Early Pliocene Cervids (Artiodactyla- Mammalia) from the Siwaliks of Pakistan
Year 2010,
Volume: 31 Issue: 3, 141 - 168, 01.04.2010
Abdul Ghaffar
Muhammad Akbar Khan
Muhammad Akhtar
References
- Akhtar, M., Ghaffar, A., and Qureshi, M. A.,
- On Cervus punjabiensis Brown
- from the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. Punjab University Jour- nal of Zoology, 14, 93-96.
- Arif, M., and Raza, S. M., 1991. New findings of Cervidae (Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of Potwar-Mirpur Areas, Pakis- tan. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 11, 275-281.
- Arif, M., Shah, S. M. I., and Vos, J. D., 1991a. Cervus rewati sp. nov. (Mammalia, Cer- vidae) from the Upper Siwaliks of Pakis- tan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Me- moirs, 17, pt.11.
- Arif, M., Shah, S. M. I., and Vos, J. D. 1991b. Cervus triplidens (Mammalia, Cervidae) from the Upper Siwaliks of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan Memo- irs, 17, pt.11.
- Azanza, B., 1993. Sur la nature des appen- dices frontaux des cervides (Artio- dactyla, Mammalia) du Miocene in- ferieur et moyen. Remarques sur leur syste´matique et leur phylogenie. Comptes Rendus de l’ Academie des Sciences, Paris,316, 1163–1169.
- Azanza, B., and Ginsburge, L., 1997. A revision of the large lagomerycid artiodactyls of Europe. Palaeontology, 40 (2), 461-485.
- Azzaroli, A. 1954. Critical observations upon Si- walik deer. Proceedings of the Linnae- an Society of London, pp. 75-87.
- Barry, J. C., and Flynn, L. J., 1989. Key biost- ratigraphic events in the Siwalik Sequ- ence. In: E. H. Lindsay, V. Fahlbusch and P. Mein, (eds.), European Neoge- ne Mammal Chronology, New York, pp.557-571.
- Barry, J. C., Behrensmeyer, A. K., and Morgan, M., 1980. A geologic and biostratigrap- hic framework for Miocene sediments near Khaur Village, northern Pakistan. Postilla, 183, 1-19.
- Barry, J. C., Lindsay, E. H., and Jacobs, L. L.,
- A biostratigraphic zonation of the
- Middle and Upper Siwaliks of the Pot
- war Plateau of northern Pakistan. Pala
- eogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Pala
- eoecology, 37, 95-130.
- Barry, J. C., Johnson, N. M., Raza, S. M., and Jacobs, L. L., 1985. Neogene mam- malian faunal change in Southern Asia: Correlations with climatic, tectonic, and eustatic events. Geology, 13, 637-640.
- Barry, J. C., Morgan, M., Flynn, L. J., Pilbeam, D., Behrensmeyer, A. K., Raza, S. M., Khan, I., Badgely, C., Hicks, J., and Kel- ley, J., 2002. Faunal and Environmental change in the Late Miocene Siwaliks of Northern Pakistan. Palaeobiology, 28, 1-72.
- Barry, J.C., Cote, S., Maclatchy, L., Lindsay, E. H., Kityo, R., and Rajpur, A. R., 2005. Oligocene and Early Miocene Rumi- nants (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Pakistan and Uganda, Paleontologica Electronica, 8 (1), 1-29.
- Behrensmeyer, A.K., Wills B. J., and Quade, J.,
- Floodplains and paleosols of Pa
- kistan Neogene and Wyoming Paleoge
- ne deposits: a comparative study. Pala
- eogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Pala
- eoecology, 115, 37-60.
- Brown, B. 1926. A new deer from the Siwalik. American Museum. Novitates, 242, 1-6.
- Bubenik, A. B., 1990. Epigenetical, morpholo- gical, physiological,and behavioural as- pects of evolution of horns, pronghorns and antlers. In: G. A. Bubenik, A. B. Bu- benik, (eds.), Horns, Pronghorns and Antlers. Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 3-113.
- Cheema, M. R., Raza, S. M., and Ahmad, H.,
- Cainozoic. In: S. M. I. Shah (ed.),
- “Stratigraphy of Pakistan”. Geological
- Survey of Pakistan Memoirs, 12, 56-98.
- Colbert, E. H., 1935. Siwalik Mammals in the American Museum of Natural History.
- Transactions of the American Philosop
- hical Society, New Series, 26, 1-401.
