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YASAL ÇERÇEVENİN KADIN GİRİŞİMCİLİĞİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Year 2023, Volume: 21 Issue: 4, 319 - 332, 01.01.2024

Emel Mirza

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1364682

Abstract

Kadınların serbest meslek sahibi olması hem kadınların işgücüne katılımını hem de girişimcilikteki çeşitliliği artırmanın bir yolu olabilir. Kadınların ve erkeklerin serbest mesleği tercih etmelerinde farklılıklara neden olan bireysel özellikleri açıklayan birçok çalışma olmasına rağmen, kadın girişimcilik oranlarının ülkeler arasında neden önemli biçimde farklılık gösterdiğini açıklayan çalışmalar nispeten azdır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın amacı, Dünya Bankası'nın 112 ülke verilerini ve dinamik panel veri modelini kullanarak, kadın girişimcilik oranlarının ülkeler arasında değişiklik göstermesine sebep olabilecek sosyo-kültürel, yasal ve ekonomik koşulları araştırmaktır. Bu modelin tahminine dayalı sonuçlar, daha önce araştırılan faktörlerin yanı sıra, kadın girişimcilik oranlarının artırılması açısından yasal çerçevenin önemini ortaya koymaktadır. İş fırsatları açısından kadın-erkek arasındaki yasal eşitliğe yaklaşan ülkelerde kadın girişimcilerin oranının daha yüksek olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

Keywords

Girişimcilik Cinsiyet yasal eşitlik Ülkeler arası

References

  • Acs, Z.J., S. Desai and J. Hessels. 2008. Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 219–234.
  • Arango, M. C., de Aguilera, E. C. R., Moya, A. A. G., & Garrido, J. I. (2015). How Sensitive Is The Business Ownership Rate To Unemployment Fluctuations? Evidence Of Asymmetries In A Panel Of 23 Oecd Countries [Article]. Revista De Economia Mundial(41), 81-101.
  • Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another Look At The Instrumental Variable Estimation Of Error-Components Models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-d
  • Bjornskov, C., & Foss, N. J. (2008). Economic freedom and entrepreneurial activity: Some cross-country evidence [Article]. Public Choice, 134(3-4), 307-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9229-y
  • Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (1998). What makes an entrepreneur? [Article]. Journal of Labor Economics, 16(1), 26-60. https://doi.org/10.1086/209881
  • Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00009-8
  • Brush, C., Ali, A., Kelley, D., & Greene, P. (2017). The influence of human capital factors and context on women's entrepreneurship: Which matters more?. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 8, 105-113.
  • Cuberes, D., Priyanka, S., & Teignier, M. (2019). The determinants of entrepreneurship gender gaps: A cross-country analysis [Article]. Review of Development Economics, 23(1), 72-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12537
  • Dutta, N., & Mallick, S. (2018). Enabling Women Entrepreneurs: Exploring Factors That Mitigate the Negative Impact of Fertility Rates on Female Entrepreneurship [Article]. Kyklos, 71(3), 402-432. https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12175
  • Evans, D. S., & Jovanovic, B. (1989). An Estimated Model Of Entrepreneurial Choice Under Liquidity Constraints [Article]. Journal of Political Economy, 97(4), 808-827. https://doi.org/10.1086/261629
  • Evans, D. S., & Leighton, L. S. (1989). Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship [Note]. American Economic Review, 79(3), 519-535.
  • Faria, J. R., Cuestas, J. C., Gil-Alana, L., & Mourelle, E. (2021). Self-employment by gender in the EU: convergence and clusters [Article]. Empirica, 48(3), 717-741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-020-09494-2
  • Freytag, A., & Thurik, R. (2007). Entrepreneurship and its determinants in a cross-country setting [Article]. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-006-0044-2
  • Georgellis, Y., & Wall, H. J. (2005). Gender Differences in Self-Employment [Article]. International Review of Applied Economics, 19(3), 321-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692170500119854
  • Goltz, S., Buche, M. W., & Pathak, S. (2015). Political Empowerment, Rule of Law, and Women's Entry into Entrepreneurship [Article]. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 605-626. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12177
  • Grosanu, A., Bota-Avram, C., Rachisan, P. R., Vesselinov, R., & Tiron-Tudor, A. (2015). The Influence Of Country-Level Governance On Business Environment And Entrepreneurship: A Global Perspective [Article]. Amfiteatru Economic, 17(38), 60-75.
  • Izgi, B. B. (2022). Determinants of FLFP in BSEC Countries: Evidence from Panel Data [Article]. Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research, 12(2), 98-110.
  • Kara, A., & Peterson, M. F. (2019). The Relationship Between Formal and Informal Institutions and Entrepreneurship Rates Across European Regions [Article]. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 17(4), 463-493, Article 1616.
  • Lechman, E., & Kaur, H. (2015). Economic Growth And Female Labor Force Participation - Verifying The U-Feminization Hypothesis. New Evidence For 162 Countries Over The Period 1990-2012 [Article]. Economics & Sociology, 8(1), 246-257. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2015/8-1/19
  • Lv, Z. K., & Yang, R. D. (2018). Does women's participation in politics increase female labor participation? Evidence from panel data analysis. Economics Letters, 170, 35-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.05.013
  • Mishra, V., Nielsen, I., & Smyth, R. (2010). On the relationship between female labour force participation and fertility in G7 countries: evidence from panel cointegration and Granger causality [Article]. Empirical Economics, 38(2), 361-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-009-0270-1
  • Noseleit, F. (2014). Female self-employment and children. Small Business Economics, 43(3), 549-569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9570-8
  • Patrick, C., Stephens, H., & Weinstein, A. (2016). Where are all the self-employed women? Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions [Article]. Small Business Economics, 46(3), 365-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9697-2
  • Salis, G., & Flegl, M. (2021). Cross-Cultural Analysis of Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship [Article]. Changing Societies & Personalities, 5(1), 83-102. https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2021.5.1.123
  • Tasseven, O. (2017). The Relationship Between Economic Development and Female Labor Force Participation Rate: A Panel Data Analysis. In U. Hacioglu & H. Dincer (Eds.), Global Financial Crisis and Its Ramifications on Capital Markets: Opportunities and Threats in Volatile Economic Conditions (pp. 555-568). Springer International Publishing Ag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47021-4_38
  • Tripathi, S. (2023). Do cities favor female entrepreneurs? Evidence from India [Article]. Cities, 139, 17, Article 104404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104404
  • van Stel, A., Wennekers, S., & Scholman, G. (2014). Solo self-employed versus employer entrepreneurs: determinants and macro-economic effects in OECD countries [Article]. Eurasian Business Review, 4(1), 107-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-014-0003-z
  • Verheul, I., Van Stel, A., & Thurik, R. (2006). Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level [Article; Proceedings Paper]. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 18(2), 151-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620500532053
  • Vracheva, V., & Stoyneva, I. (2020). Does gender equality bridge or buffer the entrepreneurship gender gap? A cross-country investigation [Article]. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 26(8), 1827-1844. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-03-2020-0144
  • Yildirim, D. C., & Akinci, H. (2021). The dynamic relationships between the female labour force and the economic growth [Article]. Journal of Economic Studies, 48(8), 1512-1527. https://doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2020-0227

