Seismotectonic Characteristics of the 23 October 2011 Van (Eastern Anatolia) Earthquake (Mw=7.1)

Year 2014, Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 141 - 168, 01.03.2014

Murat Utkucu Emrah Budakoğlu , HİLAL Yalçın Hatice Durmuş Levent Gülen Ercan Işık

https://doi.org/10.17824/huyuamd.60718

Cited By: 6

Abstract

The finite-fault modelling of the 23 October 2011 Van earthquake using teleseismic broadband body waveforms has shown that the earthquake occured as a result of reverse faulting and its rupture propogated unilaterally toward SW. The rupture confined to below the depth of 5 km, covering a fault area of 25 km by 16 km with a peak slip of about 5.5 m and it lasted for about 11 s. The total seismic moment calculated for the finite-fault model is 4.6 x1019Nm (Mw=7.1), most of which was released in between 5-9 s after the rupture initiation. The finite-fault analysis suggests a rise-time of 3 s for the largest slip area. Teleseismic point source modelling of the three large aftershocks suggests that these aftershocks have both reverse and strike-slip source mechanisms and it also confirmed that the 9 November 2011 aftershock occurred on a different fault. Stress tensor inversion analysis using earthquake focal mechanisms in the Lake Van area with and without the 2011 Van earthquake aftershocks suggested that the stress regime in the area is mainly strike-slip with compression stress axis extending nearly in NS direction. The 2011 Van earthquake is the first large earthquake M.Utkucue-posta: [e-mail]

Keywords

-

 23 Ekim 2011 Van (Doğu Anadolu) Depremi'nin (Mw=7.1) Sismotektonik Özellikleri

Abstract

23 Ekim 2011 Van depreminin geniş bant uzak-alan cisim dalga şekillerinin sonlu-fay modellemesi deprem kırılmasının ters faylanma olduğunu ve tek taraflı olarak GB’ya yayıldığını göstermiştir. Kırılma 5 km altında kısıtlı kalmış, yaklaşık 5.5 m en büyük kayma ile 25 x 16 km’lik bir fay alanını örtmüş ve yaklaşık 11 sn sürmüştür. Sonlu-fay modeli için hesaplanan sismik moment 4.6 x1019 Nm (Mw=7.1) olup çoğunluğu kırılma başlangıcından sonraki 5-9 sn zaman aralığında serbestlenmiştir. Sonlu-fay analizi en büyük kayma alanı için 3 sn’lik bir yükselim zamanı önermektedir. 2011 Van depreminin 3 büyük artçı depreminin uzak-alan nokta kaynak modellemesi bu artçı depremlerin hem ters hem de doğrultu atımlı faylanma mekanizmalarına sahip olduğunu göstermiş, 9 Kasım 2011 artçı depreminin ana şoktan farklı bir fay üzerinde meydana geldiğini doğrulamıştır. 2011 Van depremi artçı depremlerini içererek ve içermeden yapılan Van Gölü bölgesindeki deprem odak mekanizmalarının gerilme tensör analizleri bölgede gerilme rejiminin doğrultu-atımlı olduğunu ve sıkışma gerilmesi ekseninin yaklaşık K-G doğrultusunda uzandığını belirtmiştir. 2011 Van depremi Doğu Anadolu’da aletsel dönemde hemen hemen tamamıyla ters faylanmalı olarak meydana gelmiş ilk büyük deprem olup bölgede yaygın olarak gözlenen doğrultu atımlı faylanmaların yanısıra ters faylanmalarında meydana gelebileceğini kanıtlamıştır

