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VII.Yüzyılda Bizans-Sasani Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi Arasında Kalan Mukaddes Bir Şehir: KUDÜS

Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 21, 54 - 71, 23.12.2018

Abstract

Kadim bir geçmişe sahip olan Kudüs, bulunduğu jeopolitik konum ve sahip olduğu verimli topraklar nedeniyle, tarih boyunca birçok devletin ilgisini çekmiş ve uğruna büyük mücadelelerin verildiği bir şehir olmuştur. İsrail oğullarının şehre yerleşmeleriyle birlikte dinî kimliğiyle ön plana çıkmaya başlayan Kudüs, IV. yüzyıldan itibaren Hristiyanlık, VII. yüzyıldan itibaren ise İslamiyet nazarında kutsal kabul edilerek dünyada üç semavi din tarafından mukaddes kabul edilen tek şehir haline gelmiştir. Sahip olduğu dinî ve jeopolitik faktörler nedeniyle, tarihte belki de uğruna en fazla mücadele edilen şehir vasfına sahip olan Kudüs, Eski çağlardan günümüze kadar uzanan mücadeleler silsilesine sahne olmuştur. VII. yüzyıla gelindiğinde ise, Doğu’da birbirine rakip olarak ortaya çıkan Bizans ve Sasani gibi dönemin en güçlü iki imparatorluğunun çekişme alanlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Yaklaşık çeyrek asır içerisinde bu iki imparatorluk arasında iki kez el değiştiren Kudüs, bu iki imparatorluğun üstünlük mücadelesinin temel unsuru haline gelmiştir. Çalışmamızda, VII. yüzyılınen karakteristik hâkimiyet mücadelelerinden biri olan Bizans-Sasani savaşlarının Kudüs’e ve Kudüs’ün bu dönemdeki nüfusunu oluşturan Yahudi ve Hristiyanlara etkisini değerlendireceğiz