THE IMPACT OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Year 2023, Volume: 21 Issue: 4, 319 - 332, 01.01.2024

Emel Mirza

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1364682

Abstract

Female self-employment can be both a way of increasing female labor force participation and diversity in entrepreneurship. While there are many studies explaining the individual characteristics causing differences in women and men choosing self-employment, studies explaining substantial variation of female entrepreneurship rate between countries are relatively few. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the socio-cultural, legal and economic conditions of the countries that can lead female entrepreneurship rates vary by using World Bank data on 112 countries and dynamic panel data model. Results based on the estimation of this model denotes the importance of legal framework in terms of increasing female entrepreneurship rates alongside the determinants previously searched. The countries reaching closer to legal equality between women and men in terms of business opportunities have higher share of female entrepreneurs.

Keywords

Entrepreneurship gender legal equality cross country

References

  • Acs, Z.J., S. Desai and J. Hessels. 2008. Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 219–234.
  • Arango, M. C., de Aguilera, E. C. R., Moya, A. A. G., & Garrido, J. I. (2015). How Sensitive Is The Business Ownership Rate To Unemployment Fluctuations? Evidence Of Asymmetries In A Panel Of 23 Oecd Countries [Article]. Revista De Economia Mundial(41), 81-101.
  • Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another Look At The Instrumental Variable Estimation Of Error-Components Models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-d
  • Bjornskov, C., & Foss, N. J. (2008). Economic freedom and entrepreneurial activity: Some cross-country evidence [Article]. Public Choice, 134(3-4), 307-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-007-9229-y
  • Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (1998). What makes an entrepreneur? [Article]. Journal of Labor Economics, 16(1), 26-60. https://doi.org/10.1086/209881
  • Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00009-8
  • Brush, C., Ali, A., Kelley, D., & Greene, P. (2017). The influence of human capital factors and context on women's entrepreneurship: Which matters more?. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 8, 105-113.
  • Cuberes, D., Priyanka, S., & Teignier, M. (2019). The determinants of entrepreneurship gender gaps: A cross-country analysis [Article]. Review of Development Economics, 23(1), 72-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12537
  • Dutta, N., & Mallick, S. (2018). Enabling Women Entrepreneurs: Exploring Factors That Mitigate the Negative Impact of Fertility Rates on Female Entrepreneurship [Article]. Kyklos, 71(3), 402-432. https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12175
  • Evans, D. S., & Jovanovic, B. (1989). An Estimated Model Of Entrepreneurial Choice Under Liquidity Constraints [Article]. Journal of Political Economy, 97(4), 808-827. https://doi.org/10.1086/261629
  • Evans, D. S., & Leighton, L. S. (1989). Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship [Note]. American Economic Review, 79(3), 519-535.
  • Faria, J. R., Cuestas, J. C., Gil-Alana, L., & Mourelle, E. (2021). Self-employment by gender in the EU: convergence and clusters [Article]. Empirica, 48(3), 717-741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-020-09494-2
  • Freytag, A., & Thurik, R. (2007). Entrepreneurship and its determinants in a cross-country setting [Article]. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-006-0044-2
  • Georgellis, Y., & Wall, H. J. (2005). Gender Differences in Self-Employment [Article]. International Review of Applied Economics, 19(3), 321-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692170500119854
  • Goltz, S., Buche, M. W., & Pathak, S. (2015). Political Empowerment, Rule of Law, and Women's Entry into Entrepreneurship [Article]. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 605-626. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12177
  • Grosanu, A., Bota-Avram, C., Rachisan, P. R., Vesselinov, R., & Tiron-Tudor, A. (2015). The Influence Of Country-Level Governance On Business Environment And Entrepreneurship: A Global Perspective [Article]. Amfiteatru Economic, 17(38), 60-75.
  • Izgi, B. B. (2022). Determinants of FLFP in BSEC Countries: Evidence from Panel Data [Article]. Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research, 12(2), 98-110.
  • Kara, A., & Peterson, M. F. (2019). The Relationship Between Formal and Informal Institutions and Entrepreneurship Rates Across European Regions [Article]. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 17(4), 463-493, Article 1616.
