Sağıtım Dozlarında Uygulanan Bazı Sulfonamidlerin Alabalıkların Oncorhynchus mykiss Yenilebilir Dokularında Kalıntı Düzeyleri ile Vücuttan Atılma Sürelerinin Belirlenmesi

Year 1998, Volume: 4 Issue: 1-2, 72 - 84, 14.06.1998

İdris Türel Orhan Yılmaz

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Gökkuşağı alabalıklarında tedavi amacıyla kullanılan sulfadiazin, sulfamerazin, sulfametazin, sulfametoksazol ve sulfadimetoksinin dokulardaki kalıntı düzeylerinin ne kadar zamanda tolerans limitlerinin altına düştüğü, ilaç uygulamasından ne kadar süre sonra tüketime sunulması gerektiği ve sillfonamid grubu ilaçlar uygulandığı zaman dokularda hangi düzeylerde bulunduğu Yüksek Basınçlı Sıvı Kromatografısi HPLC ile araştırılmıştır. Gökkuşağı alabalıkları 3 ay süreyle su ortamına ve yeme alıştırıldıktan sonra canlı ağırlıkları tartılarak, grup ortalamaları birbirine yakın olacak şekilde 180 adet balık, her grupta 36 adet olacak şekilde 5 gruba ayrıldı. Grubun herbirine bir sulfonamid türevi 200 mg/kg/gün dozunda 14 gün süreyle uygulandı. Balıklar, en son ilaç uygulamasından sonra L, 3., 5., 7., 9., 11., 13., 15., 17., 19. ve 21 günlerde ilçerli gruplar halinde alınarak kas dokuları blenderde parçalanarak homojen hale getirildi. Bu örneklerin ekstraksiyon işleminden sonra, sulfadiazin, sulfamerazin, sulfametazin, sulfametoksazol ve sulfadimetoksinin kas dokusundaki dağılımları Yüksek Basınçlı Sıvı Kromatografısi Metoduyla tesbit edildi. Sulfadiazin 0.097 ±0.01 ppm , sulfamerazin 0.1 ±0.02 ppm , sulfametazin 0.07 ±0.02 ppm ve sulfametoksazol 0.081 ±0.043 ppm 11. günde, sulfadimetoksinin ise 0.095 ±0.02 ppm 7. günde tolerans limitinin altına indiği saptandı. Gökkuşağı alabalığı kas dokusunda sulfadiazin 17. günde 0.018 ±0.003 ppm, sulfamerazin 19. günde 0.01 ±0.002 ppm, sulfametazin 17. günde 0.01 ±0.001 ppm, sulfametoksazol 15. günde 0.004 ±0.001 ve sulfadimetoksin ise 11. günde 0.003 ±0.0005 ppm düzeyinde belirlendi. Gökkuşağı alabalıklarının sulfadiazin, sulfamerazin, sulfametazin ve sulfametoksazol için 11. günden, sulfadimetoksin için ise 7. günden sonra tüketime sunulabileceği sonucuna varıldı

Keywords

Sıvı kromatografısi, Sulfonamidler, İlaç kalıntıları, Gökkuşağı alabalığı

The determiııation of residues in edible tissues and withdrawal times of some sulfanamides, administered with therepeutic doses to Rainbow trout

Abstract

In tlıis study, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine were applied to the rainboyv troııts. II o w long it takes to lower below tolerance limits for the resııdue levels accumulated in tissues, consumption time after medication, and accurance levels of sulfonamide group in tissues were researched by using HPLC. The experimeııtal rainbow trouts were adapted for the feed and water conditious for a period of three months. After their body were weighed and total 180 rainbow trouts were devided into five groups. Each group coııtained 36 fishes. Each group was treated with. a sulfonamide derivative 200 mg/kg/day for 14 days. After the latest applicatioıı of mediciııes, livefish samples were taken on 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21 days, and their muscle tissue were homogenized with blender. After extraction process of the samples, distributions of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxaz.ole and sulfadimethoxine in muscle tissue were determined by HPLC. it was found that tolerance limits of sulfadiazine 0.097 ±0.01 ppm , sulfamerazine 0.100 ±0.02 ppm , sulfamethazine 0.070 ±0.02 ppm and sulfamethoxazole 0.081 ±0.04 ppm lowered on 1 lth day. However, tolerance limit of sulfadimethoxine 0.095 ±0.02 ppm lowered on 7th day. Sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine were determined as 0.018 ±0.003 ppm on 17th day, 0.010 ±0.02 ppm on 19th day, 0.010 ±0.001 ppm on 17th day, 0.004 ±0.001 ppm on 15th day and as 0.003 ±0.0005 ppm on 1 lth day in the tissue ofrainbow trouts, respectively. İt was also determined that the raiııbow trouts would be cıble to be consumed after 1 lth day in terms of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole. Nevertheles, it was after 7th day for sulfadimethoxine.