References

  • A. HUİE, James ,- William Jenks, The History of The Jews From the Taking of Jerusalem by Titus to the Present Time: Comprising A Narrative of Their Wanderings, Persecutions, Commericial, Enterprieses and Literary Exertions with an Account of the Warious Efforts Made for Their Conversion, Published by M. A. Berk, Harvard College Library, New York, 1842.
  • BAHADIR, Gürhan, “Anadolu’da BizansSasani Etkileşimi (IV.-VII. Yüzyıllar)”, Turkish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 6/1 Winter 2011, s. 709, ss. 707-726.
  • BASİT, Musa İsmail -Hamza Zib Mustafa ve diğerleri, Kudüs Tarihi, Nida Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2011.
  • BEDRASİAN, Robert, Eusebius’ Chronicle, Translated from Classical Armenian by Robert Bedrasian, Sources of The Armenian Tradition, (Long Branch, New Jersey,2008)
  • BROOKS, Joshua William, The History of The Hebrew Nation: From İts First Origin To The Present, The New York Public Library, 1899.
  • BROWN, Thomas, The History: The Destruction of The City And Temple of Jerusalem And The Ruin And Dispersion of The Jewish Nation, Albany, New York, 1825.
  • BUHL, F., “Kudüs”, İslam Ansiklopedisi (İslam Âlemi Tarihi, Coğrafya, Etnografya ve Biblografya Lugatı), C. 6, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, 1965.
  • BURY, F. B., History of The Later Roman Empire: From The Death of Theodosius I to The Death of Justinian, Power Publication, New York, 1958.
  • BÜYÜK LAROUSSE, “Kudüs”, C. 14, Milliyet Yayınları, İstanbul 1986. COCCEİAUNUS, Dio Cassius,Dio’ Roman History, Translated by Earnest Cary, İn Nine Volumes III, Stanford University Libraries, California, 1985.
  • CONDER, C. R.,The City of Jerusalem, Printed By Hazel, Watson And Winey, L.D., London, 1909.
  • CROUCH, R. B, Nathaniel, Two Journeys To Jerusalem The Manner of Travelling Upon Dromedarıes, Library of The Mıchıgan of University, London, 1759.
  • DUNCOMBE, John ,- Denis Petau-Edward Gibbon, Select Works of the Emperor Julian: And Some Pieces of the Sophist Libanius, Translated from the Greek. With Notes from Petau, La Bleterie, Gibbon, &c. To which is Added, The History of the Emperor Jovian, from the French of the Abbé de La Bleterie, Johann Albert Fabricius, Printed By J. Nichols, London, 1784.
  • ÇEKEN, Muhittin, Roma-Bizans Döneminde Kudüs (IV.-VII. Yüzyıl), (Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Manisa, 2015.
  • ÇELİK, Mehmet, Siyasal Sistem Açısından Bizans İmparatorluğunda Din-Devlet İlişkileri-1, Akademi Kitabevi, İzmir, 1999.
  • ERDEMİR, Hatice P.,- Halil Erdemir, “Kudüs’te Yahudi İsyanı ve Yahudiler”, History Studies, Ortadoğu Özel Sayısı, 2010, ss. 118-136.
  • FİRESTONE, Reuven,Yahudiliği Anlamak: İbrahim’im/Avraam’ın Çocuları, (Çev. Çağlayan Erendağ-Levent Kartal), Gözlem Gzetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., İstanbul, 2004.
  • GALİLEE, Eric M. Meyers, Through The Centuries:Confluence of Cultures, Eisenbrauns Press, United States of America, 1999.
  • GOLDHİLL, Simon, Jerusalem: City of Longing, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,Cambridge- Massachusetts, 2008.
  • GİBBON, Edward, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – V4, Published Bu J. A. James, Cincinnati, 1840.
  • GİLBERT,Martin, Jerusalem İllustrated History Atlas, Merton College Oxford, 19 Januray, 1987.
  • GOODMAN,Martin, Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilization, Random House LLC, 2008.
  • GÜRKAN, Salime Leyla, Yahudilik, İsam Yayınları, İstanbul 2008
  • HAMİLTONAdams & Co. Paternoster-Row, And J. Y. Knight, History of The Hews: İn All Ages, Antmony Pickard Printer, London, 1832.
  • HAMİLTON, Tom, “The Tell Amarna Letters”, Truth Magazine, Vol. XLV: 1, Januray 4, Athens, Alabama, 2001.
  • HARMAN, Ö. F., “Kudüs”, İA, ,C.26, TDV Yay., Ankara, 2002, ss. 323-327.
  • HERMİAS,Sozomenus, Ecclesiastical History, Revised by. Chester D. Hartranft, şurada: Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Volume II, Ed. By. Philip Schaff & Henry Wace, New York 1886.
  • HEYET, Kudüs (Tarihi Belge), (Çev. Acar Tanlak), İslam Konferansı Teşkilatı Kudüs Komitesi, Ankara, 1988.
  • HOLO, Joshua,Byzantine Jewry İn The Mediterranean Economy, Cambridge University Press, England, 2009.
  • İBN HALDUN,Mukaddime, C. 1, 5. Baskı, (Haz. Süleyman Uludağ), Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul, 2007.
  • İNCİL J. BUTLER, Alfred,- D.Lıtt, The Arab Conquest of Egypt And The Last Thirty Years of The Roman Dominion, Oxford at The Clarendon Press, 1902.
  • JOSEPHUS, The Jewish War, with an English Translation by J. Thackery, Books IVVII, Harvard University Press, London, 1961.