  • Lechman, E., & Kaur, H. (2015). Economic Growth And Female Labor Force Participation - Verifying The U-Feminization Hypothesis. New Evidence For 162 Countries Over The Period 1990-2012 [Article]. Economics & Sociology, 8(1), 246-257. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2015/8-1/19
  • Lv, Z. K., & Yang, R. D. (2018). Does women's participation in politics increase female labor participation? Evidence from panel data analysis. Economics Letters, 170, 35-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.05.013
  • Mishra, V., Nielsen, I., & Smyth, R. (2010). On the relationship between female labour force participation and fertility in G7 countries: evidence from panel cointegration and Granger causality [Article]. Empirical Economics, 38(2), 361-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-009-0270-1
  • Noseleit, F. (2014). Female self-employment and children. Small Business Economics, 43(3), 549-569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9570-8
  • Patrick, C., Stephens, H., & Weinstein, A. (2016). Where are all the self-employed women? Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions [Article]. Small Business Economics, 46(3), 365-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9697-2
  • Salis, G., & Flegl, M. (2021). Cross-Cultural Analysis of Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship [Article]. Changing Societies & Personalities, 5(1), 83-102. https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2021.5.1.123
  • Tasseven, O. (2017). The Relationship Between Economic Development and Female Labor Force Participation Rate: A Panel Data Analysis. In U. Hacioglu & H. Dincer (Eds.), Global Financial Crisis and Its Ramifications on Capital Markets: Opportunities and Threats in Volatile Economic Conditions (pp. 555-568). Springer International Publishing Ag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47021-4_38
  • Tripathi, S. (2023). Do cities favor female entrepreneurs? Evidence from India [Article]. Cities, 139, 17, Article 104404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104404
  • van Stel, A., Wennekers, S., & Scholman, G. (2014). Solo self-employed versus employer entrepreneurs: determinants and macro-economic effects in OECD countries [Article]. Eurasian Business Review, 4(1), 107-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-014-0003-z
  • Verheul, I., Van Stel, A., & Thurik, R. (2006). Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level [Article; Proceedings Paper]. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 18(2), 151-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620500532053
  • Vracheva, V., & Stoyneva, I. (2020). Does gender equality bridge or buffer the entrepreneurship gender gap? A cross-country investigation [Article]. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 26(8), 1827-1844. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-03-2020-0144
  • Yildirim, D. C., & Akinci, H. (2021). The dynamic relationships between the female labour force and the economic growth [Article]. Journal of Economic Studies, 48(8), 1512-1527. https://doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2020-0227
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Demography (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emel Mirza 0000-0002-5009-2666

Early Pub Date December 25, 2023
Publication Date January 1, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 21 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Mirza, E. (2024). THE IMPACT OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21(4), 319-332. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1364682
AMA Mirza E. THE IMPACT OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi. January 2024;21(4):319-332. doi:10.11611/yead.1364682
Chicago Mirza, Emel. “THE IMPACT OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS”. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 21, no. 4 (January 2024): 319-32. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1364682.
EndNote Mirza E (January 1, 2024) THE IMPACT OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 21 4 319–332.
IEEE E. Mirza, “THE IMPACT OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 319–332, 2024, doi: 10.11611/yead.1364682.
ISNAD Mirza, Emel. “THE IMPACT OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS”. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 21/4 (January 2024), 319-332. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1364682.
JAMA Mirza E. THE IMPACT OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2024;21:319–332.
MLA Mirza, Emel. “THE IMPACT OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS”. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 4, 2024, pp. 319-32, doi:10.11611/yead.1364682.
Vancouver Mirza E. THE IMPACT OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2024;21(4):319-32.