Education and Work, 15(4): 365-390.
  • Logan, J. K. (2000) “Retention Tangibles and Intangibles”, Training & Development, 54(4): 48-48.
  • Magilvy, J. K. and Thomas, E. (2009) “A First Qualitative Project: Qualitative Descriptive Design for Novice Researchers”, Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 14(4): 298-300.
  • Manyika, J., Chui, M., Miremadi, M., Bughin, J., George, K., Willmott, P. and Dewhurst, M. (2017) “A Future that Works: AI, Automation, Employment and Productivity”, Mckinsey Global Institute Research, 60: 1-135.
  • McGuinness, S., Pouliakas, K. and Redmond, P. (2023) “Skills-Displacing Technological Change and its Impact on Jobs: Challenging Technological Alarmism?”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 32(3), 370-392.
  • Mckinsey Global Institute. (2017) “Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation”, https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv:78297 (15.10.2021).
  • Miguel, P. C. (2011) “Qualitative Research Approach in Production Engineering–An Assessment of a Research Project and a Sample of Master of Science Dissertations”, Exacta, 9(2), 197-206.
  • OECD (2012) “Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives: A Strategic Approach to Skills Policies”, OECD Publishing: Paris.
  • Özkan-Özen, Y. D. and Kazancoglu, Y. (2022) “Analysing Workforce Development Challenges in the Industry 4.0”, International Journal of Manpower, 43(2): 310-333.
  • Perry, A., Wiederhold, S. and Ackermann-Piek, D. (2014) “How Can Skill Mismatch be Measured? New Approaches With PIAAC”, 8(2): 137-174.
  • Quintini, G. (2011) “Right for the Job: Over-qualified or Under-Skilled?”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 120, OECD Publishing:Paris,
  • Randstad (2020) “Industry 4.0 Mismatching and Re-Skilling”, https://www.randstad.com/workforce-insights/future-of-work/industry-40-mismatching-reskilling/ (12.11.2021).
  • Thulasy, T. N., Nohuddin, P. N., Abd Rahim, N. and Amrin, A. (2022) “Skill Set Issues in Aircraft Maintenance from Industrial Revolution 4.0 Context: A Document Analytics Survey”, Human Systems Management, 41(4), 503-516.
  • TTGV (2020) “Teknolojik İnovasyon Ekosisteminde İnsan Kaynakları Araştırması”, https://www.ttgv.org.tr/tur/images/publications/60531a3973be0.pdf (19.10.2021).
  • Weaver, A. and Osterman, P. (2017) “Skill Demands and Mismatch in US Manufacturing”, ILR Review, 70(2): 275-307.
  • Wolcott, H. F. (1994) “Transforming Qualitative Data: Description, Analysis and Interpretation”, USA: SAGE Publishing.
  • Yıldırım, A. and Şimşek, H. (2016) “Qualitative Research Methods in the Social Sciences”, Ankara: Seçkin Publishing.
  • Zhurukov, D. (2020) “Skills Mismatch Elimination as a Method to Raise the Level of Finnish Higher Education”, Bachelor's Thesis, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Finland.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Didem Koca 0000-0001-5236-2677

Erdal Tanas Karagöl 0000-0003-0803-4064

Early Pub Date October 17, 2023
Publication Date October 14, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Koca, D., & Karagöl, E. T. (2023). SKILLS MISMATCH IN TRANSITION TO INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THE CONTEXT OF LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN TÜRKİYE. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21(3), 445-472. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1277147
AMA Koca D, Karagöl ET. SKILLS MISMATCH IN TRANSITION TO INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THE CONTEXT OF LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN TÜRKİYE. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi. October 2023;21(3):445-472. doi:10.11611/yead.1277147
Chicago Koca, Didem, and Erdal Tanas Karagöl. “SKILLS MISMATCH IN TRANSITION TO INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THE CONTEXT OF LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN TÜRKİYE”. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 21, no. 3 (October 2023): 445-72. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1277147.
EndNote Koca D, Karagöl ET (October 1, 2023) SKILLS MISMATCH IN TRANSITION TO INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THE CONTEXT OF LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN TÜRKİYE. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 21 3 445–472.
IEEE D. Koca and E. T. Karagöl, “SKILLS MISMATCH IN TRANSITION TO INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THE CONTEXT OF LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN TÜRKİYE”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 445–472, 2023, doi: 10.11611/yead.1277147.
ISNAD Koca, Didem - Karagöl, Erdal Tanas. “SKILLS MISMATCH IN TRANSITION TO INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THE CONTEXT OF LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN TÜRKİYE”. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 21/3 (October 2023), 445-472. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1277147.
JAMA Koca D, Karagöl ET. SKILLS MISMATCH IN TRANSITION TO INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THE CONTEXT OF LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN TÜRKİYE. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2023;21:445–472.
MLA Koca, Didem and Erdal Tanas Karagöl. “SKILLS MISMATCH IN TRANSITION TO INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THE CONTEXT OF LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN TÜRKİYE”. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 3, 2023, pp. 445-72, doi:10.11611/yead.1277147.
Vancouver Koca D, Karagöl ET. SKILLS MISMATCH IN TRANSITION TO INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THE CONTEXT OF LARGE-SCALE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN TÜRKİYE. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2023;21(3):445-72.