  • KATZ, Steven T.,The Cambridge History of Judaism:The Late Roman- Rabbinic Period, Volume IV, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2008.
  • KELLY, Christopher, The Roman Empire: A Very Short İntroduction, Oxfordions Press, New York, 2006.
  • KİNDERSLEY, Dorling, Eyewitness Travel Jerusalem & Holy Land, A Penguin Company, London, 2000.
  • KİTAB-I MUKADDES. KUR’ÂN-I KERÎM, Rum Suresi.
  • LAVİNA & Dan Cohn- Sherbok, Yahudiliğin Kısa Tarihi, Çev. Bilal Baş, İz Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2010.
  • LEVTCHENKO,M. L.,Kuruluşundan Yıkılışına Kadar Bizans Tarihi, (Çev. Maide Selen), Özne Yayınları, İstanbul, 1999.
  • LOUTH,Andrew, “Byzantium Transforming (600-700)”, The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire C. 500-1492, Edited by Jonathan Shepard, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2008, s. 227, (pp. 221-248).
  • MARCELLİUS, Ammianus, The Roman History: During The Reigns of The Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovanius, Valentinian And Valens, Translated By C. D. Yonge With General İndex, London, 1894.
  • MARGOLİS, Max L -Alexander Marx, A History of the Jewish People, The Jewish Publication Society of Americai Philadelphia, 1945.
  • MEYDAN LAROUSSE“Kudüs”,C.12, Meydan Yay., İstanbul 1969.
  • MİLMAN, Dean, The Fall of Jerusalem; And The Roman Conquest of Judea, London: T. Nelson and Sons; Peternoster Row, Edinburgh; and New York, 1885.
  • MİTCHELL,Stephen,Geç Roma İmparatorluğu Tarihi (M.S. 284-641), (Çev. Turhan Kaçar), Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 2016.
  • OSTROGORSKY,George, Bizans Devleti Tarihi,(Çev. Fikret Işıltan), Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 2006.
  • SİCKER,Martin, Between Rome And Jerusalem: 300 Years of Roman- Judaean Relations, Praeger Publishers, United States of America, 2001.
  • SİVAN, Hagith, “From Byzantine to Persian Jerusalem: Jewish Perspectives and Jewish/Christian Polemics”, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies Vol 41, No 3 (2000), Duke University Chicago GRBS.
  • SMİTH,George Adam, The Historical Geography of The Holy Land: Especially in Relation to The History of İsrael And of The Early Church, A. C. Armstrong And Son, London, 1901.
  • SMİTH,George Adam,Jerusalem: Topography, Economics And History From The Earliest Times to A.D. 70, Hodder And Stoughton, London, 1907.
  • STUBBS,W.,-Charles Hardwick, A History of The Christian Church: Middle Age With Four Maps Constructed for This Work, Edited by Keith Hohston, Macmillan and Co., London, 1877.
  • THE ARMENİAN HİSTORY OF SEBEOS,Translated with notes by R.W.Thomson, Historical Commnetary by James Howard-Jonston, Liverpool University Press,Oxford, 1998.
  • THE HİSTORY OF COUNT ZOSİMUS, Sometime Advocate and Chanceller of the Roman Empire, Translated From The Orginal Greek With The Notes of The Oxford Edition, Complete in One Volume, London, 1814.
  • THE HİSTORY OF THE CHURCH, From Our Lord’s İncarnation To The Twelfth Year of the Emperor Mouricius Tiberius or the Year of Christ As İt was Written in Greek by Eusebius Pamphilus, Bishop of Caesarea İn Palestina; Socrates Scolasticus, Native of Constantinopole; and Evagrius Scholasticus, Born at Epiphania in Syria Secunda, Printed by Z. M. For Awnsham and John Churchill, London, 1659.
  • THEOPHANESCONFESSOR, The Chronicle of Theophanes: Byzantine and Near Eastern A. D. 284-843, Translated with İntroduction and Commentary by Cyrill Mango and Roger Scott with Assistance of Geoffrey Greatrex, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997.
  • USTA, Aydın, Sorularla Bizans İmparatorluğu, Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
  • VASİLİEV,Alexander A.,Bizans İmparatorluğu Tarihi, (Çev. Tevabil Alkaç), Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
  • WARBURTON,William,- Richard Hurd, The Works of the Right Reverend William Warburton, D.D., Lord Bishop of Gloucester: To which is Prefixed a Discourse by Way of General Preface, Containing Some Account of the Life, Writings, and Character of the Author, printed by Luke Hansard & Sons for T. Cadell and W. Davies, London, 1811.
  • WATSON, C. M.,The Story of Jerusalem, Z. M. Dent& Sons Ltd, New York, 1912.
  • WİEMERS, Galin, Jerusalem: History, Archaelogy and Apologetic Proof of Scripture, Printed in United States of America By Signature Book Printing, 2010.
  • WİKİNS, George, The History of The Destruction of Jerusalem: As Connected With The Scripture Prophecies, Printed By A.& R. Spottiswode, London, 1822.
  • YAŞAR, Şükran, “Kudüs’ün Osmanlı Yönetimine Girişi ve Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Kudüs Ermenilerine Tanıdığı İmtiyazlar”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. I, sayı: II, Manisa, 2003, ss. 105-115.