- Dickinson, J. A., Wallace, M. W., Holdga- te, G. R., Gallagher, S. J., and Tho- mas, L., 2002. Origin and Timing of the Miocene-Pliocene Unconformity in So- utheast Australia. Journal of Sedimen- tary Research, 72 (2), 288-303.
- Di Stefano, G., and Petronio, C., 2003. Syste- matics and evolution of the Eurasian Plio-Pleistocene tribe Cervini (Artio- dactyla, Mammalia). Geologica Roma- na, 36, 311–334.
- Fortelius, M., Eronen, J., Jernval. J., Liu, L. P., Pushkina, D., Rinne, J., Tesakov, A., Vislobokova, I., Zhang, Z. Q., and Zhou, L. P., 2002. Fossil mammals resolve regional patterns of Eurasian climate change over 20 million years. Evolutio- nary Ecology Research, 4, 1005-1016.
- Fortelius, M., Eronen, J., Liu, L. P., Pushkina, D.,
- Tesakov, A., Vislobokova, I., and Zhang,
- Z., 2006. Late Miocene and Pliocene
- large land mammals and climatic chan
- ges in Eurasia. Palaeogeography, Pala
- eoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 238(1- 4), 219-227.
- Geist, V., 1971. The relation and the social evo- lution and dispersal in Ungulates during the Pleistocene, with emphasis on the Old World deer and the genus. Quater- nary Researches, 1, 282-315.
- Gentry, A. W., 1970. The Bovidae (Mammalia) of the Fort Ternan fossil fauna. In: L. S. B. Leakey and R. J. G. Savage (eds.), Fos- sil Vertebrates of Africa, Vol. 2. Acade- mic Press, London, pp. 243-323
- Gentry, A. W., 1994. The Miocene differentiation of Old World Pecora (Mammalia). Histo- rical Biology, 7, 115–158.
- Gentry, A.W., 2000. The Ruminants Radiation. In: E. S. Vrba and G. B. Schaller (eds.), Antelopes, Deer and Relatives: Fossil Record, Behavioural Ecology, Syste- matics and Conservation. Yale Univer- sity Press, New Haven, pp. 11-25.
- Gentry, A.W., Rossner, G. E., and Heizman, E. P. S., 1999. Suborder Ruminantia. In: G. E. Rossner and K. Heissig (eds.), the Mio- cene land mammals of Europe: Munc- hen, verlag Dr.Friedrich Pfeil, pp. 225- 258.
- Ghaffar, A., 2005. Studies on equids, cervids and Carnivora from the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan. PhD Thesis, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
- Ghaffar, A., Akhtar, M., Khan, M. A., and Na- zir, M., 2004. Report on Cervus sivalen- sis from the Upper Siwaliks of Pakistan. Punjab University Journal of Zoology, 19, 83-88.
- Ginsburg, L., Morales, J., and Soria, D., 1994.
- The ruminants (Artiodactyla, Mamma
- lia) from the lower Miocene of Cetina de
- Aragon (Province of Zaragoza Aragon,
- Spain). Proceedings of the Koninklijke
- Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetens
- chappen, Amsterdam, 97 (2), 141-181.
- Hsü, K. J., Montadert, L., Bernoulu, D., Cita, M. B., Ericksona, Garrison, R. E., Kidd, R. B., Meuers, X., Müller, C. and Wright, R., 1977. History of the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis. Nature, 267, 399-403.
- Janis, C. M., and Scott, K. M., 1987. The inter- relationship of higher Ruminant families with special emphasis on the members of the Cervoidea. Novitates, 2893, 1-85.
- Johnson, N. M., Opdyke, N. D., Johnson, G. D., Lindsay, E. H., and Tahirkheli, R. A. K.,
- Magnetic polarity stratigraphy
- and ages of Siwalik Group rocks of the
- Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Palaeogeog
- raphy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoeco- logy, 37, 17-42.
- Kahlke, H. D., 1976. Die Cervidenreste aus den
- Travertinen von Taubach. Quartarpala
- ontologie, 2, 209–223.
- Khan, M. A., Iliopoulos, G., and Akhtar, M., 2009. Boselaphines (Artiodactyla, Ru- minantia, Bovidae) from the Middle Si- waliks of Hasnot, Pakistan. Geobios, 42, 739-753.
- Lister, A. M., 1984. Evolutionary and ecologi- cal origins of British deer. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 82B, pp. 205–229.
