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EVALUATION OF FACTORS WHICH CAUSE FEMALE POVERTY IN THE EU BY PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Year 2021, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 40 - 61, 30.06.2021

Eylül Kabakçı Günay Onur Polat

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.826661

Abstract

This study aims to determine the variables which have effects on female poverty in 27 EU countries. For this purpose, an econometric model was established by using EU countries' 2005-2017 data set. The dependent variable is female poverty (Female at risk of poverty or social disclusion) independent variables are; Unemployment Rate of Active Female Population, % of women with higher education graduation, % of women with Primary School Graduation, wage and salaried female workers (% of female employment ).
The Augmented Mean Estimator is used as the econometric analysis method for the models. This estimator is also known suitable model when heterogeneity and correlation between units exist As a result, unemployment rate of active female population and increased wage and salaried workers rate have statistically significant effects on % risk of female’s Social exclusion and poverty. The unemployment rate has same-direction relationship with risk of social exclusion and poverty. But the percentage of wage and salaried working women has reverse-direction relationship with social exclusion and poverty. It is an proof that shows poverty is not only income based issue but also multidimensional.

Keywords

Poverty Female Poverty European Union panel Data Analysis

References

  • Aisa, R.LArramona G., Pueyo F. (2019) “Poverty in Europe by Gender: The Role Of Education and Labour Status”, Economic Analysis and Policy, Volume 63, p. 24-34.
  • Alcock, P.(2006). “Understanding Poverty”, 3rd Edition, Palgrave Mc Milllan NewYork.
  • Baltagi, B., Feng, Q., and Kao, C. (2012) "A Lagrange Multiplier Test for Cross-Sectional Dependence in a Fixed Effects Panel Data Model". Journal of Econometrics, 170 (1), 164-177.
  • Breusch, T., and Pagan, A. (1980) “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Application to Model Specification in Econometrics”,Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-254.
  • Credit Suisse Research Institute, (2019) “Global Wealth Report”, Switzerland. https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us/en/reports-research/global-wealth-report.html
  • Dinçoflaz, N. J. (2009) “Kentteki Kadının Yoksulluğu Ve Sosyal Yardımlaşma Ve Dayanışma Genel Müdürlüğü’nün Kadın Yoksulluğuyla Mücadele Politikaları”, Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara: TC Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I. ve Hurlin, C., (2012) “Testing for Granger Noncausality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
  • Dünya IV. Kadın Konferansı, Pekin Deklarasyonu ve Eylem Platformu, (1995) http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/kefe/docs/pekin.pdf Access Date: 07.09.2020.
  • Eberhardt, M. (2012) “Estimating Panel Time-Series Models With Heterogeneous Slopes”, The Stata Journal 12, Number 1, pp. 61–71.
  • Eberhardt, M., ve F. Teal. (2010) “Productivity Analysis in Global Manufacturing Production”. Discussion Paper 515, Department of Economics, University of Oxford.
  • European Social Statistics, (2002) “Income Poverty and Social Exclusion”, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • GWR, Global Wealth Report, (2020). https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us/en/reports-research/global-wealth-report.html Access Date: 20.06.2020
  • İzgi, B. & Dineri, E. (2019) “Avrupa Ülkelerinde Yoksulluk ve Eğitim: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi”, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Konferansı, Antalya.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, S. (2007) “Yoksulluk Nasıl Anlaşılmalı? Temel Tanımlar, Yaklaşımlar”. SYDV Yoksulluk Üzerine Seminerler Dizisi. Ankara.
  • Menton, C. (2007) “An Investigation of the Measurement of Poverty in Ireland”, Dublin: Institute of Public Administration.
  • Narayan D. Patel R. Schafft K. Rademacher A. Koch-Schulte S.(1999) “Can Anyone Hear Us ? Voices From 47 Countries”, World Bank Poverty Group.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2003) “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test İn The Presence Of Cross Section Dependence”. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0346. http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/research-files/repec/cam/pdf/cwpe0346.pdf (Access Date: 18.08.2020).
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, .Discussion Papers on IZA, Discussion Paper No. 1240. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5113
  • Pesaran, M.H. and Yamagata, T. (2008) “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Polin, V.& Raitono M.(2012) “Poverty Dynamics in Clusters of European Union Countries: Related Events and Main Determinants”, University of Verona Working Paper Series, Italy. http://dse.univr.it/workingpapers/PolinRaitanoPovertyDynamicsInEUWpDSEMarzo2012-1.pdf
  • ESRC, (2020) “Poverty and Social Exclusion” https://www.poverty.ac.uk/definitions-poverty/social-exclusion#:~:text=Social%20exclusion%20is%20a%20complex,social%2C%20cultural%20or%20political%20arenas. Access Date: 20.06.2020
  • Sen, A.K.(1976) “Poverty: An Ordinal Approach to Measurement”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society.
  • Sen, A. K. (1985) “Commodities and Capabilities”. Professor Dr P. Hennipman Lectures in Economics; Amsterdam and New York: North-Holland and Elsevier Science.
  • Swamy, P. A. V. (1970) “Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model”. Econometrica 38: 311–323.
  • Şener, Ü. (2009) “Kadın Yoksulluğu”. TEPAV Değerlendirme Notu.
  • Tatoğlu, F.Y.(2020) “İleri Panel Veri Analizi”, 4. Baskı ,İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Uçar, C. (2011) “Kadın Yoksulluğu İle Mücadelede Sosyal Politika Araçları Ve Etkinlikler”. Uzmanlık Tezi. Ankara: TC Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • World Bank, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/193308-there-are-multiple-international-poverty-lines-wh Access Date: 17.06.2020