A Holy City Within the Struggle of Sovereignty Between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanids: Jarusalem

Year 2018, Volume: 10 Issue: 21, 54 - 71, 23.12.2018

Abstract

Jerusalem, with its ancient history, has been a city that has attracted the attention of many states throughout the history and great struggles has been given for its sake because because of its geopolitical location and its fertile lands. Jerusalem, which started to come to the forefront with its religious identity with the settlements of the Israelites, by the IVth century Christianity, by the VIIthcentury and it has become the only city accepted as sacred by three heavenly religions. Because of its religious and geopolitical factors, Jerusalem has been the most contetsted city. It has been the scene of a series of struggles from ancient times to the present. When it came to the VIIth century, it became one of the contention fields of the two most powerful empires of the period:Byzantine Empire and Sassanids, which emerged as rivals in the East. Jerusalem, which has changed hands twice between these two empires in about a quarter century, has become the main element of the struggle of these two empires. In our study, we will evaluate the influence of the Byzantine-Sassanid wars, one of the most characteristic domination struggles of the VII. century, on Jerusalem and the Jews and Christians who formed the population of Jerusalem during this period

References

  • A. HUİE, James ,- William Jenks, The History of The Jews From the Taking of Jerusalem by Titus to the Present Time: Comprising A Narrative of Their Wanderings, Persecutions, Commericial, Enterprieses and Literary Exertions with an Account of the Warious Efforts Made for Their Conversion, Published by M. A. Berk, Harvard College Library, New York, 1842.
  • BAHADIR, Gürhan, “Anadolu’da BizansSasani Etkileşimi (IV.-VII. Yüzyıllar)”, Turkish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 6/1 Winter 2011, s. 709, ss. 707-726.
  • BASİT, Musa İsmail -Hamza Zib Mustafa ve diğerleri, Kudüs Tarihi, Nida Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2011.
  • BEDRASİAN, Robert, Eusebius’ Chronicle, Translated from Classical Armenian by Robert Bedrasian, Sources of The Armenian Tradition, (Long Branch, New Jersey,2008)
  • BROOKS, Joshua William, The History of The Hebrew Nation: From İts First Origin To The Present, The New York Public Library, 1899.
  • BROWN, Thomas, The History: The Destruction of The City And Temple of Jerusalem And The Ruin And Dispersion of The Jewish Nation, Albany, New York, 1825.
  • BUHL, F., “Kudüs”, İslam Ansiklopedisi (İslam Âlemi Tarihi, Coğrafya, Etnografya ve Biblografya Lugatı), C. 6, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, 1965.
  • BURY, F. B., History of The Later Roman Empire: From The Death of Theodosius I to The Death of Justinian, Power Publication, New York, 1958.
  • BÜYÜK LAROUSSE, “Kudüs”, C. 14, Milliyet Yayınları, İstanbul 1986. COCCEİAUNUS, Dio Cassius,Dio’ Roman History, Translated by Earnest Cary, İn Nine Volumes III, Stanford University Libraries, California, 1985.
  • CONDER, C. R.,The City of Jerusalem, Printed By Hazel, Watson And Winey, L.D., London, 1909.
  • CROUCH, R. B, Nathaniel, Two Journeys To Jerusalem The Manner of Travelling Upon Dromedarıes, Library of The Mıchıgan of University, London, 1759.
  • DUNCOMBE, John ,- Denis Petau-Edward Gibbon, Select Works of the Emperor Julian: And Some Pieces of the Sophist Libanius, Translated from the Greek. With Notes from Petau, La Bleterie, Gibbon, &c. To which is Added, The History of the Emperor Jovian, from the French of the Abbé de La Bleterie, Johann Albert Fabricius, Printed By J. Nichols, London, 1784.
  • ÇEKEN, Muhittin, Roma-Bizans Döneminde Kudüs (IV.-VII. Yüzyıl), (Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Manisa, 2015.
  • ÇELİK, Mehmet, Siyasal Sistem Açısından Bizans İmparatorluğunda Din-Devlet İlişkileri-1, Akademi Kitabevi, İzmir, 1999.
  • ERDEMİR, Hatice P.,- Halil Erdemir, “Kudüs’te Yahudi İsyanı ve Yahudiler”, History Studies, Ortadoğu Özel Sayısı, 2010, ss. 118-136.
  • FİRESTONE, Reuven,Yahudiliği Anlamak: İbrahim’im/Avraam’ın Çocuları, (Çev. Çağlayan Erendağ-Levent Kartal), Gözlem Gzetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., İstanbul, 2004.
  • GALİLEE, Eric M. Meyers, Through The Centuries:Confluence of Cultures, Eisenbrauns Press, United States of America, 1999.
  • GOLDHİLL, Simon, Jerusalem: City of Longing, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,Cambridge- Massachusetts, 2008.
  • GİBBON, Edward, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – V4, Published Bu J. A. James, Cincinnati, 1840.
  • GİLBERT,Martin, Jerusalem İllustrated History Atlas, Merton College Oxford, 19 Januray, 1987.
  • GOODMAN,Martin, Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilization, Random House LLC, 2008.
  • GÜRKAN, Salime Leyla, Yahudilik, İsam Yayınları, İstanbul 2008
  • HAMİLTONAdams & Co. Paternoster-Row, And J. Y. Knight, History of The Hews: İn All Ages, Antmony Pickard Printer, London, 1832.
  • HAMİLTON, Tom, “The Tell Amarna Letters”, Truth Magazine, Vol. XLV: 1, Januray 4, Athens, Alabama, 2001.
  • HARMAN, Ö. F., “Kudüs”, İA, ,C.26, TDV Yay., Ankara, 2002, ss. 323-327.
  • HERMİAS,Sozomenus, Ecclesiastical History, Revised by. Chester D. Hartranft, şurada: Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Volume II, Ed. By. Philip Schaff & Henry Wace, New York 1886.
