CHINA’S EAST TOKAMAK PROGRAM AND THE EFFECTS OF FUSION ENERGY ON ENERGY IMPORT DEPENDENCY: A STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT FOR TURKEY
Year 2026,
Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 88 - 99, 21.03.2026
Hayriye Taşcı
Abstract
This study assesses the implications of fusion energy for energy-import-dependent economies by examining China’s Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak program and its relevance for Turkey. A qualitative research design is employed, combining a systematic review of scientific literature, technical reports, and official data with a comparative, scenario-based analytical framework. The findings show that progress in fusion technology is strongly linked to institutional capacity, long-term science and technology policies, and sustainable financing arrangements. Fusion energy offers potential advantages for long-term supply security, price stability, resource diversification, and low-carbon transition goals. Given Turkey’s high dependence on imported natural gas and its exposure to external shocks, fusion should be viewed as a strategic long-term option rather than an immediate solution. The study concludes that early engagement in fusion research and international cooperation can improve technological preparedness and support future energy security and macroeconomic resilience.
Ethical Statement
This study does not require ethical approval as it does not involve human participants, animals, or sensitive personal data.
Supporting Institution
The authors declare that this research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Thanks
The author would like to thank the editorial team and anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions, which helped improve the quality of the manuscript.
References
-
BP (2023) "Statistical Review of World Energy 2023", https://www.bp.com, (16.12.2025)
-
Carayannis, E.G., Draper, J. ve Bhaneja, B. (2021) "Towards Fusion Energy in the Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0 Context: Call for a Global Commission for Urgent Action on Fusion Energy", Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12: 1891-1904.
-
Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (2021) “The Impact of Oil Price Shocks on Turkish Sovereign Yield Curve”,
https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/Publications/Working+Papers/2021/21-04, (16.12.2025).
-
Chang, H.J. (2025) "Advancements in Tokamak Technology for Fusion Energy: A Bibliometric and Patent Trend Analysis (2014–2024)", Energies, 18(16): 4450.
-
EAST Team (2024) "EAST Operational Report 2024", Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, https://www.east.ipp.ac.cn, (22.12.2025)
-
EPDK (2024) "Natural Gas Market Sector Report 2024", Energy Market Regulatory Authority, https://www.epdk.gov.tr, (22.12.2025)
-
Huang, C. ve Li, L. (2018) "Magnetic Confinement Fusion: A Brief Review", Frontiers in Energy, 12(2): 305-313.
-
Hu, J., Xi, W., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Yao, D., Zang, Q., Hu, Y., Zuo, G., Yuan, Q., Qian, J., Zhou, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, M., Xu, H., Xie, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, H., Sun, Y., Wang, L., Li, G., Yin, H., Yang, Y., Gong, X., Lu, K., Xu, G., Chen, J., Liu, F., Li, J. ve Song, Y. (2023) "All Superconducting Tokamak: EAST", AAPPS Bulletin, 33(1): 8.Hu, X. (2023) "Advances in EAST Tokamak Operations", Nuclear Fusion Studies, 62(4): 455-468.
-
International Energy Agency (2023) "World Energy Outlook 2023", IEA Publications, https://www.iea.org, (16.12.2025)
-
JET Joint Undertaking (2023) "JET Operational Highlights", UK Atomic Energy Authority, https://www.jet.ukaea.uk, (22.12.2025)
-
KSTAR Research Center (2023) "KSTAR 2023 Experimental Results", National Fusion Research Institute, https://www.nfri.re.kr, (22.12.2025)
-
Lindley, B., Roulstone, T., Locatelli, G. ve Rooney, M. (2023) "Can Fusion Energy Be Cost-Competitive and Commercially Viable? An Analysis of Magnetically Confined Reactors", Energy Policy, 177.
-
Özlale, Ü. ve Pekkurnaz, D. (2010) "Oil Prices and Current Account: A Structural Analysis for the Turkish Economy", Energy Policy, 38(8): 4489-4496.
-
Song, Y., Zou, X., Gong, X., Becoulet, A. ve Buttery, R.J. (2023) "Realization of Thousand-Second Improved Confinement Plasma with Super I-Mode in Tokamak EAST", Science Advances, 9(1): eabq5273.
-
Wan, B. ve EAST Team (2020) "A New Path to Improve High βp Plasma Performance on EAST for Steady-State Tokamak Fusion Reactor", Chinese Physics Letters, 37(4): 045202.
-
Yaprakli, S. (2010) "Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Türkiye: A Cointegration Analysis", Energy Economics, 32(4): 852-858.
-
Zohm, H. (2015) "On the Path to Tokamak Power Plants", Nuclear Fusion, 55(10): 104010.
