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Effect of Silage Volatile Fatty Acid Content on Milk and Meat Yield and Quality

Year 2019, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 64 - 71, 30.04.2019

Abstract

Silage
quality is closely related to the maturation status of the forage crops at
harvest. In ruminant animals, silage consumption of dried forage is less than
that of fresh one of the same material. Silage is the basic feed source for beef
and dairy cattle production. Quality of forage, thus, is one of the most
important factors affecting meat and milk quality and quantity in the animal
sector. The production of high quality milk is necessary for further processing
of raw milk to produce high quality food. Moreover, the quality of forage not
only affects the general composition and character of meat and milk, but also
the individual building blocks of products. It’s clear that producing roughage
based on high quality silage is of high importance in terms of both the breeder
and national economy now and in the near future. Indeed, the proportion of
concentrates in total mixed ration is influenced by the quality of silages and
increasing concentrates in total mixed ration enhances not only milk yield, but
change milk composition also. Silage contains nutrients and VFAs in appropriate
quantities and is similar to VFAs, which are produced in the ruminant's rumen
and meet 60% of the energy needs. In this study, the silage VFAs have been seen
to have a positive effect on milk quality and quantity as well as the quantity
and composition meat and it has been determined that the presence of quality
silage in the ration has led to lowering the concentrate feed ratio. 