  • HEYET, Kudüs (Tarihi Belge), (Çev. Acar Tanlak), İslam Konferansı Teşkilatı Kudüs Komitesi, Ankara, 1988.
  • HOLO, Joshua,Byzantine Jewry İn The Mediterranean Economy, Cambridge University Press, England, 2009.
  • İBN HALDUN,Mukaddime, C. 1, 5. Baskı, (Haz. Süleyman Uludağ), Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul, 2007.
  • İNCİL J. BUTLER, Alfred,- D.Lıtt, The Arab Conquest of Egypt And The Last Thirty Years of The Roman Dominion, Oxford at The Clarendon Press, 1902.
  • JOSEPHUS, The Jewish War, with an English Translation by J. Thackery, Books IVVII, Harvard University Press, London, 1961.
  • KATZ, Steven T.,The Cambridge History of Judaism:The Late Roman- Rabbinic Period, Volume IV, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2008.
  • KELLY, Christopher, The Roman Empire: A Very Short İntroduction, Oxfordions Press, New York, 2006.
  • KİNDERSLEY, Dorling, Eyewitness Travel Jerusalem & Holy Land, A Penguin Company, London, 2000.
  • KİTAB-I MUKADDES. KUR’ÂN-I KERÎM, Rum Suresi.
  • LAVİNA & Dan Cohn- Sherbok, Yahudiliğin Kısa Tarihi, Çev. Bilal Baş, İz Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2010.
  • LEVTCHENKO,M. L.,Kuruluşundan Yıkılışına Kadar Bizans Tarihi, (Çev. Maide Selen), Özne Yayınları, İstanbul, 1999.
  • LOUTH,Andrew, “Byzantium Transforming (600-700)”, The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire C. 500-1492, Edited by Jonathan Shepard, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2008, s. 227, (pp. 221-248).
  • MARCELLİUS, Ammianus, The Roman History: During The Reigns of The Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovanius, Valentinian And Valens, Translated By C. D. Yonge With General İndex, London, 1894.
  • MARGOLİS, Max L -Alexander Marx, A History of the Jewish People, The Jewish Publication Society of Americai Philadelphia, 1945.
  • MEYDAN LAROUSSE“Kudüs”,C.12, Meydan Yay., İstanbul 1969.
  • MİLMAN, Dean, The Fall of Jerusalem; And The Roman Conquest of Judea, London: T. Nelson and Sons; Peternoster Row, Edinburgh; and New York, 1885.
  • MİTCHELL,Stephen,Geç Roma İmparatorluğu Tarihi (M.S. 284-641), (Çev. Turhan Kaçar), Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 2016.
  • OSTROGORSKY,George, Bizans Devleti Tarihi,(Çev. Fikret Işıltan), Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 2006.
  • SİCKER,Martin, Between Rome And Jerusalem: 300 Years of Roman- Judaean Relations, Praeger Publishers, United States of America, 2001.
  • SİVAN, Hagith, “From Byzantine to Persian Jerusalem: Jewish Perspectives and Jewish/Christian Polemics”, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies Vol 41, No 3 (2000), Duke University Chicago GRBS.
  • SMİTH,George Adam, The Historical Geography of The Holy Land: Especially in Relation to The History of İsrael And of The Early Church, A. C. Armstrong And Son, London, 1901.
  • SMİTH,George Adam,Jerusalem: Topography, Economics And History From The Earliest Times to A.D. 70, Hodder And Stoughton, London, 1907.
  • STUBBS,W.,-Charles Hardwick, A History of The Christian Church: Middle Age With Four Maps Constructed for This Work, Edited by Keith Hohston, Macmillan and Co., London, 1877.
  • THE ARMENİAN HİSTORY OF SEBEOS,Translated with notes by R.W.Thomson, Historical Commnetary by James Howard-Jonston, Liverpool University Press,Oxford, 1998.
  • THE HİSTORY OF COUNT ZOSİMUS, Sometime Advocate and Chanceller of the Roman Empire, Translated From The Orginal Greek With The Notes of The Oxford Edition, Complete in One Volume, London, 1814.
  • THE HİSTORY OF THE CHURCH, From Our Lord’s İncarnation To The Twelfth Year of the Emperor Mouricius Tiberius or the Year of Christ As İt was Written in Greek by Eusebius Pamphilus, Bishop of Caesarea İn Palestina; Socrates Scolasticus, Native of Constantinopole; and Evagrius Scholasticus, Born at Epiphania in Syria Secunda, Printed by Z. M. For Awnsham and John Churchill, London, 1659.
  • THEOPHANESCONFESSOR, The Chronicle of Theophanes: Byzantine and Near Eastern A. D. 284-843, Translated with İntroduction and Commentary by Cyrill Mango and Roger Scott with Assistance of Geoffrey Greatrex, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997.
  • USTA, Aydın, Sorularla Bizans İmparatorluğu, Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
  • VASİLİEV,Alexander A.,Bizans İmparatorluğu Tarihi, (Çev. Tevabil Alkaç), Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
  • WARBURTON,William,- Richard Hurd, The Works of the Right Reverend William Warburton, D.D., Lord Bishop of Gloucester: To which is Prefixed a Discourse by Way of General Preface, Containing Some Account of the Life, Writings, and Character of the Author, printed by Luke Hansard & Sons for T. Cadell and W. Davies, London, 1811.
  • WATSON, C. M.,The Story of Jerusalem, Z. M. Dent& Sons Ltd, New York, 1912.
  • WİEMERS, Galin, Jerusalem: History, Archaelogy and Apologetic Proof of Scripture, Printed in United States of America By Signature Book Printing, 2010.
  • WİKİNS, George, The History of The Destruction of Jerusalem: As Connected With The Scripture Prophecies, Printed By A.& R. Spottiswode, London, 1822.
  • YAŞAR, Şükran, “Kudüs’ün Osmanlı Yönetimine Girişi ve Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Kudüs Ermenilerine Tanıdığı İmtiyazlar”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. I, sayı: II, Manisa, 2003, ss. 105-115.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nathaniel Crouch This is me