- Lister, A. M., 1986. New results on deer from Swanscombe and the stratigraphi- cal significance of deer remains in the middle and upper Pleistocene of Euro- pe. Journal of Archaeological Science, 13, 319–338.
- Lydekker, R., 1876. Molar teeth and other rema- ins of Mammalia from the Indian Tertia- ries. Paleontologica Indica, 16 (1), 2-19.
- Lydekker, R., 1880. “Preface” to volume 1 of Paleontologica Indica. Paleontologica Indica (X), 1, pp. vii-xix.
- Lydekker, R., 1884. Rodents and New Rumi- nants from the Siwalik and synopsis of Mammalia. Paleontologica Indica, 10 (3), 1-5.
- Matthew, W. D., 1929. Critical observations upon Siwalik Mammals. Bulletin Ame- rican Museum of Natural History, LVI, 437-560.
- Petronio, C., Krakhmalnaya, T., Bellucci, L., and Di Stefano, G., 2007. Remarks on some Eurasian pliocervines: Charcteristics, evolution, and relationships with the tri- be Cervini. Geobios, 40, 113-130.
- Pilbeam, D., Barry, J., Meyer, G. E., Shah, S. M. I., Pickford, M. H. L., Bishop, W. W.,
- Thomas, H., and Jacobs. L. L., 1977.
- Geology and Palaeontology of Neoge
- ne strata of Pakistan. Nature, 270, 684- 689.
- Pilgrim, G. E., 1910. Notices of new Mammalian genera and species from the Tertieries of India-Calcutta. Records of Geologi- cal Survey of India, 40, 63-71.
- Pilgrim, G. E., 1913. Correlation of the Siwa- liks with Mammal Horizons of Europe. Records of Geological Survey of India. XLIII, 264-326, pt.4, pls. XXVI-XXVIII.
- Pilgrim, G. E., 1937. Siwalik antelopes and oxen in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 72, 729-874.
- Pilgrim, G. E., 1939. The fossil Bovidae of India. Paleontologica Indica, 26(1), 1-356.
- Pitra, C., Fickela, J., Meijaard, E., and Groves, C. P., 2004. Evolution and phylogeny of Old World deer. Molecular Phylogene- tics and Evolution, 33, 880–895.
- Romer, A.S. 1974. Vertebrate palaeontology, Vol. III. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago Illinois.
- Savage, D. E., and Russel, D. E., 1983. Mamma- lian Paleofaunas of the World, London. Addison-Wesley.
- Şen, S., Blieck, A., Bouvrain, G., Brunet, M., Ge- raads, D., Heintz, E., and Koufos, G. D., 1997. Late Miocene mammals from
- Taghar, Khurdkabul Basin, Afghanistan.
- Annales de Paleontologie, 83 (3), 233- 266.
- Sommer, R. S., Zachos, F. E., Street, M., Joris, O., Skog, A., and Benecke, N., 2008. Late Quaternary distribution dynamics and phylogeography of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 714-733.
- Van Der Made, J., 1999. Intercontinental rela- tionship Europe-Africa and the Indian Subcontinent. In: The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. In: Rossner G. E. and K. Heissig (eds.), Munchen, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, pp. 457-472.
- Vislobokova, I., 2005. The importance of Late Miocene faunal exchanges between Eastern Mediterranean and Central Eu- rope. Annales de Paleontologie, 91 (3), 241-255.
- Wills, B. J., and Behrensmeyer, A. K., 1995. Flu- vial systems in the Siwalik Neogene and Wyoming Paleogene. Palaeogeog- raphy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoeco- logy, 114, 13-35.
Pakistan'ın Siwaliks bölgesindeki Erken Pliyosen Cervidleri (Artiodactyla-Mammalia)
Year 2010,
Volume: 31 Issue: 3, 141 - 168, 01.04.2010
Abdul Ghaffar
Muhammad Akbar Khan
Muhammad Akhtar
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Pakistan’ın (i) Dhok Pathan (Chakwal bölgesi) ve (ii) Hasnot (Jhelum bölgesi) adlı ve iyi bilinen iki fosil alanından derlenen Cervid malzemesi ayırtlanmış, tanımlanmış ve tartışılmıştır. Bu malzeme; Rucervus cf. simplicidens, Cervus cf. triplidens, C. cf. sivalensis ve C. cf. rewati omak üzere dört cervid türünü temsil etmektedir. Bu çalışmada tanımlanan fosil kalıntıları, Siwaliks kıtasal çökellerinde gelmiş Erken Pliyosen cervidlerinin varlığını göstermektedir
References
- Akhtar, M., Ghaffar, A., and Qureshi, M. A.,
- On Cervus punjabiensis Brown
- from the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. Punjab University Jour- nal of Zoology, 14, 93-96.