Keywords

-

References

• AFAD (2011). Van depremi (23 Ekim 2011) rapo- ru. T.C. Başbakanlık Afet ve Acil Durum
• Yönetimi Başkanlığı, Deprem Dairesi
• Başkanlığı, Ankara. 100 pp.
• Akyüz S, Zabcı C, Sançar T ., 2011. 23 Ekim 2011 Van depremi hakkında ön rapor. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Kasım 2011, 19 pp (in Turkish).
• Albini, P., Demircioglu, M. B., Locati, M., Rovi- da, A., Sesetyan, K., Stucchi, M., and Vigano, D.: In search of the predeces- sors of the 2011 Van (Turkey) Earthqu- ake, Seismol. Res. Lett., 83, 855–862, doi:10.1785/0220110146, 2012.
• Alptekin, Ö., Nabelek, J.L. ve Toksöz, M.N.,
• 19 Source Mechanism of the Bartın
• earthquake of September 3, 1968 in
• Northwestern Turkey: evidence for ac
• tive thrust faulting at the southern Black
• Sea margin, Tectonophysics, 122, 73- 88.
• Ambraseys, N. N, Finkel, C., 1995. The seis- micity of Turkey ve adjacent areas: a historical review, 1500-1800. Eren Pub- lication, İstanbul, ISBN 975-7622-38-9, 240 pp.
• Ambraseys, N. N., 1988. Engineering seismo- logy. Earthquake Eng Struc 17:1-105.
• Ambraseys, N. N, Adams R. D., 1989. Long- term seismicity of North Armenia. Eos.
• Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 70:145-154.
• Ambraseys, N. N., 1989. Temporary seismic quiescence: SE Turkey. Geophys J 96:311-331.
• Ambraseys, N., 2009. Earthquakes in the Me- diterranean ve Middle East: a multidis- ciplinary study of seismicity up to 1900. Cambridge University Press. 947pp. ISBN 978-0-521-87292-8.
• Atzori, S, Tolomei, C., Salvi, S. Zoffoli, S. , 2011. Coseismic ground displacement ve preliminary source models for the
• 10/23/2011, MW=7.2, Van earthquake,
• Eastern Turkey. Available from URL:
• http://www.sigris.it/images/stories/
• SIGRIS-4-Van_1stRep.pdf
• Barka, A., Kadinsky-Cade K., 1988. Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey ve its influen- ce on earthquake activity. Tectonics 7:663-684.
• CEDIM, 2011. Comparing the current impact of the Van Earthquake to past earthqua- kes in Eastern Turkey. Center for Di- saster Management ve Risk Reduction
• Technology (CEDIM) Forensic Earthqu
• ake Analysis Group, Report 4, Novem- ber 2011, 28 pp.
• Çelebi, E., Çağlar, N., Özocak, A., Aktaş, M., Kutanis, M., Mert, N., Özcan, Z., Kırtel, O., 2011. 23 Ekim 2011 Van-Erciş dep- remi değerlendirme raporu. Sakarya Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşa- at Mühendisliği Bölümü, Sakarya, 58 pp (in Turkish).
• Degens, E. T, Wong, H. K., Kurtman, F., Finkch, P., 1978. Geological development of Lake Van. in: The Geology Lake Van. MTA Press, No. 169:134-146.
• Dhont, D., Chorowicz, J., 2006. Review of the neotectonics of the Eastern Turkish–Ar- menian Plateau by geomorphic analysis of digital elevation model imagery. Int
• J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 95:34–49.
• doi:1007/s00531-005-0020-3.
• Djamour, Y., Vernant, P., Nankali, H. R., Ta- vakoli , F., 2011. NW Iran-eastern
• Turkey present-day kinematics: Re
• sults from the Iranian permanent GPS
• network Earth ve Planetary Scien
• ce Letters , 307,27–34 doi:10.1016/j. epsl.2011.04.029.
• Elliott, J.R. Copley, A. C. , Holley, R., Scharer,K. ve Parsons, B., 2013. The 2011 Mw 7.1 Van (Eastern Turkey) earthquake Journal Of Geophysical Research: So- lid Earth, Vol. 118, 1–19, doi:10.1002/ jgrb.50117.
• Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., Özalp, S., Elmacı, H., 2011. 23 Ekim 2011 Van depremi saha gözlemleri ve kaynak faya ilişkin ön de- ğerlendirmeler. MTA Jeoloji Etütler Dai- resi, Ankara, 22 pp (in Turkish).
• Eyidoğan, H., Güçlü, U., Utku Z, Değirmenci, E.,
• 19 Macroseismic guide for large Tur
• key earthquakes 1900-1988. İstanbul
• Technical University, Faculty of Mine,
• Department of Geophysics, İstanbul,
• 198 pp (in Turkish).