References

  • Referans 1 Ahvenjarvi S, Joki-Tokola E, Vanhatalo A, Jaakkola S, Huhtanen P (2006). Effects of replacing grass silage with barley silage in dairy cow diets. J. Dairy Sci. 89:1678–1687
  • Referans 2 Aksoy A, Macit M, Karaoğlu M (2000). Hayvan Besleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Ders Notu Yayın No:220 Erzurum
  • Referans 3 Anonim 2018. Sığır Besisinde Mısır Silajı Kullanımı. http://www.egesilaj.com/ sigir- besisinde-misir-silaji-kullanimi Erişim tarihi: 19.10.2018
  • Referans 4 Aston K, Thomas C, Daley SR, Sutton JD and Dhanoa MS (1994). Milk production from grass silage diets: effects of silage characteristics and the amount of supplementary concentrate. Anim. Prod., 59: 31-41
  • Referans 5 Benchaar C, Hassanat F, Gervais R, Chouinard PY, Petit HV and Massé DI (2014). Methane production, digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance, and milk production of cows fed corn silage- or barley silage-based diets. Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 97 No. 2, 961–974
  • Referans 6 Brunette T, Baurhoo B, and Mustafa AF (2014). Replacing corn silage with different forage millet silage cultivars: Effects on milk yield, nutrient digestion, and ruminal fermentation of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., Vol. 97 No: 10, 6440–6449
  • Referans 7 Dønnem I, Randby ÅT, Eknæs M (2011b). Effects of grass silage harvesting time and level of concentrate supplementation on nutrient digestibility and dairy goat performance. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Vol 163, Issue 2, 150-160
  • Referans 8 Dønnem, I., Randby, Å.T., Eknæs, M. (2011a). Effects of grass silage harvesting time and level of concentrate supplementation on goat milk quality. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Volume 163, Issue 2, 118-129
  • Referans 9 Görgülü M (2011). Besleme Süt Verimi ve Kompozisyonu İlişkileri. http://www.muratgorgulu.com.tr/altekran.asp?id=82 Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2011
  • Referans 10 Hafez YH, Abedo AA and Khalifa EI (2012). Effect of microbial inoculation of whole plant corn silage on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Rahmani Lambs. Egyptian J. of Sheep and Goat Sciences, Vol. 7 (2), P: 17-29
  • Referans 11 Hassanat F, Gervais R, Julien C, Massé DI, Lettat A, Chouinard PY, Petit HV and Benchaar C (2013). Replacing alfalfa silage with corn silage in dairy cow diets: Effects on enteric methane production, ruminal fermentation, digestion, N balance, and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 96 No. 7, 4553–4567
  • Referans 12 Helander C, Nørgaard P, Arnesson A, Nadeau E (2014). Effects of chopping grass silage and of mixing silage with concentrate on feed intake and performance in pregnant and lactating ewes and in growing lambs. Small Ruminant Research, 116 78– 87
  • Referans 13 Huhtanen P, Nousiainen JI, Khalili H, Jaakkola S, Heikkila T (2003). Relationships between silage fermentation characteristics and milk production parameters: analyses of literature data. Livestock Production Science, 81: 57–73.
  • Referans 14 Hymes-Fecht UC, Broderick GA, Muck RE, and Grabber JH (2013). Replacing alfalfa or red clover silage with birdsfoot trefoil silage in total mixed rations increases production of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Sci., Vol. 96 No. 1, 460–469
  • Referans 15 Juniper DT, Browne EM, Fisher A, Bryant MJ, Nute G and Beever D (2005). Intake, growth and meat quality of steers given diets based on varying proportions of maize silage and grass silage. Animal Science, 81: 159-170
  • Referans 16 Karslı MA, Bingöl NT (2009). Dikim sıklığının yerelmasının (Helianthus tuberosus L.) hasıl verimi ve silaj kalitesi üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 15 (4): 581-586.
  • Referans 17 Keady TWJ, Lively FO, Kilpatrick DJ, Moss BW (2007). Effects of replacing grass silage with either maize or whole-crop wheat silages on the performance and meat quality of beef cattle offered two levels of concentrates. Animal, 1: 613-623
  • Referans 18 Kılıç A ve Kılıç S (1994). Yem(leme) ve Süt. Bilgehan Basımevi. Bornova, İzmir. 287
  • Referans 19 Kokkonen T, Tuori M, Leivonen V, Syrjälä-Qvist L (2000). Effect of silage dry matter content and rapeseed meal supplementation on dairy cows. 1. Milk production and feed utilisation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 84: 213-228
  • Referans 20 Konyalı A, Südekum Karl-H, Yurtman İY (2004). Silaja Dayalı Besleme Koşullarında Farklı Rumen İçi Parçalanma Hızlarına Sahip Yoğun Yem Karmaları Kullanımının Süt Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri. Akdeniz Üni. Ziraat Fakültesi Derg., 17(2), 207-215
  • Referans 21 McDonald P, Edwards RA and Greenhalgh JFD (1981). Animal Nutrition. Third Edition. The Bath Press. Avon, England
  • Referans 22 Meeske R, Van Der Merwe GD, Greyling JF, Cruywagen CW (2002). The effect of adding an enzyme containing bacterial inoculant to big round bale oat silage on intake, milk production and milk composition of Jersey cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 97, 159–167.
  • Referans 23 Moorby JM, Lee MRF, Davies DR, Kim EJ, Nute GR, Ellis NM and Scollan ND (2009). Assessment of dietary ratios of red clover and grass silages on milk production and milk quality in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92(3):1148–1160
  • Referans 24 O'Sullivan A, O'Sullivan K, Galvin K, Moloney AP, Troy DJ and Kerry JP (2002). Grass silage versus maize silage effects on retail packaged beef quality. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1556–1563
  • Referans 25 Özdoğan M, Önenç A, Önenç SS, Köknaroğlu H (2004). Sığır Eti Kalitesi Üzerine Beslemenin Etkisi. http://4uzbk.sdu.edu.tr/4UZBK/HBB/4UZBK.080.pdf
  • Referans 26 Phipps RH, Sutton JD, Beever DE, Jones AK (2000). The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows. 3. Food intake and milk production. Animal Science, 71: 401-409
  • Referans 27 Qu Y, Jiang W, Yin G, Wei C and Bao J (2013). Effects of Feeding Corn-lablab Bean Mixture Silages on Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Performance of Dairy Cows. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 26, No. 4 : 509-516
  • Referans 28 Sarı M, Bolat D, Çerçi İH, Önol AG, Deniz S, Azman MA, Şahin K, Güler T, Seven PT, Karslı MA, Şahin N, Nursoy H, Çiftçi M, Bingöl NT (2008). Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları. Medipres Matbacılık ve Yayıncılık Şti. Malatya. 520
  • Referans 29 Savoie P, Tremblay D, Tremblay GF, Wauthy J-M, Flipot PM and Thếriault R (1992). Effect of length of cut on quality of stack silage and milk production. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 253-263.
  • Referans 30 Schmidt P, Nussio LG, Queiroz OCM, Santos MC, Zopollatto M, Filho SGT, Daniel JLP (2014). Effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the nutritive value of sugarcane silage for finishing beef bulls. R. Bras. Zootec., v.43, n.1, p.8-13
  • Referans 31 Şimşek O, Çetin C, Bilgin B (2005). İstanbul İlinde İçme Sütü Tüketim Alışkanlıkları ve Bu Alışkanlıkları Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1)
  • Referans 32 Teller E, Vanbelle M, Kamatali P and Wavreille J (1989). Intake of Direct Cut or Wilted Grass Silage as Related to Chewing Behavior, Ruminal Characteristics and Site and Extent of Digestion by Heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 67: 2802-2809
  • Referans 33 Teller E, Vanbelle M, Kamatali P, Collignon G, Page B, Matatu B (1990). Effects of chewing behavior and ruminal digestion processes on voluntary intake of grass silages by lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 68: 3897-3904
  • Referans 34 Ünal RN ve Besler T (2006). Beslenmede Sütün Önemi. 1. Basım. ISBN: 975–590–181-7. Baskı: Sinem Matbaacılık, Ankara
  • Referans 35 Yaylak E ve Alçiçek A (2003). Sığır Besiciliğinde Ucuz Bir Kaba Yem Kaynağı: Mısır Silajı. Hayvansal Üretim, 44(2): 29-36
  • Referans 36 Yıldız, S. 2017. Saanen X Kıl Keçisi Melezi (F1) Keçilerin Rasyonlarında Mısır Silajı Yerine Ayçiçeği Silajının Kullanılmasının Rumen ve Kan Parametreleri ile Süt Verimi ve Bileşimine Etkisi. Doktora Tezi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni ABD, Van
  • Referans 37 Zaralis K, Nørgaard P, Helander C, Murphy M, Weisbjerg MR, Nadeau E (2014). Effects of maize maturity at harvest and dietary proportion of maize silage on intake and performance of growing/finishing bulls. Livestock Sci., 168, 89–93