Keywords

Liquid ehromatography, Sulfanamides, Drııg residues, Rainbow trout

References

• 1. Kaya, S. Hayvansal üretimde gelişmeyi hızlandırıcı maddeler ve sakıncaları. A.Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg., 31(3), 410-423 (1984).
• 2. Walker, C.C. aııd Barker, S.A. Extraction and liquid chromatographic analysis of sulfadimethoxine and 4-N-acetylsulfadimethoxine residues in channel catfısh (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle and plasma. J. AOAC Int.,77(6), 1460-1466 (1994).
• 3. Milner, N.P., Johnson, M.R. and Perry, K.J. Determination of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim residues in channel catfish fıllets after treatment with romet and evaluation of a commercially available rapid diagnostic test for drug residues in fish fillets. J. AOAC Int.,77(4), 875-881 (1994).
• 4. Kitts, D.D., Zheng, M., Burııs-Flett, E. and Mcerlane, K.M. Comparison of sulfadimethoxine residue analyses in salmon muscle using HPLC and Charm II test. J. Food Pıotec., 58(6), 678-682 (1994).
• 5. Boison, J.O. and Keng, L.J.Y. Determination of sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethazine residues in animal tissues by liquid chromatography and thermospray mass spectrometry. J. AOAC Int., 78(3), 651-658 (1994).
• 6. Walker, C.C. and Barker, S.A. Extraction and Enzyme immunoassay of sulfadimethoxine residues in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle. J. AOAC Int., 77(4), 908-916 (1993).
• 7. Gehring, T.A., Rushing, L.G. and Thompson, H.C. Liquid chromatographic determination of sulfadiazine in salmon by postcolumn derivatization and fluorescence detection. J. AOAC Int., 78(5), 1 161-1164 (1995).
• 8. Çetinkaya, O. Su Ürünleri ve Hastalıkları Ders Notları. Y.Y.Ü.Vet. Fak. (1996).
• 9. Austin, B. and Austin, D.A. Bacterial Fish Pathogens. Ellis Horwood Ltd., England (1987).
• 10. Robeıts, R.J. and Shepherd, C.J. Handbook of Tıout and Salmon Disease. The Alden Press, Oxford (1990).
• 11. Nouws, J.F.M., Mevius, D., Vıee, T.B., Baakman, M. and Değen, M. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and renal clerance of sulfadizine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine and of their N4-acetyl and hydıoxy metabolites in calves and cows. Am. J. Vet. Res., 49(7), 1059-1065 (1988).
• 12. Franco, D.A., Webb, J. and Taylor, C.E. Antibiotic and sulfonamide residues in meat: Implications for human health. J. Food Protec., 53(2), 178-185 (1990).
• 13. Long, A.R., Hsieh, L.C., Malbrough, M.S., Short, C.R. and Barker, S.A. Multiresidue method for the determination of sulfonamides in pork tissue. J. Agric. Food Chem., 38, 423-426 (1990).
• 14. Boison, J.O.K. and Keng, L.J.Y. Determination of sulfamethazine in bovine and porcine tissues by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J. AOAC Int.,77(3), 558-564 (1994).
• 15. Long, A.R., Hsieh, L.C., Malbrough, M.S., Short, C.R. and Barker, S.A. A multiresidue method for the isolation and liquid chromatographic determination of seven sulfonamides in infant foı mula. J. Liquid Chromatog., 12(9), 1601-1612 (1989).
• 16. Charm, S.E., Zomer, E. and Şalter, R. Confırmation of widespread sulfonamide contamination in Northeast U.S. market milk. J. Food Protec., 51(12), 920-924(1988).
• 17. Van Poucke, L.S.G., Depouıcq, G.C.I. and Van Peteghem, C.H. A quantitative method for the detection of sulfonamide residues in meat and milk samples with a high-performance thin-layer chromatographig method. J. Chromatog. Sci., 29, 423-427 (1991).
• 18. Tömek, S. Su ürünleri işleme teknolojisi ders notları. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Fak., Bornova-İzmir (1990).
