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Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin İmmunokromotografik Test Kitleri İle Hızlı Etiyolojik Teşhisi

Year 2013, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 123 - 128, 01.09.2013

Abstract

In the present study, the most important etiologic agents of diarrhoea were diagnosed using an immunochromatografic method. In this study, 51 calves with diarrhoea were used as material. Fecal samples were obtained from the calves with diarrhoea using rectal stimuli and etiological diagnosis was made using a quick immunochromatografic test kit. Furthermore, parasitological examination of the feces was made then treatment was applied according to diagnosis. One or more than one enteropathogen was diagnosed in 64.7% calves. The most common culprit were E. coli K99 (27.45%) and rotavirus (27.45%) infection(s) as alone or mix. Coronavirus determined only in one calf (1.96%). Mix etiology (3.92% E.coli K99 + Rotavirus, 1.96% E.coli K99 + E.coli CSA 31A, 1.96% Rotavirus + Cryptosporidium) was determined at 7.84%. In diarrhoeic calves, 11.76% of them had only parasiter enteropathogens (Eimeria 5.88%, Cryptosporidium 3.92%, Ascarid 1.96%). As a result; quick immunochromatografic test kits can be used to determine enteropathogens causing calf diarrhoea. Prophylactic and administrative precautions have to be taken against determined enteropathogens.

