Bazı Prebiyotiklerin Yetiştiriciliği Yapılan Balıklarda Bağışıklık ve Hastalık Direnci Üzerine Etkiler

Year 2017, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 429 - 449, 31.12.2017

Metin Yazıcı

https://doi.org/10.17693/yunusae.v17i31121.327798

Abstract

Akuakültür
dünyada besin üretiminde en hızlı büyüyen ve gelecek vaat eden sektörlerden
biridir. Bununla birlikte infeksiyöz hastalıklar akakültürde en temel problem
olarak ortaya çıkmakta ve çok önemli ekonomik kayıplara yol açmaktadır. Akuatik
hastalıklarla mücadelede en etkili yol, diğer hayvan yetiştiriciliklerinde
olduğu gibi antibiyotik kullanmak olmuştur. Bununla birlikte antibiyotik
direnci gelişmesi ve yayılması gibi ciddi negatif etkilerinden dolayı son
yıllardaki antibiyotiklerin akuakültürde kullanılmalarına sıkı düzenlemeler
gelmiştir. Bunun sonucunda antibiyotikler artık bazı durumlarda bakteriyel
hastalıkların tedavisinde etkili değildir. Bu
durum hastalıklarla mücadelede prebiyotikler gibi antibiyotiklere alternatif
stratejiler geliştirilmesine ilgiyi arttırmıştır. Prebiyotikler konakçıdaki
faydalı bakterileri arttıran sindirilemeyen liflerdir. Çeşitli
karasal hayvanlarda sağlık ve performans alanındaki potansiyel faydaları
gösterilmesine rağmen, prebiyotiklerin yetiştiriciliği yapılan balıklarda
kullanımı daha az araştırılmıştır. Sindirim
sistemindeki bakteriler konakçının sağlığını ve beslenmesini etkilemede önemli
bir role sahiptir. Prebiyotikler spesifik
olmayan immun cevapta farklı seviyelerde rol oynar. Bu yüzden,
barsak bakterilerini çeşitli yollarla değiştirerek patojenlere karşı daha iyi
direnç gösterme, konakçının büyümesi ve bağışıklığının arttırılması gibi
faydalı etkilere ulaşmak için çeşitli balıklarda araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu
derlemenin amacı mannan oligosakkarid (MOS), frukto olgosakkarid (FOS),
Inulin, Ksilo oligosakkarid (XOS), galakto oligosakkarid (GOS) gibi bazı
prebiyotiklerin yetiştiriciliği yapılan balıklarda immun sistem ve hastalık
dirençlerine etkilerine yönelik genel bir bakış sağlamaktır.