AB'DE KADIN YOKSULLUĞUNA NEDEN OLAN FAKTÖRLERİN PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ İLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2021, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 40 - 61, 30.06.2021

Eylül Kabakçı Günay Onur Polat

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.826661

Abstract

Bu çalışma 27 AB ülkesinde kadın yoksulluğu üzerinde etkisi olan değişkenleri belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla AB ülkelerinin 2005-2017 veri seti kullanılarak ekonometrik bir model oluşturulmuştur. Bağımlı değişken kadın yoksulluğudur (Kadın yoksulluk veya sosyal dışlanma riski) bağımsız değişkenler; Aktif Kadın Nüfusundaki İşsizlik Oranı, yüksek öğrenim mezunu kadınların yüzdesi, İlkokul mezunu kadınların yüzdesi, ücretli ve maaşlı kadın işçiler (kadın istihdamının yüzdesi)’dir.
Modeller için ekonometrik analiz yöntemi olarak Genişletilmiş Ortalama Grup Tahmincisi (AMG) kullanılmıştır. Bu tahminci, birimler arasında heterojenlik ve korelasyon olduğunda da uygun bir model olarak bilinir. Sonuç olarak, aktif kadın nüfusunun işsizlik oranı ve ücretli ve maaşlı işçi oranı, kadınların sosyal dışlanma ve yoksulluk yüzdesi üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkilere sahiptir. İşsizlik oranı, sosyal dışlanma ve yoksulluk riski ile aynı yönde ilişkiye sahiptir. Ancak ücretli ve maaşlı çalışan kadınların yüzdesi, sosyal dışlanma ve yoksulluk ile ters yönlü bir ilişkiye sahiptir. Bu ise yoksulluğun sadece gelir temelli bir mesele olmadığını, aynı zamanda çok boyutlu olduğunu gösteren bir kanıttır.