CHINA’S EAST TOKAMAK PROGRAM AND THE EFFECTS OF FUSION ENERGY ON ENERGY IMPORT DEPENDENCY: A STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT FOR TÜRKİYE
Year 2026,
Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 88 - 99, 21.03.2026
Hayriye Taşcı
Abstract
Bu çalışma, Çin’in Deneysel Gelişmiş Süperiletken Tokamak (EAST) programını inceleyerek füzyon enerjisinin enerji ithalatına bağımlı ekonomiler üzerindeki olası etkilerini ve Türkiye açısından taşıdığı önemi değerlendirmektedir. Çalışmada, bilimsel literatür, teknik raporlar ve resmî veri kaynaklarının sistematik bir incelemesi ile karşılaştırmalı ve senaryo temelli bir analitik çerçeveyi birleştiren nitel bir araştırma tasarımı benimsenmiştir. Bulgular, füzyon teknolojisindeki ilerlemenin kurumsal kapasite, uzun vadeli bilim ve teknoloji politikaları ile sürdürülebilir finansman düzenlemeleriyle güçlü biçimde ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Füzyon enerjisinin, uzun vadeli arz güvenliği, fiyat istikrarı, kaynak çeşitliliği ve düşük karbonlu dönüşüm hedefleri açısından önemli potansiyel avantajlar sunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Türkiye’nin ithal doğal gaza yüksek düzeyde bağımlılığı ve dış şoklara olan kırılganlığı dikkate alındığında, füzyon enerjisinin kısa vadeli bir çözümden ziyade stratejik bir uzun vadeli seçenek olarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma, füzyon araştırmalarına erken aşamada katılımın ve uluslararası iş birliğinin, teknolojik hazırlık düzeyini artırabileceğini ve gelecekte enerji güvenliği ile makroekonomik dayanıklılığın güçlendirilmesine katkı sağlayabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Ethical Statement
Bu çalışma, insan katılımcılar, hayvanlar veya hassas kişisel veriler içermediğinden etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir.
Supporting Institution
Bu araştırma, kamu, ticari veya kâr amacı gütmeyen herhangi bir kuruluştan özel bir finansal destek almamıştır.
Thanks
Makalenin niteliğinin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayan değerli görüş ve önerileri için editör kuruluna ve hakemlere teşekkür ederim.
References
-
BP (2023) "Statistical Review of World Energy 2023", https://www.bp.com, (16.12.2025)
-
Carayannis, E.G., Draper, J. ve Bhaneja, B. (2021) "Towards Fusion Energy in the Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0 Context: Call for a Global Commission for Urgent Action on Fusion Energy", Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12: 1891-1904.
-
Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (2021) “The Impact of Oil Price Shocks on Turkish Sovereign Yield Curve”,
https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/Publications/Working+Papers/2021/21-04, (16.12.2025).
-
Chang, H.J. (2025) "Advancements in Tokamak Technology for Fusion Energy: A Bibliometric and Patent Trend Analysis (2014–2024)", Energies, 18(16): 4450.
-
EAST Team (2024) "EAST Operational Report 2024", Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, https://www.east.ipp.ac.cn, (22.12.2025)
-
EPDK (2024) "Natural Gas Market Sector Report 2024", Energy Market Regulatory Authority, https://www.epdk.gov.tr, (22.12.2025)
-
Huang, C. ve Li, L. (2018) "Magnetic Confinement Fusion: A Brief Review", Frontiers in Energy, 12(2): 305-313.
-
Hu, J., Xi, W., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Yao, D., Zang, Q., Hu, Y., Zuo, G., Yuan, Q., Qian, J., Zhou, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, M., Xu, H., Xie, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, H., Sun, Y., Wang, L., Li, G., Yin, H., Yang, Y., Gong, X., Lu, K., Xu, G., Chen, J., Liu, F., Li, J. ve Song, Y. (2023) "All Superconducting Tokamak: EAST", AAPPS Bulletin, 33(1): 8.Hu, X. (2023) "Advances in EAST Tokamak Operations", Nuclear Fusion Studies, 62(4): 455-468.
-
International Energy Agency (2023) "World Energy Outlook 2023", IEA Publications, https://www.iea.org, (16.12.2025)
-
JET Joint Undertaking (2023) "JET Operational Highlights", UK Atomic Energy Authority, https://www.jet.ukaea.uk, (22.12.2025)
-
KSTAR Research Center (2023) "KSTAR 2023 Experimental Results", National Fusion Research Institute, https://www.nfri.re.kr, (22.12.2025)
-
Lindley, B., Roulstone, T., Locatelli, G. ve Rooney, M. (2023) "Can Fusion Energy Be Cost-Competitive and Commercially Viable? An Analysis of Magnetically Confined Reactors", Energy Policy, 177.
-
Özlale, Ü. ve Pekkurnaz, D. (2010) "Oil Prices and Current Account: A Structural Analysis for the Turkish Economy", Energy Policy, 38(8): 4489-4496.
-
Song, Y., Zou, X., Gong, X., Becoulet, A. ve Buttery, R.J. (2023) "Realization of Thousand-Second Improved Confinement Plasma with Super I-Mode in Tokamak EAST", Science Advances, 9(1): eabq5273.
-
Wan, B. ve EAST Team (2020) "A New Path to Improve High βp Plasma Performance on EAST for Steady-State Tokamak Fusion Reactor", Chinese Physics Letters, 37(4): 045202.
-
Yaprakli, S. (2010) "Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Türkiye: A Cointegration Analysis", Energy Economics, 32(4): 852-858.
-
Zohm, H. (2015) "On the Path to Tokamak Power Plants", Nuclear Fusion, 55(10): 104010.