Keywords

prebiyotik. balık, immun sistem, MOS, , akuakültür, hastalık direnci, FOS, GOS

References

• Abd El-Gawad E.A., Abd El-latif A.M., Shourbela R.M. 2016. Enhancement of Antioxidant Activity, Non-specific Immunity and Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus by Dietary Fructooligosaccharide. J Aquac Res Development 7: 427. doi: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000427.
• Adel, M., Nayak, S., Lazado, C.C., Yeganeh, S. 2016. Effects of dietary prebiotic GroBiotic®-A on growth performance, plasma thyroid hormones and mucosal immunity of great sturgeon, Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of Applied Ichthyology Volume 32, Issue 5 Pages 825–831, DOI: 10.1111/jai.13153.
• Adorian, T. J., Goulart, F.R., Mombach, P.I., Lovatto, N.M., Dalcin, M., Molinari, M., Lazzari, R., Silva, L.P. 2016. Effect of different dietary fiber concentrates on themetabolism and indirect immune response in silver catfish, Animal Feed Science and Technology 215 124–132 dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.anifeedsci.2016.03.001.
• Akhter, N., Wu, B., Memon, A.M., Mohsin, M. 2015. Probiotics and prebiotics associated with aquaculture: A review. Fish ve Shellfish Immunology 45, 733-741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.038
• Akrami, R., Chitsaz, H., Hezarjaribi, A. and Ziaei, R. 2012. Effect of Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharide (MOS) on Growth Performance and Immune Response of Gibel Carp Juveniles (Carassius auratus gibelio). Journal of Veterinary Advances, 2(10): 507-513.
• Azeredo, R., Machado, M., Kreuz, E., Wuertz, S., Oliva-Teles, A., Enes, P., Costas, B. 2017. The European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) innate immunity and gut health are modulated by dietary plant-protein inclusion and prebiotic supplementation. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 60, 78-87, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.019.
• Buentello, J.A., Neill, W.H., Gatlin III, D.M. 2010. Effects of dietary prebiotics on the growth, feed efficiency and non-specific immunity of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus fed soybean-based diets, Aquaculture Research, 2010, 41, 411^418 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02178.x.
• Carbone, D. ve Faggio, C. 2016. Importance of prebiotics in aquaculture as immunostimulants. Effects on immune system of Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 54 (2016) 172e178, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.011
• Cerezuela, R., Cuesta, A., Meseguer, J., M. Esteban, M.A. 2008. Effects of inulin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune parameters. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 24, 663-668, doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2007.10.002.
• Cerezuela, R., Guardiola, F.A., Meseguer, J., Esteban, M.A. 2012. Increases in immune parameters by inulin and Bacillus subtilis dietary administration to gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) did not correlate with disease resistance to Photobacterium damselae. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 32, 1032-1040, doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.025.
• Dawood, M.A.O. ve Koshio, S. 2016. Recent advances in the role of probiotics and prebiotics in carp aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture 454 (2016) 243–251, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.12.033.
• Defoirdt, T., Sorgeloos, P. and Bossier, P. 2011. Alternatives to antibiotics for the control of bacterial disease in aquaculture. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 14:251–258, DOI 10.1016/j.mib.2011.03.004.
• Dimitroglou, A., Merrifield, D.L., Moate, R., Davies, S.J.,Spring, P., Sweetman, J., Bradley,G. 2009. Dietary mannan oligosaccharide supplementation modulates intestinal microbial ecology and improves gut morphology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J. Anim. Sci. 87:3226–3234. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1428.
• Dimitroglou, A., Merrifield, D.L., Carnevali, O., Picchietti, S., Avella, M., Daniels, C., Güroy, D.,Davies, S.J. 2011. Microbial manipulations to improve fish health and production – A Mediterranean perspective. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 30 1-16, doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2010.08.009
• Doan, H. V., Hoseinifar, S.H., Tapingkae, W., Tongsiri, S., Khamtavee, P. 2016. Combined administration of low molecular weight sodium alginate boosted immunomodulatory, disease resistance and growth enhancing effects of Lactobacillus plantarum in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 58, 678-685, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.013.
• Ebrahimi, G., Ouraji, H., Khalesi, M.K., Sudagar, M., Barari, A., M. Dangesaraki, M.Z. and Khalili, K.H.J. 2011. Effects of a prebiotic, Immunogen, on feed utilization, body composition, immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) fingerlings. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 96 591–599, DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01182.x
• Ganguly, S. ve Prasad, A. 2012. Microflora in fish digestive tract plays significant role in digestion and metabolism.Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 22:11–16. DOI10.1007/s11160-011-9214-x