Silaj Uçucu Yağ Asiti İçeriğinin Süt ve Et Verimi ile Kalitesine Etkileri

Year 2019, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 64 - 71, 30.04.2019

Abstract

Silaj kalitesi yem bitkilerinin hasat anındaki
olgunlaşma durumu ile yakından ilişkilidir. Geviş getiren hayvanlarda kuru
madde bazında silaj tüketimi aynı materyalin tazesine göre daha azdır. Silaj
sığırlarda et ve süt üretimi için temel kaynaktır. Bu nedenle hayvancılık
sektöründe yemlerin kalitesi, et ve süt kalitesini ve miktarını etkileyen
faktörlerden biridir. Yüksek kalitede süt üretimi, yüksek kalitede ürün
üretilmesi sürecinde de gereklidir. 
Ayrıca yem kalitesi, yalnızca et ve sütün genel bileşimi ve özelliğini
değil, aynı zamanda ürünlerin bireysel yapıtaşlarını da etkilemektedir. Yüksek
kaliteli silaja dayanan  kaba yem
üretimi, günümüzde ve çok yakın gelecekte hem yetiştirici hem de ülke ekonomisi
açısından büyük önem taşıyacaktır. Gerçekten de silajların kalitesi toplam
rasyonlarda kullanılan  konsantre yemin
miktarını etkiler ve konsantre yemin rasyonlarda artması  sadece süt miktarını değil aynı zamanda sütün
kompozisyonunu da değiştirir. Silaj; uygun miktarlarda besin maddeleri ve UYA
(uçucu yağ asitleri) içermekte olup, ruminantların rumeninde üretilen ve enerji
ihtiyacının %60’nı karşılayan UYA ile benzerlik göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada
süt kalitesi ve miktarı ile et miktar ve bileşimine silaj UYA’lerinin etkisinin
genel olarak olumlu etkisi görülmüş ve rasyonda kaliteli silajın bulunması
konsantre yem oranını düşürdüğü sonucuna varılmıştır. 