Keywords

Yoksulluk Kadın Yoksulluğu Avrupa Birliği Panel Veri Analizi

References

  • Aisa, R.LArramona G., Pueyo F. (2019) “Poverty in Europe by Gender: The Role Of Education and Labour Status”, Economic Analysis and Policy, Volume 63, p. 24-34.
  • Alcock, P.(2006). “Understanding Poverty”, 3rd Edition, Palgrave Mc Milllan NewYork.
  • Baltagi, B., Feng, Q., and Kao, C. (2012) "A Lagrange Multiplier Test for Cross-Sectional Dependence in a Fixed Effects Panel Data Model". Journal of Econometrics, 170 (1), 164-177.
  • Breusch, T., and Pagan, A. (1980) “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Application to Model Specification in Econometrics”,Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239-254.
  • Credit Suisse Research Institute, (2019) “Global Wealth Report”, Switzerland. https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us/en/reports-research/global-wealth-report.html
  • Dinçoflaz, N. J. (2009) “Kentteki Kadının Yoksulluğu Ve Sosyal Yardımlaşma Ve Dayanışma Genel Müdürlüğü’nün Kadın Yoksulluğuyla Mücadele Politikaları”, Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara: TC Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Dumitrescu, E. I. ve Hurlin, C., (2012) “Testing for Granger Noncausality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
  • Dünya IV. Kadın Konferansı, Pekin Deklarasyonu ve Eylem Platformu, (1995) http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/kefe/docs/pekin.pdf Access Date: 07.09.2020.
  • Eberhardt, M. (2012) “Estimating Panel Time-Series Models With Heterogeneous Slopes”, The Stata Journal 12, Number 1, pp. 61–71.
  • Eberhardt, M., ve F. Teal. (2010) “Productivity Analysis in Global Manufacturing Production”. Discussion Paper 515, Department of Economics, University of Oxford.
  • European Social Statistics, (2002) “Income Poverty and Social Exclusion”, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • GWR, Global Wealth Report, (2020). https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us/en/reports-research/global-wealth-report.html Access Date: 20.06.2020
  • İzgi, B. & Dineri, E. (2019) “Avrupa Ülkelerinde Yoksulluk ve Eğitim: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi”, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Konferansı, Antalya.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, S. (2007) “Yoksulluk Nasıl Anlaşılmalı? Temel Tanımlar, Yaklaşımlar”. SYDV Yoksulluk Üzerine Seminerler Dizisi. Ankara.
  • Menton, C. (2007) “An Investigation of the Measurement of Poverty in Ireland”, Dublin: Institute of Public Administration.
  • Narayan D. Patel R. Schafft K. Rademacher A. Koch-Schulte S.(1999) “Can Anyone Hear Us ? Voices From 47 Countries”, World Bank Poverty Group.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2003) “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test İn The Presence Of Cross Section Dependence”. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0346. http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/research-files/repec/cam/pdf/cwpe0346.pdf (Access Date: 18.08.2020).
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, .Discussion Papers on IZA, Discussion Paper No. 1240. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5113
  • Pesaran, M.H. and Yamagata, T. (2008) “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Polin, V.& Raitono M.(2012) “Poverty Dynamics in Clusters of European Union Countries: Related Events and Main Determinants”, University of Verona Working Paper Series, Italy. http://dse.univr.it/workingpapers/PolinRaitanoPovertyDynamicsInEUWpDSEMarzo2012-1.pdf
  • ESRC, (2020) “Poverty and Social Exclusion” https://www.poverty.ac.uk/definitions-poverty/social-exclusion#:~:text=Social%20exclusion%20is%20a%20complex,social%2C%20cultural%20or%20political%20arenas. Access Date: 20.06.2020
  • Sen, A.K.(1976) “Poverty: An Ordinal Approach to Measurement”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society.
  • Sen, A. K. (1985) “Commodities and Capabilities”. Professor Dr P. Hennipman Lectures in Economics; Amsterdam and New York: North-Holland and Elsevier Science.
  • Swamy, P. A. V. (1970) “Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model”. Econometrica 38: 311–323.
  • Şener, Ü. (2009) “Kadın Yoksulluğu”. TEPAV Değerlendirme Notu.
  • Tatoğlu, F.Y.(2020) “İleri Panel Veri Analizi”, 4. Baskı ,İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Uçar, C. (2011) “Kadın Yoksulluğu İle Mücadelede Sosyal Politika Araçları Ve Etkinlikler”. Uzmanlık Tezi. Ankara: TC Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • World Bank, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/193308-there-are-multiple-international-poverty-lines-wh Access Date: 17.06.2020
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Eylül Kabakçı Günay 0000-0001-5547-4316

Onur Polat 0000-0002-7170-4254

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 19 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kabakçı Günay, E., & Polat, O. (2021). EVALUATION OF FACTORS WHICH CAUSE FEMALE POVERTY IN THE EU BY PANEL DATA ANALYSIS. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 19(2), 40-61. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.826661
AMA Kabakçı Günay E, Polat O. EVALUATION OF FACTORS WHICH CAUSE FEMALE POVERTY IN THE EU BY PANEL DATA ANALYSIS. Journal of Management and Economics Research. June 2021;19(2):40-61. doi:10.11611/yead.826661
Chicago Kabakçı Günay, Eylül, and Onur Polat. “EVALUATION OF FACTORS WHICH CAUSE FEMALE POVERTY IN THE EU BY PANEL DATA ANALYSIS”. Journal of Management and Economics Research 19, no. 2 (June 2021): 40-61. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.826661.
EndNote Kabakçı Günay E, Polat O (June 1, 2021) EVALUATION OF FACTORS WHICH CAUSE FEMALE POVERTY IN THE EU BY PANEL DATA ANALYSIS. Journal of Management and Economics Research 19 2 40–61.
IEEE E. Kabakçı Günay and O. Polat, “EVALUATION OF FACTORS WHICH CAUSE FEMALE POVERTY IN THE EU BY PANEL DATA ANALYSIS”, Journal of Management and Economics Research, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 40–61, 2021, doi: 10.11611/yead.826661.
ISNAD Kabakçı Günay, Eylül - Polat, Onur. “EVALUATION OF FACTORS WHICH CAUSE FEMALE POVERTY IN THE EU BY PANEL DATA ANALYSIS”. Journal of Management and Economics Research 19/2 (June 2021), 40-61. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.826661.
JAMA Kabakçı Günay E, Polat O. EVALUATION OF FACTORS WHICH CAUSE FEMALE POVERTY IN THE EU BY PANEL DATA ANALYSIS. Journal of Management and Economics Research. 2021;19:40–61.
MLA Kabakçı Günay, Eylül and Onur Polat. “EVALUATION OF FACTORS WHICH CAUSE FEMALE POVERTY IN THE EU BY PANEL DATA ANALYSIS”. Journal of Management and Economics Research, vol. 19, no. 2, 2021, pp. 40-61, doi:10.11611/yead.826661.
Vancouver Kabakçı Günay E, Polat O. EVALUATION OF FACTORS WHICH CAUSE FEMALE POVERTY IN THE EU BY PANEL DATA ANALYSIS. Journal of Management and Economics Research. 2021;19(2):40-61.