• Ganguly, S., Dora, K.C., Sarkar, S., Chowdhury, S. 2013. Supplementation of prebiotics in fish feed: a review. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 23:195–199, DOI 10.1007/s11160-012-9291-5.
• Grisdale-Helland, B., Helland, S.J., Gatlin III, D.M. 2008. The effects of dietary supplementation with mannanoligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide or galacto oligosaccharide on the growth and feed utilization of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 283 163–167, doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.07.012.
• Guerreiro, I., Jimenez, A.P., Costas, B., Oliva-Teles, A. 2014. Effect of temperature and short chain fructooligosaccharides supplementation on the hepatic oxidative status and immune response of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 40, 570-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.017.
• Guerreiro, I., Serra, C.R., Enes, P., Couto, A., Salvador, A., Costas, B., Oliva-Teles, A. 2016. Effect of short chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) on immunological status and gut microbiota of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) reared at two temperatures. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 49 122-131 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.fsi.2015.12.032.
• Hoseinifar, S.H., Soleimani, N., Ringo, E. 2014. Effects of dietary fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation on the growth performance, haemato-immunological parameters, gut microbiota and stress resistance of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) fry. Br. J. Nutr., 112, pp. 1296–1302, doi: 10.1017/S0007114514002037.
• Hoseinifar, S.H., Esteban, M.A., Cuesta, A., Sun, Y.Z. 2015. Prebiotics and Fish Immune Response: A Review of Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 23:315–328, 2015. DOI: 10.1080/23308249.2015.1052365.
• Hoseinifar, S.H., Mirvaghefi, A., Amoozegar, M.A., Sharifian, M., Esteban, M.A. 2015 Modulation of innate immune response, mucosal parameters and disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) upon synbiotic feding. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 45, 27-32 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi. 2015.03.029.
• Hoseinifar, S.H., Ahmadi, A., Raeisi, M., Hoseini, S.M., Khalili, M. & Behnampour, N. 2016. Comparative study on immunomodulatory and growth enhancing effects of three prebiotics (galactooligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide and inulin) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture Research 1–10 doi:10.1111/are.13156.
• Hutkins, R.W., Krumbeck, J.A., Bindels, L.B., Cani, P.D., George Fahey Jr., Goh, Y.J., Hamaker, B., Martens, E.C., Mills, D.A., Rastal, R.A., Vaughan, E. and Sanders, M.E. 2016. Prebiotics: why definitions matter. Curr Opin Biotechnol., February; 37: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.001.
• Ibrahem, M. D., Fathi, M., Salah, M., AbdEl-Aty, A.M. 2010. Effect of dietary supplementation of inulin and vitaminC on thegrowth, hematology, innate immunity, and resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish &Shellfish Immunology Volume 29, Issue 2, Pages 241–246.
• Kiron, V., 2012. Fish immune system and its nutritional modulation for preventive health care. Animal Feed Science and Technology 173, 111– 133.
• Lin, S. H., Chou, L.M., Chien, Y.W., Chang, J.S. and Lin, C. 2016. Prebiotic Effects of Xylooligosaccharides on the Improvement of Microbiota Balance in Human Subjects. Gastroenterology Research and Practice, Volume, Article ID 5789232, 6 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5789232.
• Liu, B., Xu, L., Ge, X., Xie, J., Xu, P., Zhou, Q., Pan, L., Zhang, L.Y. 2013. Effects of mannan oligosaccharide on the physiological responses, HSP70 gene expression and disease resistance of Allogynogenetic crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) under Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 34, 1395-1403, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.028.
• Magnadottir, B. 2006.Innate immunity of fish (overview) Fish & Shellfish Immunology 20, 137-151. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2004.09.006.
• Merrifield, D.L., Dimitroglou, A., Foey, A., Davies, S.J., Baker, R.T.M., Bogwald, J., Castex, M., Ringo, E. 2010. The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for salmonids. Aquaculture 302 (2010) 1–18, doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.02.007.
• Miandare, H.K., Farvardin, S., Shabani, A., Hoseinifar, S.H., Ramezanpour, S.S. 2016. The effects of galactooligosaccharide on systemic and mucosal immune response, growth performance and appetite related gene transcript in goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 55, August 2016, Pages 479-483.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.fsi.2016.06.020. Minguez, C., Webster, P.G., Villa, M. 2016. Effect of a prebiotic supplementation of mannan oligosaccharide on growth traits and mortality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). AACL Bioflux, 2016, Volume 9, Issue 6.
• Mo, W.Y., Cheng, Z., Choi, W.M., Lun, C.H.I., Man, Y.B., Wong, J.T.F., et al. 2015. Use of food waste as fish feeds: effects of prebiotic fibers ( inulin and mannanoligosaccharide ) on growth and non-specific immunity of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(22), 17663-17671.