References

  • Referans 1 Ahvenjarvi S, Joki-Tokola E, Vanhatalo A, Jaakkola S, Huhtanen P (2006). Effects of replacing grass silage with barley silage in dairy cow diets. J. Dairy Sci. 89:1678–1687
  • Referans 2 Aksoy A, Macit M, Karaoğlu M (2000). Hayvan Besleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Ders Notu Yayın No:220 Erzurum
  • Referans 3 Anonim 2018. Sığır Besisinde Mısır Silajı Kullanımı. http://www.egesilaj.com/ sigir- besisinde-misir-silaji-kullanimi Erişim tarihi: 19.10.2018
  • Referans 4 Aston K, Thomas C, Daley SR, Sutton JD and Dhanoa MS (1994). Milk production from grass silage diets: effects of silage characteristics and the amount of supplementary concentrate. Anim. Prod., 59: 31-41
  • Referans 5 Benchaar C, Hassanat F, Gervais R, Chouinard PY, Petit HV and Massé DI (2014). Methane production, digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance, and milk production of cows fed corn silage- or barley silage-based diets. Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 97 No. 2, 961–974
  • Referans 6 Brunette T, Baurhoo B, and Mustafa AF (2014). Replacing corn silage with different forage millet silage cultivars: Effects on milk yield, nutrient digestion, and ruminal fermentation of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., Vol. 97 No: 10, 6440–6449
  • Referans 7 Dønnem I, Randby ÅT, Eknæs M (2011b). Effects of grass silage harvesting time and level of concentrate supplementation on nutrient digestibility and dairy goat performance. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Vol 163, Issue 2, 150-160
  • Referans 8 Dønnem, I., Randby, Å.T., Eknæs, M. (2011a). Effects of grass silage harvesting time and level of concentrate supplementation on goat milk quality. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Volume 163, Issue 2, 118-129
  • Referans 9 Görgülü M (2011). Besleme Süt Verimi ve Kompozisyonu İlişkileri. http://www.muratgorgulu.com.tr/altekran.asp?id=82 Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2011
  • Referans 10 Hafez YH, Abedo AA and Khalifa EI (2012). Effect of microbial inoculation of whole plant corn silage on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Rahmani Lambs. Egyptian J. of Sheep and Goat Sciences, Vol. 7 (2), P: 17-29
  • Referans 11 Hassanat F, Gervais R, Julien C, Massé DI, Lettat A, Chouinard PY, Petit HV and Benchaar C (2013). Replacing alfalfa silage with corn silage in dairy cow diets: Effects on enteric methane production, ruminal fermentation, digestion, N balance, and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 96 No. 7, 4553–4567
  • Referans 12 Helander C, Nørgaard P, Arnesson A, Nadeau E (2014). Effects of chopping grass silage and of mixing silage with concentrate on feed intake and performance in pregnant and lactating ewes and in growing lambs. Small Ruminant Research, 116 78– 87
  • Referans 13 Huhtanen P, Nousiainen JI, Khalili H, Jaakkola S, Heikkila T (2003). Relationships between silage fermentation characteristics and milk production parameters: analyses of literature data. Livestock Production Science, 81: 57–73.
  • Referans 14 Hymes-Fecht UC, Broderick GA, Muck RE, and Grabber JH (2013). Replacing alfalfa or red clover silage with birdsfoot trefoil silage in total mixed rations increases production of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Sci., Vol. 96 No. 1, 460–469
  • Referans 15 Juniper DT, Browne EM, Fisher A, Bryant MJ, Nute G and Beever D (2005). Intake, growth and meat quality of steers given diets based on varying proportions of maize silage and grass silage. Animal Science, 81: 159-170
  • Referans 16 Karslı MA, Bingöl NT (2009). Dikim sıklığının yerelmasının (Helianthus tuberosus L.) hasıl verimi ve silaj kalitesi üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 15 (4): 581-586.
  • Referans 17 Keady TWJ, Lively FO, Kilpatrick DJ, Moss BW (2007). Effects of replacing grass silage with either maize or whole-crop wheat silages on the performance and meat quality of beef cattle offered two levels of concentrates. Animal, 1: 613-623
  • Referans 18 Kılıç A ve Kılıç S (1994). Yem(leme) ve Süt. Bilgehan Basımevi. Bornova, İzmir. 287
  • Referans 19 Kokkonen T, Tuori M, Leivonen V, Syrjälä-Qvist L (2000). Effect of silage dry matter content and rapeseed meal supplementation on dairy cows. 1. Milk production and feed utilisation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 84: 213-228