• Hartzell, S. H, Heaton, T. H., 1983. Inversion of strong-ground motion ve teleseismic
• wave form data for the fault rupture his
• tory of the 1979 Imperial Valley, Califor
• nia, earthquake. Bull Seismol. Soc. Am. 73:1553-1583.
• Hayes, G., 2011. Updated Result of the Oct 23, 2011 Mw 7.1 Eastern Turkey Earthqua- ke available from URL: http://earthqu- ake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthe- news/2011/ usb0006bqc/finite_ fault. php.
• Jackson, J., 1992. Partitioning of strike-slip ve convergent motion between Eurasia ve Arabia in Eastern Turkey ve the Cauca- sus, J Geophys Res 97:12471-12479.
• Jackson, J., McKenzie, D. P., 1984. Active tec- tonics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt bet- ween western Turkey ve Pakistan. Ge- ophys J R Astr Soc 77:185-264.
• Jeffreys, H ., ve K. E. Bullen, 1958. Seismologi- cal Tables, Office of the British Associa- tion, Burlington H ouse, London.
• JMO (2011). Van (Tabanlı-Edremit) depremleri raporu. Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası Ra- poru, Ankara. 52 pp (in Turkish).
• Kalafat, D., 1995. 1964-1994 yılları arasında
• Türkiye ve yakın çevresinde etkili olmuş
• depremlerin makrosismik gözlemleri.
• Deprem Araştırma Bülteni 73:60-97 (in Turkish).
• Kalafat, D., 1998. Anadolu’nun tektonik yapıla- rının deprem mekanizmaları açısından irdelenmesi. Deprem Araştırma Bülteni 77:1-277 (in Turkish).
• Kalafat, D., Güneş, Y., Kara, M., Deniz, P., Keko- valı, K., Kuleli, S. H, Gülen, L., Yılmazer M, Özel, N., 2007. A revised ve exten- ded earthquake catalogue for Turkey since 1900(M≥4.0). Boğaziçi University, Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştır- ma Enstitüsü, Bebek-İstanbul, 553 pp (in Turkish).
• Kikuchi, M. ve H. Kanamori, 1991. Inversion of complex body wave-III, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 81, 2335-2350.
• Koçyiğit A, Yılmaz A, Adamia S, Kuloshvili, S., 2001. Neotectonics of East Anatolia plateau (Turkey) ve lesser Caucasus: implication for transition from thrus- ting to strike-slip faulting. Geodinamica Acta, 14:177-195.
• Koçyiğit, A. and Altıner, D., Tectonostratigrap- hic Evolution of the North Anatolian Pa- laeorift (NAPR): Hettangian-Aptian Pas- sive Continental Margin of the Northern Neo-Tethys, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 11, (2002), p.1-27
• Lahn, E., 1946. A note about earthquakes in Van area (July-November 1945). Maden
• Tetkik ve Arama ve Enstitüsü 1(35):126
• 132 (in Turkish and French).
• Lahn, E., 1949. Seismological investigations in
• Turkey. Bull Seismol Soc Am 39:67-71.
• Langston, C. A, Helmberger, D. V., 1975. A procedure for modelling shallow dislo- cation sources. Geophys J R astr Soc 42:117-130.
• Lawson, C.L., Hanson, R.J., 1974. Solving Least Square Problem. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 339 pp.
• Litt, T., Krastel, S., Sturm, M., Kipfer, R., Örçen, S., Heumann, G., Franz, S. O., Ulgen, U. B, Niessen, F., 2009. ‘PALEOVAN’, International Continental Scientific Drill- ing Program (ICDP): site survey results ve perspectives. Quaternary Sci Rev 28:1555–1567. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.
• McKenzie, D. P., 1972. Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region. Geophys JR astr Soc 30: 109-185.
• METU/EERC (2011) 23 Ekim 2011 Mw 7.2 Van depremi sismik ve yapısal hasara ilişkin saha gözlemleri. Report No: 2011-04, Kasım 2011, Ankara, 76 pp.
• MTA, Türkiye Yenilenmiş Diri Fay Haritası, ava- ilable at: http://www.mta.gov.tr/v2.0/ default.php?id=yeni diri fay haritalari- goruntule (last access: 19 June 2013), 2012.
• Özkaymak, Ç., Yürür, T., Köse, O., 2004. An example of intercontinental active col- lisional tectonics in the Eastern Medi- terranean region (Van, eastern Turkey). 5th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology, 14-20 April 2004, Thessaloniki, Greece, Procee- dings Book, pp 591-593.