• Mousavi, E., Mohammadiazarm, H., Mousavi, S.M., Ghatrami, E.R. 2016. Effects of Inulin, Savory and Onion Powders in Diet of Juveniles Carp Cyprinus Carpio (L.) on Gut Micro Flora, Immune Response and Blood Biochemical Parameters. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 16: 831-838, DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v16_4_09.
• Munir, M.B., Hashim, R., Chai, Y.H., Marsh, T.L., Mohd Nor, S.A. 2016. Dietary prebiotics and probiotics influence growth performance, nutrient digestibility and the expression of immune regulatory genes in snakehead (Channa striata) fingerlings, Aquaculture 460 (2016) 59–68, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.03.041.
• Özyurt, V.H. ve Ötleş, S. 2014. Prebiyotikler: Metabolizma İçin Önemli Bir Gıda Bileşeni. Akademik Gıda 12(1) (2014) 115-123. Peredo, A.M., Buentello, A., Gatlin III, D.M., Hume, M.E. 2015. Evaluation of a dairy-yeast prebiotic in the diet of juvenile nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Volume 46, Issue 1, 1 February Pages 92-101.
• Perez-Sanchez, J., Benedito-Palosa, L., Estensoro, I., Petropoulos, Y., Calduch-Giner, J.A., Browdy, C.B., Sitja-Bobadilla, A. 2015. Effects of dietary NEXT ENHANCE®150 on growth performance and expression of immune and intestinal integrity related genes in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 44, 117-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.039.
• Raggi, T. Ve ve Gatlin III, D.M. 2012. Prebiotics Have Limited Effects on Nutrient Digestibility of a Diet Based on Fish Meal and Soybean Meal in Goldfish. North American Journal of Aquaculture 74:400–407, DOI: 10.1080/15222055.2012.675997.
• Rıngo, E., Olsen, R.E., Gifstad, T.O., Dalmo, R.A., Amlund, H., Hemre, G.I., Bakke, A.M. 2010. Prebiotics in aquaculture: a review, Aquaculture Nutrition, Volume 16, Issue 2, Pages 117–136,DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00731.x.
• Rıngo, E., Dimitroglou, A., Hoseinifar, S.H. and Davies, S.J. 2014. Prebiotics in Finfish: An Update, Aquaculture Nutrition: GutHealth, Probiotics and Prebiotics, First Edition. Edited by Daniel Merrifield and Einar Ringo, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. s. 360-400.
• Rıngo, E., Zhou, Z., Vecino, J.L.G. Wadsworth, S., Romero, J., Krogdahl, A., Olsen, R.E., Dimitroglou, A., Foey, A., Davies, S.,Owen, M., Lauzon, H.L., Martinsen, L.L., De Schryver, P., Bossier, P., Sperstad, S., Merrifield, D.L. 2016. Effect of dietary components on the gut microbiota of aquatic animals. A never-ending story?, Volume 22, Issue 2 Pages 219–282, DOI: 10.1111/anu.12346.
• Roberfroid, M. 2007. Prebiotics: The Concept Revisited. The Journal of Nutrition, Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics, 137: 830S–837S.
• Rodriguez-Estrada, U., Satoh, S., Haga, Y., Fushimi, H., Sweetman, J. 2013. Effects of Inactivated Enterococcus faecalis and Mannan Oligosaccharide and Their Combination on Growth, Immunity, and Disease Protection in Rainbow Trout, North American Journal of Aquaculture, 75:3, 416-428, DOI: 10.1080/15222055.2013.799620
• Sado, R.Y., Domanski, F.R., Freitas, P.F., Sales, F.B. 2015. Growth, immune status and intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia fed dietary prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharides-MOS). Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 43(5): 944-952. DOI: 10.3856/vol43-issue5-fulltext-14
• Salem, M., Gaber, M.M., Ab-dal Zaki, M., Nour, A. 2016. Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides on growth, body composition and intestine of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Aquaculture Research 47, 3516–3525 doi:10.1111/are.12801.
• Savolainen, L.C.,Gatlin III, D.M. 2009. Evaluation of Dairy–Yeast Prebiotic Supplementation in the Diet of Juvenile Goldfish in the Presence or Absence of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 21:3, 156-163, DOI: 10.1577/H08-063.1.
• Sealey, W.M., Barrows, F.T., Johansen, K.A., Overturf, K., LaPatra, S.E., Hardy, R.W. 2007. Evaluation of the Ability of Partially Autolyzed Yeast and Grobiotic-A to Improve Disease Resistance in Rainbow Trout, North American Journal of Aquaculture, 69:4, 400-406, DOI: 10.1577/A06-080.1.
• Sealey, W.M., Conley, Z.B., and Bensley, M. 2015. Prebiotic supplementation has only minimal effects on growth efficiency, intestinal health and disease resistance of Westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi fed 30 % soybean meal. Front. Immunol. 6:396. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00396.
• Selim, K. M. ve Reda, R.M. 2015. Beta-Glucans and Mannan Oligosaccharides Enhance Growth and Immunity in Nile Tilapia. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 77:1, 22-30, DOI: 10.1080/15222055.2014.951812.
• Soleimani, N., Hoseinifar, S.H., Merrifeld, D.L., Barati, M., Abadi, Z.H. 2012. Dietary supplementation of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) improves the innate immune response, stress resistance, digestive enzyme activities and growth performance of Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus) fry. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 32, 316-321, doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.023.
• Song, S.K., Beck, B.R., Kim, D., Park, J., Kim, J., Kim, H.D., Ringø, E. 2014. Prebiotics as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 40, 40-48, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.016.