- Arif, M., and Raza, S. M., 1991. New findings of Cervidae (Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of Potwar-Mirpur Areas, Pakis- tan. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 11, 275-281.
- Arif, M., Shah, S. M. I., and Vos, J. D., 1991a. Cervus rewati sp. nov. (Mammalia, Cer- vidae) from the Upper Siwaliks of Pakis- tan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Me- moirs, 17, pt.11.
- Arif, M., Shah, S. M. I., and Vos, J. D. 1991b. Cervus triplidens (Mammalia, Cervidae) from the Upper Siwaliks of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan Memo- irs, 17, pt.11.
- Azanza, B., 1993. Sur la nature des appen- dices frontaux des cervides (Artio- dactyla, Mammalia) du Miocene in- ferieur et moyen. Remarques sur leur syste´matique et leur phylogenie. Comptes Rendus de l’ Academie des Sciences, Paris,316, 1163–1169.
- Azanza, B., and Ginsburge, L., 1997. A revision of the large lagomerycid artiodactyls of Europe. Palaeontology, 40 (2), 461-485.
- Azzaroli, A. 1954. Critical observations upon Si- walik deer. Proceedings of the Linnae- an Society of London, pp. 75-87.
- Barry, J. C., and Flynn, L. J., 1989. Key biost- ratigraphic events in the Siwalik Sequ- ence. In: E. H. Lindsay, V. Fahlbusch and P. Mein, (eds.), European Neoge- ne Mammal Chronology, New York, pp.557-571.
- Barry, J. C., Behrensmeyer, A. K., and Morgan, M., 1980. A geologic and biostratigrap- hic framework for Miocene sediments near Khaur Village, northern Pakistan. Postilla, 183, 1-19.
- Barry, J. C., Lindsay, E. H., and Jacobs, L. L.,
- A biostratigraphic zonation of the
- Middle and Upper Siwaliks of the Pot
- war Plateau of northern Pakistan. Pala
- eogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Pala
- eoecology, 37, 95-130.
- Barry, J. C., Johnson, N. M., Raza, S. M., and Jacobs, L. L., 1985. Neogene mam- malian faunal change in Southern Asia: Correlations with climatic, tectonic, and eustatic events. Geology, 13, 637-640.
- Barry, J. C., Morgan, M., Flynn, L. J., Pilbeam, D., Behrensmeyer, A. K., Raza, S. M., Khan, I., Badgely, C., Hicks, J., and Kel- ley, J., 2002. Faunal and Environmental change in the Late Miocene Siwaliks of Northern Pakistan. Palaeobiology, 28, 1-72.
- Barry, J.C., Cote, S., Maclatchy, L., Lindsay, E. H., Kityo, R., and Rajpur, A. R., 2005. Oligocene and Early Miocene Rumi- nants (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Pakistan and Uganda, Paleontologica Electronica, 8 (1), 1-29.
- Behrensmeyer, A.K., Wills B. J., and Quade, J.,
- Floodplains and paleosols of Pa
- kistan Neogene and Wyoming Paleoge
- ne deposits: a comparative study. Pala
- eogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Pala
- eoecology, 115, 37-60.
- Brown, B. 1926. A new deer from the Siwalik. American Museum. Novitates, 242, 1-6.
- Bubenik, A. B., 1990. Epigenetical, morpholo- gical, physiological,and behavioural as- pects of evolution of horns, pronghorns and antlers. In: G. A. Bubenik, A. B. Bu- benik, (eds.), Horns, Pronghorns and Antlers. Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 3-113.
- Cheema, M. R., Raza, S. M., and Ahmad, H.,
- Cainozoic. In: S. M. I. Shah (ed.),
- “Stratigraphy of Pakistan”. Geological
- Survey of Pakistan Memoirs, 12, 56-98.
- Colbert, E. H., 1935. Siwalik Mammals in the American Museum of Natural History.
- Transactions of the American Philosop
- hical Society, New Series, 26, 1-401.
- Dickinson, J. A., Wallace, M. W., Holdga- te, G. R., Gallagher, S. J., and Tho- mas, L., 2002. Origin and Timing of the Miocene-Pliocene Unconformity in So- utheast Australia. Journal of Sedimen- tary Research, 72 (2), 288-303.