References

  • Agyei AD (1991). Epidemiological observations on helminth infections of calves in southern Ghana. Trop Anim Health Prod, 23, 134-140.
  • Alkan F (1998). Buzağı ishallerinde rotavirus ve coronavirusların rolü. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 45, 29-37.
  • Alkan F, Pulat H, Yazıcı Z, Burgu İ (1992). Ters (reverse) pasif hemaglutinasyon (RPHA) testi ile ishalli buzağıların gaitalarında rotavirusların tespiti. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 39 (1-2), 238-246.
  • Al-Yousif Y, Anderson J, Chard-Bergstrom C, Kapil S (2002). Development, evaluation, and Application of Lateral-Flow immunoassay (immunochromatography) for detection of rotavirus in bovine fecal samples. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 9 (3), 723-724.
  • Arslan MÖ (1997). Kars yöresi buzağılarında Eimeria spp. türlerinin yaygınlığı. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 3 (2), 141-149.
  • Arslan MÖ, Gıcık Y, Erdoğan HM, Sarı B (2001). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts in diarrhoeic calves in Kars, Province, Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 25, 161-164.
  • Arslan MÖ, Sarı B, Taşçı GT, Aktaş MS (2008) Erzurum yöresinde buzağılarda Toxocara vitulorum yaygınlığı. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 14 (1), 37-40.
  • Aydın F, Umur Ş, Gökçe G, Genç O, Güler MA (2001). Kars yöresindeki ishalli buzağılardan bakteriyel ve paraziter etkenlerin izolasyonu ve identifikasyonu. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 7(1), 7-14.
  • Bartels CJM, Holzhauer M, Jorritsma R, Swart WAJM, Lam TJGM (2010). Prevalence, prediction and risk factors of enteropathogens in normal and non-normal faeces of young Dutch dairy calves. Prev Vet Med, 93, 162-169.
  • Bendali F, Bichet H, Schelcher F, Sanaa M (1999). Pattern of diarrhea in newborn beef calves in south-west France. Vet Res, 30, 61-74.
  • Boynukara B, Solmaz H, Akgül Y, Aksakal A (2000). Yeni doğan buzağıların dışkılarında E.coli ve E.coli K99’un varlığı ile neonatal buzağı ishallerinin önlenmesinde oral Spektinomisin (Pentahidrat Dihidroklorit)’in etkisi. Bültendif, 14, 2-5.
  • Busato A, Lentze T, Hofer D, Burnens A, Hentrich B, Gaillard C (1998). A case control study of potential enteric pathogens for calves, raised in cow-calf herds. J Vet Med B, 45, 519-528.
  • Çabalar M, Kaya A, Arslan S (2007). Yeni doğan buzağıların ishal olgularında rotavirus ve coronavirus araştırılması. Vet Bil Derg, 23 (3- 4), 103-106.
  • Çitil M, Arslan MÖ, Güneş V, Erdoğan HM (2004). Neonatal buzağı ishallerinde cryptosporidium ve Eimeria spp. enfeksiyonlarının rolü. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg,10(1), 59-64.
  • Daugschies A, Najdrowski M (2005). Eimeriosis in Cattle: Current understanding. J Vet Med B, 52, 417-427.
  • De La Fuente R, Garcίa A, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Luzόn M, Cid D, Garcίa S, Orden JA, Gόmez-Bautista M (1998). Proportional morbidity rates of enteropathogens among diarrheic dairy calves in central Spain. Prev Vet Med, 36, 145-152.
  • Duman R, Aycan AE (2010). Prevalence of rotavirus infections in calves with diarrhea in Konya Region. J Anim Vet Adv, 9(1), 136-138.
  • Emre Z, Alabay B.M, Fidancı H, Düzgün A, Çerçi H (1998). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection and its relation to other enteric pathogens (Escherichia coli K99 and rotavirus) in cattle in Ankara, Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 22, 453-457.
  • Erdoğan H.M, Ünver A, Güneş V, Çitil M (2003). Kars yöresindeki neonatal buzağılarda rotavirus ve coronavirus yaygınlığı. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 9(1), 65-68.
  • Garcίa A, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Orden JA, Cid D, Sanz R, Gόmez- Bautista M, De La Fuente R (2000). Rotavirus and concurrent infections with other major enteropathogens in neonatal diarrheic dairy calves in Spain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 23, 175-183. Goossens E, Dorny P, Vervaecke H, Roden C, Vercammen F, Vercruysse J (2007). Toxocara vitulorum in American bison (Bison bison) calves. Vet Rec, 160,556-557.
  • Göz Y, Altuğ N, Yüksek N, Özkan C (2006). Parasites Detected in Neonates and Young Calves with Diarrhoea. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 50, 345-348.
  • Gülyaz V, Hasöksüz M, Özkul A (2005). Türkiye’de yeni doğan ishalli buzağilarda ilk rotavirus izolasyonu. Pendik Vet Microbiol Derg, 35(1- 2), 3-6.
  • Hall GA, Jones PW, Morgan JH (1992). Calf diarhoea, chapter 12. In Andrews AH, Blowey RW, Boyd H, Eddy RG (Ed): Bovine Medicine Diseases and Husbandry of Cattle, 1 st ed. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford.
  • Izzo MM, Kirkland PD, Mohler FL, Perkins NR, Gunn AA, House JK (2011). Prevalance of major enteric pathogens in Australian dairy calves with diarrhea. Aust Vet J, 89 (5), 167-173.
  • Khan A, Khan MZ (1991). Aetiopathology of neonatal calf mortality. J Isl Acad Sci, 4 (2), 159-165.
  • Klein D, Kern A, Lapan G, Benetka V, Möstl K, Hassl A, Baumgartner W (2009). Evaluation of rapid assays for the detection of bovine coronavirus, rotavirus A and Cryptosporidium parvum in faecal samples of calves. Vet J, 182, 484-486.
  • Langoni H, Linhares AC, De Avila FA, Da Silva AV, Elias AO (2004). Contribution to the study of diarrhea etiology in neonate dairy calves in São Paulo state, Brazil. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci, 41, 313-319.
  • Lassen B, Viltrop A, Raaperi K, Jarvis T (2009). Eimeria spp. and cryptosporidium in Estonian dairy farms in regard to age, species, and diarrhea. Vet Parasitol, 166, 212-219.
  • Lorenz I, Fagan J, More SJ (2011a). Calf health from birth to weaning. II. Management of diarrhoea in pre-weaned calves. Irish Vet J, 64 (9), 1-6.
  • Lorenz I, Mee JF, Earley B, More SJ (2011b). Calf health from birth to weaning. I. General aspects of disease prevention. Irish Vet J, 64 (10), 1- 8.
  • Luginbühl A, Reitt K, Metzler A, Kollbrunner M, Corboz L, Deplazes, P (2005). Field study about prevalence and diagnostics of diarrhea causing agents in the new-born calf in a Swiss veterinary practice area. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 147 (6), 245-252.
  • Muccio JL, Grooms DL, Mansfield LS, Wise AG, Maes RK (2004). Evaluation of two rapid assays for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum in calf feces. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 225 (7), 1090-1092.
  • Naciri M, Lefay MP, Mancassola R, Poirier P, Chermette R (1999). Role of Cryptosporidium parvum as a pathogen in neonatal diarrhoea complex in suckling and dairy calves in France. Vet Parasitol, 85, 24525
  • Pohjola S, Oksanen H, Neuvonen E, Veijalainen P, Henriksson K (1986). Certain enteropathogens in calves of Finnish dairy herds with recurrent outbreaks of diarrhea. Prev Vet Med, 3(6), 547-558.
  • Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD (2006). Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the diseases of catle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses. 10 th ed. Saunders Co, London.
  • Ragsdale J (2004). Diagnostic samples, tests for calf diarrhea. Vet Quart, 7 (1), Reschova S, Pokorova D, Nevorankova Z, Franz J (2001). Monoclonal antibodies to bovine coronavirus and their use in enzymoimmunoanalysis and immunochromatography. Vet Med Czech, 46 (5), 125-131.
  • Samad MA, Hossain KMM, Islam MA, Saha S (2004). Concurrent infection of gastrointestinal parasites and bacteria associated with diarrhoea in calves. Bangl J Vet Med, 2(1), 49-54.
  • Thorns CJ, Bell MM, Chasey D, Chesham J, Roeder PL (1992). Development of monoclonal antibody ELISA for simultaneous detection of bovine coronavirus, rotavirus serogroup A, and Escherichia coli K99 antigen in feces of calves. Am J Vet Res, 53(1), 36
  • Toparlak M, Değer S, Yılmaz H (1989). Van yöresi sığırlarında Toxocara (neoascaris) vitulorum enfeksiyonunun yayılışı. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg,36(2), 404-412.
  • Trotz-Williams LA, Martin SW, Martin D, Duffield T, Leslie KE, Nydam DV, Jamieson F, Peregrine AS (2005). Multiattribute evaluation of two simple tests for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in calf faeces. Vet Parasitol, 134, 15-23.
  • Younis EE, Ahmed AM, El-Khodery SA, Osman SA, El-Naker YFI (2009). Molecular screening and risk factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. In diarrheic neonatal calves in Egypt. Res Vet Sci, 87, 373-379.

Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin İmmunokromotografik Test Kitleri İle Hızlı Etiyolojik Teşhisi

Year 2013, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 123 - 128, 01.09.2013

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, ishalin en önemli etiyolojik etkenlerinin hızlı bir immunokromotografik metodla teşhisi amaçlandı. Çalışmada, 51 ishalli buzağı kullanıldı. İshalli buzağılardan rektal uyarımla steril dışkı kaplarına dışkı örnekleri alındı ve immunokromotografik hızlı diagnostik test kitleri ile enteropatojen teşhisi yapıldı. Ayrıca parazitolojik muayeneleri yapıldı ve etiyolojik teşhis sonuçlarına göre tedavi uygulandı. Buzağıların %64.7’sinde bir veya daha fazla enteropatojen tespit edildi. Tek veya miks olarak en çok E. coli K99 (%27.45) ve rotavirus (%27.45) saptandı. Coronavirus sadece bir buzağıda (%1.96) belirlendi. Buzağıların %7.84’inde miks etiyoloji (%3.92 E.coli K99 + Rotavirus, %1.96 E.coli K99 + E.coli CSA31A, %1.96 Rotavirus + Cryptosporidium) tespit edildi. İshalli buzağıların % 11.76’sında ise sadece paraziter enteropatojenler (Eimeria %5.88, Criptosporidium %3.92, Ascarid %1.96) belirlendi. Sonuç olarak; buzağı ishallerindeki en önemli etiyolojik faktörlerin belirlenmesinde hızlı immunokromotografik test kitlerinin rahatlıkla kullanılabileceği, belirlenen enteropatojenlere karşı gerekli proflaktik ve yönetimsel önlemlerin acilen alınması gerektiği kanısına varıldı.