• Staykov, Y., Spring, P., Denev, S., Sweetman, J. 2007. Effect of a mannan oligosaccharide on the growth performance and immune status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International Volume 15, Issue 2, pp 153–161.
• Talpur, A.D., Munir, M.B., Mary, A., Hashim, R. 2014. Dietary probiotics and prebiotics improved food acceptability, growth performance, haematology and immunological parameters and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in snakehead (Channa striata) fingerlings Aquaculture 426–427 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. aquaculture. 2014.01.013.
• Tiengtam, N., Khempaka, S., Paengkoum, P., Boonanuntanasarn, S. 2015. Effects of inulin and Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus ) as prebiotic ingredients in the diet of juvenile Niletilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ). Animal Feed Science and Technology 207. 120–129.
• Torrecillas, S., Makol, A., Caballero, M.J., Montero, D., Robaina, L., Real, F., Sweetman, J., Tort, L., Izquierdo, M.S. 2007. Immune stimulation and improved infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 23 969-981, doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2007.03.007.
• Torrecillas, S., Makol, A., Benítez-Santana, T., Caballero, M.J., Montero, D., Sweetman, J., Izquierdo, M. 2011. Reduced gut bacterial translocation in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides (MOS). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 30 674-681, doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.020.
• Torrecillas, S., Makol, A., Caballero, M.J., D Montero, D., Dhanasiri, A.K.S., Sweetman, J. And Izquierdo, M. 2012. Effects on mortality and stress response in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), fed manan oligosaccharides (MOS) after Vibrio anguillarum exposure. Journal of Fish Diseases, 35, 591–602 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01384.x.
• Torrecillas, S., Alex Makol, Mónica Beatriz Betancor, Daniel Montero, Maria José Caballero, John Sweetman, Marisol Izquierdo 2013. Enhanced intestinal epithelial barrier health status on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 34, 1485-1495, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.03.351.
• Torrecillas, S., Montero, M., Izquierdo, M. 2014. Improved health and growth of fish fed mannan oligosaccharides: Potential mode of action. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 36 525-544, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.12.029.
• TUİK 2015. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=97&locale=tr erişim tarihi 10 Ocak 2017.
• Vechklang, K., Lim, C., Boonanuntanasarn, S., Welker, T., Ponchunchuwong, S., Klesius, P.H., Wanapu, C. 2012. Growth Performance and Resistance to Streptococcus iniae of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Diets Supplemented with GroBiotic-A and Brewtech Dried Brewers Yeast, Journal of Applied Aquaculture, Volume 24, Issue 3, July Pages 183-198, DOI: 10.1080/10454438.2012.678786.
• Yarahmadi, P., Farahmanda,H., Miandare, H.K., Mirvaghefi, A., Hoseinifar, S.H. 2014. The effects of dietary Immunogen on innate immune response, immune related genes expression and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 37 (2014) 209-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.006.
• Yarahmadi, P., Farsani, H.G., Khazaei, A., Khodadadi, M., Rashidiyan, G., Jalali, M. A. 2016. Protective effects of the prebiotic on the immunological indicators of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 54 ,589-597 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi. 2016.05.010.
• Yazıcı, M. ve Candan, A. 2006. Levrek balıklarında ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) Pasteurellosis’ e karşı alternatif araştırma yöntemleri üzerine bir araştırma. Su ürünleri Dergisi, 20, 1-16.
• Yılmaz, E., Genç, M.A., Genç, E. 2007. Effects of Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides on Growth, Body composition, and Intestine and Liver Histology of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The lsraeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh 58(3), 182-188.
• Yousefian, M., and Amiri, M.S. 2009. A review of the use of prebiotic in aquaculture for fish and shrimp. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (25), pp. 7313-7318, 29, Available online at AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2009 Academic Journals.
• Zhang, C. N., Li, X.F., Xu, W.N., Jiang, G.Z., Lu, K.L., Wang, L.N., Liu, W.B. 2013. Combined effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide and Bacillus licheniformis on innate immunity, antioxidant capability and disease resistance of triangular bream (Megalobrama terminalis). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 35, 1380-1386, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.fsi.2013.07.047.
• Zheng Z. L., Wang, K.Y., Gatlin III, D.M., Ye, J.M. 2011. Evaluation of the Ability of GroBiotic®-A to Enhance Growth, Muscle Composition, Immune Responses, and Resistance Against Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia. Oreochromis niloticus, Journal of the world aquaculture socıety Vol. 42, No. 4, Pages 549–557.
• Zhou, Q.C., Buentello, J.A., Gatlin III, D.M. 2010. Effects of dietary prebiotics on growth performance, immune response and intestinal morphology of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture 309 253–257, doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.09.003.