- Di Stefano, G., and Petronio, C., 2003. Syste- matics and evolution of the Eurasian Plio-Pleistocene tribe Cervini (Artio- dactyla, Mammalia). Geologica Roma- na, 36, 311–334.
- Fortelius, M., Eronen, J., Jernval. J., Liu, L. P., Pushkina, D., Rinne, J., Tesakov, A., Vislobokova, I., Zhang, Z. Q., and Zhou, L. P., 2002. Fossil mammals resolve regional patterns of Eurasian climate change over 20 million years. Evolutio- nary Ecology Research, 4, 1005-1016.
- Fortelius, M., Eronen, J., Liu, L. P., Pushkina, D.,
- Tesakov, A., Vislobokova, I., and Zhang,
- Z., 2006. Late Miocene and Pliocene
- large land mammals and climatic chan
- ges in Eurasia. Palaeogeography, Pala
- eoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 238(1- 4), 219-227.
- Geist, V., 1971. The relation and the social evo- lution and dispersal in Ungulates during the Pleistocene, with emphasis on the Old World deer and the genus. Quater- nary Researches, 1, 282-315.
- Gentry, A. W., 1970. The Bovidae (Mammalia) of the Fort Ternan fossil fauna. In: L. S. B. Leakey and R. J. G. Savage (eds.), Fos- sil Vertebrates of Africa, Vol. 2. Acade- mic Press, London, pp. 243-323
- Gentry, A. W., 1994. The Miocene differentiation of Old World Pecora (Mammalia). Histo- rical Biology, 7, 115–158.
- Gentry, A.W., 2000. The Ruminants Radiation. In: E. S. Vrba and G. B. Schaller (eds.), Antelopes, Deer and Relatives: Fossil Record, Behavioural Ecology, Syste- matics and Conservation. Yale Univer- sity Press, New Haven, pp. 11-25.
- Gentry, A.W., Rossner, G. E., and Heizman, E. P. S., 1999. Suborder Ruminantia. In: G. E. Rossner and K. Heissig (eds.), the Mio- cene land mammals of Europe: Munc- hen, verlag Dr.Friedrich Pfeil, pp. 225- 258.
- Ghaffar, A., 2005. Studies on equids, cervids and Carnivora from the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan. PhD Thesis, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
- Ghaffar, A., Akhtar, M., Khan, M. A., and Na- zir, M., 2004. Report on Cervus sivalen- sis from the Upper Siwaliks of Pakistan. Punjab University Journal of Zoology, 19, 83-88.
- Ginsburg, L., Morales, J., and Soria, D., 1994.
- The ruminants (Artiodactyla, Mamma
- lia) from the lower Miocene of Cetina de
- Aragon (Province of Zaragoza Aragon,
- Spain). Proceedings of the Koninklijke
- Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetens
- chappen, Amsterdam, 97 (2), 141-181.
- Hsü, K. J., Montadert, L., Bernoulu, D., Cita, M. B., Ericksona, Garrison, R. E., Kidd, R. B., Meuers, X., Müller, C. and Wright, R., 1977. History of the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis. Nature, 267, 399-403.
- Janis, C. M., and Scott, K. M., 1987. The inter- relationship of higher Ruminant families with special emphasis on the members of the Cervoidea. Novitates, 2893, 1-85.
- Johnson, N. M., Opdyke, N. D., Johnson, G. D., Lindsay, E. H., and Tahirkheli, R. A. K.,
- Magnetic polarity stratigraphy
- and ages of Siwalik Group rocks of the
- Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Palaeogeog
- raphy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoeco- logy, 37, 17-42.
- Kahlke, H. D., 1976. Die Cervidenreste aus den
- Travertinen von Taubach. Quartarpala
- ontologie, 2, 209–223.
- Khan, M. A., Iliopoulos, G., and Akhtar, M., 2009. Boselaphines (Artiodactyla, Ru- minantia, Bovidae) from the Middle Si- waliks of Hasnot, Pakistan. Geobios, 42, 739-753.
- Lister, A. M., 1984. Evolutionary and ecologi- cal origins of British deer. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 82B, pp. 205–229.
- Lister, A. M., 1986. New results on deer from Swanscombe and the stratigraphi- cal significance of deer remains in the middle and upper Pleistocene of Euro- pe. Journal of Archaeological Science, 13, 319–338.