  • Referans 20 Konyalı A, Südekum Karl-H, Yurtman İY (2004). Silaja Dayalı Besleme Koşullarında Farklı Rumen İçi Parçalanma Hızlarına Sahip Yoğun Yem Karmaları Kullanımının Süt Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri. Akdeniz Üni. Ziraat Fakültesi Derg., 17(2), 207-215
  • Referans 21 McDonald P, Edwards RA and Greenhalgh JFD (1981). Animal Nutrition. Third Edition. The Bath Press. Avon, England
  • Referans 22 Meeske R, Van Der Merwe GD, Greyling JF, Cruywagen CW (2002). The effect of adding an enzyme containing bacterial inoculant to big round bale oat silage on intake, milk production and milk composition of Jersey cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 97, 159–167.
  • Referans 23 Moorby JM, Lee MRF, Davies DR, Kim EJ, Nute GR, Ellis NM and Scollan ND (2009). Assessment of dietary ratios of red clover and grass silages on milk production and milk quality in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92(3):1148–1160
  • Referans 24 O'Sullivan A, O'Sullivan K, Galvin K, Moloney AP, Troy DJ and Kerry JP (2002). Grass silage versus maize silage effects on retail packaged beef quality. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1556–1563
  • Referans 25 Özdoğan M, Önenç A, Önenç SS, Köknaroğlu H (2004). Sığır Eti Kalitesi Üzerine Beslemenin Etkisi. http://4uzbk.sdu.edu.tr/4UZBK/HBB/4UZBK.080.pdf
  • Referans 26 Phipps RH, Sutton JD, Beever DE, Jones AK (2000). The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows. 3. Food intake and milk production. Animal Science, 71: 401-409
  • Referans 27 Qu Y, Jiang W, Yin G, Wei C and Bao J (2013). Effects of Feeding Corn-lablab Bean Mixture Silages on Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Performance of Dairy Cows. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 26, No. 4 : 509-516
  • Referans 28 Sarı M, Bolat D, Çerçi İH, Önol AG, Deniz S, Azman MA, Şahin K, Güler T, Seven PT, Karslı MA, Şahin N, Nursoy H, Çiftçi M, Bingöl NT (2008). Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları. Medipres Matbacılık ve Yayıncılık Şti. Malatya. 520
  • Referans 29 Savoie P, Tremblay D, Tremblay GF, Wauthy J-M, Flipot PM and Thếriault R (1992). Effect of length of cut on quality of stack silage and milk production. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 253-263.
  • Referans 30 Schmidt P, Nussio LG, Queiroz OCM, Santos MC, Zopollatto M, Filho SGT, Daniel JLP (2014). Effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the nutritive value of sugarcane silage for finishing beef bulls. R. Bras. Zootec., v.43, n.1, p.8-13
  • Referans 31 Şimşek O, Çetin C, Bilgin B (2005). İstanbul İlinde İçme Sütü Tüketim Alışkanlıkları ve Bu Alışkanlıkları Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1)
  • Referans 32 Teller E, Vanbelle M, Kamatali P and Wavreille J (1989). Intake of Direct Cut or Wilted Grass Silage as Related to Chewing Behavior, Ruminal Characteristics and Site and Extent of Digestion by Heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 67: 2802-2809
  • Referans 33 Teller E, Vanbelle M, Kamatali P, Collignon G, Page B, Matatu B (1990). Effects of chewing behavior and ruminal digestion processes on voluntary intake of grass silages by lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 68: 3897-3904
  • Referans 34 Ünal RN ve Besler T (2006). Beslenmede Sütün Önemi. 1. Basım. ISBN: 975–590–181-7. Baskı: Sinem Matbaacılık, Ankara
  • Referans 35 Yaylak E ve Alçiçek A (2003). Sığır Besiciliğinde Ucuz Bir Kaba Yem Kaynağı: Mısır Silajı. Hayvansal Üretim, 44(2): 29-36
  • Referans 36 Yıldız, S. 2017. Saanen X Kıl Keçisi Melezi (F1) Keçilerin Rasyonlarında Mısır Silajı Yerine Ayçiçeği Silajının Kullanılmasının Rumen ve Kan Parametreleri ile Süt Verimi ve Bileşimine Etkisi. Doktora Tezi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni ABD, Van
  • Referans 37 Zaralis K, Nørgaard P, Helander C, Murphy M, Weisbjerg MR, Nadeau E (2014). Effects of maize maturity at harvest and dietary proportion of maize silage on intake and performance of growing/finishing bulls. Livestock Sci., 168, 89–93
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Serhat Yıldız 0000-0003-1063-4704

Sibel Erdoğan

Murat Demirel

Publication Date April 30, 2019
Submission Date October 22, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 24 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yıldız, S., Erdoğan, S., & Demirel, M. (2019). Silaj Uçucu Yağ Asiti İçeriğinin Süt ve Et Verimi ile Kalitesine Etkileri. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(1), 64-71.