• 19. Matusik, J.E., Guyer, C.G., Geleta, J.N. and Bames, C.J. Determination of desaminosulfamethazine, sulfamethazine, and N4 - Acetylsulfamethazine by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and confırmation by gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 70(3), 546-553 (1987).
• 20. Hormazabal, V. and Rogstad, A. Simultaneous determination of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim in plasma and tissues of cultured fish for residual and pharmacokinetic studies. J. Chromatog., 583, 201-207 (1992).
• 21. Kaya, S. ve Şahal, M. Besinlerimizdeki ilaç kalıntıları, bunlara ilişkin tolerans düzeyleri, ilaç verilmiş hayvanlarda uyulması gereken kesim öncesi bekletme veya sütün kullanılmama süreleri. A.Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg., 36(2), 390-403 (1989).
• 22. Kaya, S., Yavuz, H., Akar, F., Liman, B.C. ve Filazi, A. Mezbahadan sağlanan sığır et, karaciğer ve böbrek örneklerinde antibiyotik kalıntıları. A.Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg., 39(1-2), 13-29 (1992).
• 23. Dayan, A.D. Allergy to antimicrobial residues in food: assessment of the risk to man. Vet. Microbiol., 35, 213-226 (1993).
• 24. Van Dresser, W.R. and Wilcke, J.R. Dıug residues in food animals. JAVMA, 194(12), 1700-1710 (1989).
• 25. Şanlı, Y. Hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde antibakteriyel ilaç kullanımı ve çok yönlü sakıncaları. Türkiye'de Veteriner İlaçları Üretimi, Pazarlanması, Güvenle Kullanımı ve Kalıntı Sorunları Sempozyumu, 13-14 Ekim 1994, s. 33-61, Ankara (1994).
• 26. FAO Residues of Veterinary drugs in foods. Report of joint FAO/Who Expert Consultation, Rome, 29 October-5 November 1984, FAO Food and Nutrition paper No: 32. pp. 1-54 (1985).
• 27. Horie, M., Saito, K., Hoshino, Y., Nose, N., Nakazawa, H. and Yamane, Y. Simultaneous determination of residual synthetic antibacterials in fısh by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatog., 538, 484-491 (1991).
• 28. Ikai, Y., Oka, H., Kawamura, N., Hayakawa, J., Yamada, M., Harada, K., Suzuki, M. and Nakazawa, H. Improvement of Chemical analysis of antibiotics: XVII. Application of an amino cartridge to the determination of residual sulfonamide antibacterials in meat, fish and eggs. J. Chromatog., 541,393-400 (1991).
• 29. Horwitz, W. Analitical methods for sulfonamides in foods and feeds. II. Performance characteristics of sulfonamide methods. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 64(4), 814-824 (1981).
• 30. Van Poucke, L.S.G. and Van Peteghem, C.H. Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of sulfathiazole and sulfamethazine in pigs. J. Food Protec., 57(9), 796-801 (1994).
• 31. Walker, L.V., Walsh, J.R. and Webber, J.J. High-performance liquid chromatography of sulfonamides extracted from bovine and porcine muscle by solid-phase dispersion. Journal of Chromatography, 595, 179-184 (1992).
• 32. Kaya, S., Baydan, E ve Özdemir, M. Balık hastalıklarının sağıtımında ilaç kullanımı. Türk Vet. Hek. Derg., 9(1), 34-42 (1997).
• 33. Aoki, T. Chemotherapy and drug resistance in fish farm in Japan. In: "Diseases in Asian aquaculture 1" Ed. M. Shariff, R.P. Sabasinghe and J.P. Arthur, 519-528, Fish Health Section, Asian Gisgeıies Society (1992).
• 34. Booth, N.H. Toxicology of drug and Chemical residues. In: "Veterinary pharmacology and Therapeutics" Ed. N.H. Booth, and L.E. McDonald, 1149-1204, Iowa State Univ Press. Ames (1988).
• 35. Nizamlıoğlu, F. Sulfonamid - trimetoprim kombinasyonu uygulanan broyler piliçlerin plazma, kırmızı kas ve karaciğer ilaç düzeyleri ve atılma sürelerinin araştırılması. Veterinarium, 3(2), 22-26 (1992).