- Lydekker, R., 1876. Molar teeth and other rema- ins of Mammalia from the Indian Tertia- ries. Paleontologica Indica, 16 (1), 2-19.
- Lydekker, R., 1880. “Preface” to volume 1 of Paleontologica Indica. Paleontologica Indica (X), 1, pp. vii-xix.
- Lydekker, R., 1884. Rodents and New Rumi- nants from the Siwalik and synopsis of Mammalia. Paleontologica Indica, 10 (3), 1-5.
- Matthew, W. D., 1929. Critical observations upon Siwalik Mammals. Bulletin Ame- rican Museum of Natural History, LVI, 437-560.
- Petronio, C., Krakhmalnaya, T., Bellucci, L., and Di Stefano, G., 2007. Remarks on some Eurasian pliocervines: Charcteristics, evolution, and relationships with the tri- be Cervini. Geobios, 40, 113-130.
- Pilbeam, D., Barry, J., Meyer, G. E., Shah, S. M. I., Pickford, M. H. L., Bishop, W. W.,
- Thomas, H., and Jacobs. L. L., 1977.
- Geology and Palaeontology of Neoge
- ne strata of Pakistan. Nature, 270, 684- 689.
- Pilgrim, G. E., 1910. Notices of new Mammalian genera and species from the Tertieries of India-Calcutta. Records of Geologi- cal Survey of India, 40, 63-71.
- Pilgrim, G. E., 1913. Correlation of the Siwa- liks with Mammal Horizons of Europe. Records of Geological Survey of India. XLIII, 264-326, pt.4, pls. XXVI-XXVIII.
- Pilgrim, G. E., 1937. Siwalik antelopes and oxen in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 72, 729-874.
- Pilgrim, G. E., 1939. The fossil Bovidae of India. Paleontologica Indica, 26(1), 1-356.
- Pitra, C., Fickela, J., Meijaard, E., and Groves, C. P., 2004. Evolution and phylogeny of Old World deer. Molecular Phylogene- tics and Evolution, 33, 880–895.
- Romer, A.S. 1974. Vertebrate palaeontology, Vol. III. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago Illinois.
- Savage, D. E., and Russel, D. E., 1983. Mamma- lian Paleofaunas of the World, London. Addison-Wesley.
- Şen, S., Blieck, A., Bouvrain, G., Brunet, M., Ge- raads, D., Heintz, E., and Koufos, G. D., 1997. Late Miocene mammals from
- Taghar, Khurdkabul Basin, Afghanistan.
- Annales de Paleontologie, 83 (3), 233- 266.
- Sommer, R. S., Zachos, F. E., Street, M., Joris, O., Skog, A., and Benecke, N., 2008. Late Quaternary distribution dynamics and phylogeography of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 714-733.
- Van Der Made, J., 1999. Intercontinental rela- tionship Europe-Africa and the Indian Subcontinent. In: The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. In: Rossner G. E. and K. Heissig (eds.), Munchen, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, pp. 457-472.
- Vislobokova, I., 2005. The importance of Late Miocene faunal exchanges between Eastern Mediterranean and Central Eu- rope. Annales de Paleontologie, 91 (3), 241-255.
- Wills, B. J., and Behrensmeyer, A. K., 1995. Flu- vial systems in the Siwalik Neogene and Wyoming Paleogene. Palaeogeog- raphy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoeco- logy, 114, 13-35.
Year 2010,
Volume: 31 Issue: 3, 141 - 168, 01.04.2010
Abdul Ghaffar
Muhammad Akbar Khan
Muhammad Akhtar
References
- Akhtar, M., Ghaffar, A., and Qureshi, M. A.,
- On Cervus punjabiensis Brown
- from the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. Punjab University Jour- nal of Zoology, 14, 93-96.
- Arif, M., and Raza, S. M., 1991. New findings of Cervidae (Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of Potwar-Mirpur Areas, Pakis- tan. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology, 11, 275-281.
- Arif, M., Shah, S. M. I., and Vos, J. D., 1991a. Cervus rewati sp. nov. (Mammalia, Cer- vidae) from the Upper Siwaliks of Pakis- tan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Me- moirs, 17, pt.11.
- Arif, M., Shah, S. M. I., and Vos, J. D. 1991b. Cervus triplidens (Mammalia, Cervidae) from the Upper Siwaliks of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan Memo- irs, 17, pt.11.
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