Publication Date December 23, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 10 Issue: 21

Cite

APA Crouch, N. (2018). VII.Yüzyılda Bizans-Sasani Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi Arasında Kalan Mukaddes Bir Şehir: KUDÜS. Yeni Fikir Dergisi, 10(21), 54-71.
AMA Crouch N. VII.Yüzyılda Bizans-Sasani Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi Arasında Kalan Mukaddes Bir Şehir: KUDÜS. Yeni Fikir Journal. December 2018;10(21):54-71.
Chicago Crouch, Nathaniel. “VII.Yüzyılda Bizans-Sasani Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi Arasında Kalan Mukaddes Bir Şehir: KUDÜS”. Yeni Fikir Dergisi 10, no. 21 (December 2018): 54-71.
EndNote Crouch N (December 1, 2018) VII.Yüzyılda Bizans-Sasani Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi Arasında Kalan Mukaddes Bir Şehir: KUDÜS. Yeni Fikir Dergisi 10 21 54–71.
IEEE N. Crouch, “VII.Yüzyılda Bizans-Sasani Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi Arasında Kalan Mukaddes Bir Şehir: KUDÜS”, Yeni Fikir Journal, vol. 10, no. 21, pp. 54–71, 2018.
ISNAD Crouch, Nathaniel. “VII.Yüzyılda Bizans-Sasani Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi Arasında Kalan Mukaddes Bir Şehir: KUDÜS”. Yeni Fikir Dergisi 10/21 (December 2018), 54-71.
JAMA Crouch N. VII.Yüzyılda Bizans-Sasani Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi Arasında Kalan Mukaddes Bir Şehir: KUDÜS. Yeni Fikir Journal. 2018;10:54–71.
MLA Crouch, Nathaniel. “VII.Yüzyılda Bizans-Sasani Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi Arasında Kalan Mukaddes Bir Şehir: KUDÜS”. Yeni Fikir Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 21, 2018, pp. 54-71.
Vancouver Crouch N. VII.Yüzyılda Bizans-Sasani Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi Arasında Kalan Mukaddes Bir Şehir: KUDÜS. Yeni Fikir Journal. 2018;10(21):54-71.

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