• 36. Diserens, J.M., Renaud-Bezot, C. and Savoy-Perroud, M.C. Simplified determination of sulfonamides residues in milk, meat and eggs. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, 87(7), 205-211 (1991).
• 37. Aeıts, M.M.L., Beek, W.M.J. and Brinkman, U.A.Th. Monitoring of veterinary drug residues by a combination of continuous flow tecniques and column switching high-performance liquid chromatography: 1. Sulfonamides in egg, meat and milk using post-column derivatization with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. J. Chromatog., 435, 97-112 (1988).
• 38. Horii, S., Momma, C., Miyahara, K., Maruyama, T. and Matsumoto, M. Liqııid chıomatographic determination of three sulfonamides in animal tissue and egg. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 73(6), 990-992 (1990).
• 39. Horie, M., Saito, K., Nose, N. and Nakazawa, H. Simultaneous determination of sulfonamides in honey by liquid chromatography. J. AOAC Int., 75(5), 786-789 (1992).
• 40. Weber, J.D. and Smedley, M.D. Liquid chıomatographic determination of sulfamethazine in milk. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 72(3), 445-447 (1989).
• 41. Hoffmeister, A., Suhren, G. and Heeschen, W. High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sulfadimidine residues in milk - Incidence in consumer milk from various European countries. Milchwissenschaft, 46(12), 770-774 (1991).
• 42. Smedley, M.D. Liquid chromatographic determination of multiple sulfonamide residues in bovine milk: Collaborative study. J. AOAC Int., 77(5), 1112-1122(1994).
• 43. Törel, J., Cillard, J., Cillard, P. and Vie, M. Simultaneous analysis of three antimicrobial agents in feed premix by reversed-phase highperformance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, 323, 447-450 (1985).
• 44. Özkazanç, N. ve Kaya, S. Hayvanların pişmemiş yenilebilir dokularında sulfonamid analizi. A.Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg., 30, 624-638 (1983).
• 45. Nose, N., Hoshino, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Horie, M., Saitoh, K. and Kawachi, T. Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of residual synthetic antibacterials in cultured Fish. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem.,70(4), 714-717 (1987).
• 46. Reimer, G.J. and Suarez, A. Liquid chromatographic confirmatory method for five sulfonamides in salmon muscle tissue by matrix solid-phase dispersion. J. AOAC Int., 75(6), 979-981 (1992).
• 47. Reimer, G.J. and Suarez, A. Development of a screening method for five sulfonamides in salmon muscle tissue using thin-layer chromatography. J. Chromatog., 555, 315-320 (1991).
• 48. Long, A.R., Hsieh, L.C., Malbıough, M.S., Short, C. and Barker, S.A. Matrix solid phase dispersion isolation and liquid chromatographic determination of sulfadimethoxine in catfısh (Ictaluıus punctatus) muscle tissue. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 73(6), 868-871 (1990).
• 49. Şanlı, Y., Kaya, S. ve Özkazanç, N. Tavukçulukta kullanılan bazı sulfonamid türevlerinin yumurtaya geçme özellikleri üzerinde araştırmalar. A.Ü. Vet. Fak. Derg., 34(1), 16-30 (1987).
• 50. Takatsuki, K. and Kikuchi, T. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of six sulfonamide residues in egg and animal tissues. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 73(6), 886-892 (1990).
• 51. Bui, L.V. Liquid chromatographic determination of six sulfonamide residues in animal tissues using postcolumn derivatization. J. AOAC Int., 76(5), 966-975 (1993).