• Pınar, A., 1995. Rupture process ve spectra of some major Turkish earthquakes ve their seismotectonic implications. Dis- sertation, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul.
• Pınar, A., Honkura, Y., Kuge, K., Matsushima, M., Sezgin, N., Yılmazer, M., Öğütçü, Z., 2007. Source mechanism of the 2000 November 15 Lake Van earthquake (Mw = 5.6) in eastern Turkey ve its seis- motectonic implications. Geophys J Int
• 170(2):749-763, doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 246X.2007.03445.x
• Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawren- ce, S., Ergintav, S., Cakmak, R., Özener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliev, I., Stepanyan, R., Nadariya, M., Hahubia, G., Mahmoud, S., Sakr, K., ArRajehi, A., Paradissis, D., Al-Aydrus, A., Prilepin, M., Guseva,
• T., Evren, E., Dmitrotsa, A., Filikov, S,V,
• Gomez, F., Al-Ghazzi, R., Karam, G.,
• 200 GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eura- sia continental collision zone ve impli- cations for the dynamics of plate inte- ractions. J Geophys Res 111, B05411, doi:10.1029/2005JB004051.
• Sandvol, E., Türkelli, N., Barazangi, M., 2003.
• The Eastern Turkey Seismic Experiment:
• The study of a young continent-conti
• nent collision: An example from eastern
• Turkey. Geophys Res Lett 30(24), 8038,
• doi:1029/2003GL018912, 2003.
• Sinclair, T., 1999. Two problems concerning the Van Region: Arakel of Tabriz on the earthquake of 1646 ve evidence for the rise in the level of the lake. In: Zacharia- dou E, (ed.), Natural Disasters in the Ot- toman Empire, Crete University Press, pp 207-222.
• Stewart, G. S., Kanamori, H., 1982. Complexity of rupture in large strike-slip earthqua- kes in Turkey. Phys Earth Planet Inter 28: 70-84.
• Şaroğlu, F., Emre, Ö., Kuşçu, İ., 1992. Active fa- ult map of Turkey. Publ Miner Res Exp- lor Ins. Turk, Ankara, Turkey.
• Şengör, A. M. C, Görür, N., Şaroğlu, F., 1985. Strike-slip faulting ve related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape:
• Turkey as a case study. In Strike-slip
• faulting ve basin formation, eds. Biddle
• KT ve Christie-Blick N, Spec Publ Soc
• Econ Paleontol Mineral 37-227-264.
• Şengör, A. M. C, Özeren, S., Genç, T., Zor, E., 2003. East Anatolian high pla- teau as a mantle-supported, north- south shortened domal structu- re. Geophys Res Lett 30(24), 8045, doi:10.1029/2003GL017858, 2003.
• Taşman, C.E., 1946. Varto ve Van earthqua- kes. Publ Miner Res Explor Ins Turk, 2(36):287-291 (in Turkish).
• Taymaz, T., Eyidoğan, H., Jackson, J., 1991. Source parameters of large earthqu- akes in the East Anatolian fault zone (Turkey). Geophys J Int 106:537-550.
• Toksöz, M. N., Nabelek, J., Arpat, E., 1978. So- urce properties of the 1976 earthquake in eastern Turkey: a comparison of field data ve teleseismic results, Tectonoph- ysics, 49:199-205.
• Twiss, R. J. and Moores, E.M., 1992. Structural Geology, W.H. Freeman ve Co., New York, sf. 203.
• Utkucu, M., 2013. 23 October 2011, Van, Eas- tern Anatolia, earthquake (Mw=7.1) and seismotectonics of Lake Van area. J. Seismol., 17, 783–805, doi: 10.1007/ s10950-012-9354-z.
• Vernant P, Nilforoushan, F., Hatzfeld, D., Abba- si, M. R., Vigny, C., Masson, F., Nankali, H., Martino, J., Ashtiani, A., Bayer, R.,
• Tavakoli, F., Chery, J., 2004. Present
• day crustal deformation ve plate kine
• matics in the Middle East constrained
• by GPS measurements in Iran ve nort
• hern Oman. Geophys J Int 157:381-398.
• Wald, D. J., Heaton, H. T., 1994. Spatial ve tem- poral distribution of slip for the 1992 Lveers, California, earthquake, Bull Se- ismol Soc Am 84:668-691.
• Wong, H.K., Degens, E.T., 1978. The bath- ymetry of Lake Van, eastern Turkey. In
• The Geology Lake Van, pp. 6-10. eds.
• Degens ET ve Kurtman F, M.T.A. Press,
• No. 169, Ankara, Turkey.