Istanbul’da eski bir Mısır dikilitaşının koruma amaçlı yapısal değerlendirilmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 169 - 182, 19.08.2020

Gulten Polat Özden Saygılı

https://doi.org/10.17824/yerbilimleri.630560

Abstract

Theodosius Dikilitaşı İstanbul'daki eski Hipodrom'da bulunan en önemli anıtlardan biridir. Dikilitaş, heykel tabanıyla bugün 24.77 metre yüksekliğindedir, ancak tarihi kayıtlar orijinal yapının belirgin şekilde daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, kayıtlar bazı parçaların nakliye nedeniyle Mısır'da geride kaldığını göstermektedir. Dikilitaş, özellikle depremler olmak üzere birçok doğal yıkıcı olaya maruz kalmıştır. Bilindiği gibi, Dikilitaş'ın bulunduğu bölge sismik olarak çok aktiftir çünkü Türkiye’de potansiyel olarak en yıkıcı fay sistemine sahip olan Kuzey Anadolu Fayı ve onun segmentleri bu bölgede gelişmiştir. Dikilitaş'ın korunması için sismik performansını değerlendirmek önemlidir. Bu amaçla, bu çalışmada,yapısal dinamik özellikler ve Dikilitaş'ın tepkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaca ulaşmak için sonlu elemanlar yaklaşımı kullanılarak sayısal bir model oluşturulmuştur. Buna ek olarak, bu çalışmada gerçek yer hareketi verileri analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın en önemli bulgusu, Dikilitaş'ın uzun süre yıkıcı depremler yaşamasına rağmen, ortaya çıkan deformasyonun belirgin olmadığıdır. Depremlere karşı dayanıklılığı büyük olasılıkla inşa malzemeleriyle ilgilidir. 

Keywords

Theodosius Dikilitaşı, sayısal analiz, dinamik analiz, deprem davranışı

Structural evaluation for the preservation of an ancient Egyptian Obelisk in Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract

The "Obelisk of Theodosius" is one of the most important monuments located in the former Hippodrome in Istanbul, Turkey. The Obelisk with its sculpted base is 24.77 meters in height today, but historical recordings indicate that it was evidently higher originally. Additionally, the recordings show that some of the parts were left behind in Egypt due to transportation. The Obelisk has been exposed to many natural devastating events, particularly strong earthquakes. The monument is in a seismically very active region, Istanbul, located near one of the most devastating 
active faults of Turkey, the North Anatolian Fault. For the preservation of this obelisk, it is important to evaluate its seismic performance. For this purpose, in this study, the structural dynamic characteristics and the response of the obelisk were investigated. To achieve this aim, a numerical model was created using a finite element approach. In addition to this, real ground motion data were analyzed in this study. The most important finding of the study is that although the obelisk had experienced devastating earthquakes for a long time, revealed deformation is not 
noticeable. Its strength against earthquakes is most likely related to its constructed materials.

Keywords

Obelisk of Theodosius, numerical analysis, dynamic analysis, earthquake behavior

References

• Ambraseys, N. 2002. The seismic activity of the marmara sea region over the last 2000 years. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, pp. 1-18, doi:10.1785/0120000843.
• Armijo, R. and Meyer, B. and Hubert, A. and Barka, A. 1999. Westward propagation of the North Anatolian fault into the northern Aegean: timing and kinematics. Geology 27:267270.
• Arslan, P. Y. 2016. Towards a new honori c column: The column of Constantine in early Byzantine urban landscape. METU J. Faculty Archit., 33(1), 121145.
• Cakti, E. and Oliveira, C.S. and Lemos, J.V. and Saygili, . and Gork, S. and Zengin, E. 2015. Ongoing Research on Earthquake Behavior of Historical Minarets in Istanbul. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 321 I.N. Psycharis et al. (eds.), Seismic Assessment, Behavior and Retro t of Heritage Buildings and Monuments, Computational Methods in Applied Sciences; vol. 37, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-16130-3-13.
• Cakti, E. and Saygili, O. and Lemos, J.V. and Oliveira, C.S. 2016. Discrete Element Modeling of a Scaled Masonry Structure and Its Validation Engineering Structures, vol. 126, pp. 224236.
• Darwish, M. and Rashwan, M. 2018. Structural dynamic characteristics of Ancient Egyp-tian obelisks and their responses to earthquake loads. Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr., 23(2): 04018004.
• Durukal, E. and Cimilli, S. and Erdik, M. 2003. Dynamic response of two historical monuments in Istanbul deduced from the recordings of Kocaeli and Duzce earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 93(2), pp. 694-712.
• Gurbuz, C., M. Aktar, H. Eyidogan, A. Cisternas, H. Haessler, A. Barka, M. Ergin, N. Turkelli, O. Polat, S. B. U¸cer, S. Kuleli, S¸. Barıs, B. Kaypak, T. Bekler, E. Zor, F. Bicmen, and A. Yoruk, 2000. The seismotectonics of the marmara region (turkey): results from a microseismic experiment”, Tectonophysics, pp 316.
• Jackson, J. 1994. Active Tectonics of the Aegean Region. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 22(1), pp. 239-271.
• Ketin, I. 1966. Tectonic units of Anatolia. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Bulletin, pp. 2334.
• Klemm, D. D. and Klemm, R. 2001. The building stones of ancient Egypt a gift of its geology. African Earth Science, vol.33, pp. 631:642.
• Klemm, R. and Klemm, D. D. 2008. Stones and Quarries in Ancient Egypt. British Museum Press, London, pp. 354 ,ISBN 10: 0714123269.
• Lemos, J. V. and Oliveira, C. S., and Navarro, M. 2015. 3-D nonlinear behavior of an obelisk subjected to the Lorca May 11, 2011 strong motion record. Engineering Failure Analysis, 58, 212-228.
• Okay, A. I. 2008. Geology of Turkey: A synopsis. Anschnitt, pp. 19-42.
• Pichon, X. L. and Chamot-Rooke, N. and Lallemant S. 1995. Geodetic Determination of the Kinematics of Central Greece with Respect to Europe: Implications for Eastern Mediterranean Tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research, pp. 675690.
• Sadan, O.B. and Bal, I.E. and Smyrou, E. 2007. Structural analysis of Istanbul Beyazt Mosque retroftted by Mimar Sinan, SHH07: International Symposium on Studies on Historical Heritage, Antalya, Turkey.
• Saroglu F. and Boray, A and Emre, O. 1987. Active faults of Turkey, dissertation, Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey.
• Saygili, O. 2019. Estimation of structural dynamic characteristics of the Egyptian Obelisk of Theodosius. Earthquakes and Structures Volume 16, Number 3, March 2019, pages 311-320, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/eas.2019.16.3.311 Sengor, A. M. C. and Yilmaz, Y. 1995. Tethyan evolution of turkey: A plate tectonic approach.Tectonophysics, pp. 181241.
• Schmittbuhl, J. and Karabulut, H. and engline, O. and Bouchon, M. 2015. Seismicity distribution and locking depth along the main marmara fault, Turkey. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., doi:10.1002/2015GC00612, 2015.
• Tedesco, J.W. and McDougal, W.G. and Ross, C.A. 1999. Structural Dynamics Theory and Application. Addison Wesley Longman, Menlo Park.
• Sap2000 Manuel. 2014. Integrated structural analysis and design software, Computer and Structures Inc., Berkeley, California.
• Vasconcelos, G. 2005. Experimental Investigations on the mechanics of stone masonry: characterization of ancient granites and behavior of masonry shear walls. Ph.D. Disserta-tion, University of Minho.