References

  • Agyei AD (1991). Epidemiological observations on helminth infections of calves in southern Ghana. Trop Anim Health Prod, 23, 134-140.
  • Alkan F (1998). Buzağı ishallerinde rotavirus ve coronavirusların rolü. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 45, 29-37.
  • Alkan F, Pulat H, Yazıcı Z, Burgu İ (1992). Ters (reverse) pasif hemaglutinasyon (RPHA) testi ile ishalli buzağıların gaitalarında rotavirusların tespiti. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 39 (1-2), 238-246.
  • Al-Yousif Y, Anderson J, Chard-Bergstrom C, Kapil S (2002). Development, evaluation, and Application of Lateral-Flow immunoassay (immunochromatography) for detection of rotavirus in bovine fecal samples. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 9 (3), 723-724.
  • Arslan MÖ (1997). Kars yöresi buzağılarında Eimeria spp. türlerinin yaygınlığı. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 3 (2), 141-149.
  • Arslan MÖ, Gıcık Y, Erdoğan HM, Sarı B (2001). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts in diarrhoeic calves in Kars, Province, Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 25, 161-164.
  • Arslan MÖ, Sarı B, Taşçı GT, Aktaş MS (2008) Erzurum yöresinde buzağılarda Toxocara vitulorum yaygınlığı. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 14 (1), 37-40.
  • Aydın F, Umur Ş, Gökçe G, Genç O, Güler MA (2001). Kars yöresindeki ishalli buzağılardan bakteriyel ve paraziter etkenlerin izolasyonu ve identifikasyonu. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 7(1), 7-14.
  • Bartels CJM, Holzhauer M, Jorritsma R, Swart WAJM, Lam TJGM (2010). Prevalence, prediction and risk factors of enteropathogens in normal and non-normal faeces of young Dutch dairy calves. Prev Vet Med, 93, 162-169.
  • Bendali F, Bichet H, Schelcher F, Sanaa M (1999). Pattern of diarrhea in newborn beef calves in south-west France. Vet Res, 30, 61-74.
  • Boynukara B, Solmaz H, Akgül Y, Aksakal A (2000). Yeni doğan buzağıların dışkılarında E.coli ve E.coli K99’un varlığı ile neonatal buzağı ishallerinin önlenmesinde oral Spektinomisin (Pentahidrat Dihidroklorit)’in etkisi. Bültendif, 14, 2-5.
  • Busato A, Lentze T, Hofer D, Burnens A, Hentrich B, Gaillard C (1998). A case control study of potential enteric pathogens for calves, raised in cow-calf herds. J Vet Med B, 45, 519-528.
  • Çabalar M, Kaya A, Arslan S (2007). Yeni doğan buzağıların ishal olgularında rotavirus ve coronavirus araştırılması. Vet Bil Derg, 23 (3- 4), 103-106.
  • Çitil M, Arslan MÖ, Güneş V, Erdoğan HM (2004). Neonatal buzağı ishallerinde cryptosporidium ve Eimeria spp. enfeksiyonlarının rolü. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg,10(1), 59-64.
  • Daugschies A, Najdrowski M (2005). Eimeriosis in Cattle: Current understanding. J Vet Med B, 52, 417-427.
  • De La Fuente R, Garcίa A, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Luzόn M, Cid D, Garcίa S, Orden JA, Gόmez-Bautista M (1998). Proportional morbidity rates of enteropathogens among diarrheic dairy calves in central Spain. Prev Vet Med, 36, 145-152.
  • Duman R, Aycan AE (2010). Prevalence of rotavirus infections in calves with diarrhea in Konya Region. J Anim Vet Adv, 9(1), 136-138.
  • Emre Z, Alabay B.M, Fidancı H, Düzgün A, Çerçi H (1998). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection and its relation to other enteric pathogens (Escherichia coli K99 and rotavirus) in cattle in Ankara, Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 22, 453-457.
  • Erdoğan H.M, Ünver A, Güneş V, Çitil M (2003). Kars yöresindeki neonatal buzağılarda rotavirus ve coronavirus yaygınlığı. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 9(1), 65-68.
  • Garcίa A, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Orden JA, Cid D, Sanz R, Gόmez- Bautista M, De La Fuente R (2000). Rotavirus and concurrent infections with other major enteropathogens in neonatal diarrheic dairy calves in Spain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 23, 175-183. Goossens E, Dorny P, Vervaecke H, Roden C, Vercammen F, Vercruysse J (2007). Toxocara vitulorum in American bison (Bison bison) calves. Vet Rec, 160,556-557.
  • Göz Y, Altuğ N, Yüksek N, Özkan C (2006). Parasites Detected in Neonates and Young Calves with Diarrhoea. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 50, 345-348.
  • Gülyaz V, Hasöksüz M, Özkul A (2005). Türkiye’de yeni doğan ishalli buzağilarda ilk rotavirus izolasyonu. Pendik Vet Microbiol Derg, 35(1- 2), 3-6.
  • Hall GA, Jones PW, Morgan JH (1992). Calf diarhoea, chapter 12. In Andrews AH, Blowey RW, Boyd H, Eddy RG (Ed): Bovine Medicine Diseases and Husbandry of Cattle, 1 st ed. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford.
  • Izzo MM, Kirkland PD, Mohler FL, Perkins NR, Gunn AA, House JK (2011). Prevalance of major enteric pathogens in Australian dairy calves with diarrhea. Aust Vet J, 89 (5), 167-173.
  • Khan A, Khan MZ (1991). Aetiopathology of neonatal calf mortality. J Isl Acad Sci, 4 (2), 159-165.
  • Klein D, Kern A, Lapan G, Benetka V, Möstl K, Hassl A, Baumgartner W (2009). Evaluation of rapid assays for the detection of bovine coronavirus, rotavirus A and Cryptosporidium parvum in faecal samples of calves. Vet J, 182, 484-486.
  • Langoni H, Linhares AC, De Avila FA, Da Silva AV, Elias AO (2004). Contribution to the study of diarrhea etiology in neonate dairy calves in São Paulo state, Brazil. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci, 41, 313-319.
  • Lassen B, Viltrop A, Raaperi K, Jarvis T (2009). Eimeria spp. and cryptosporidium in Estonian dairy farms in regard to age, species, and diarrhea. Vet Parasitol, 166, 212-219.
  • Lorenz I, Fagan J, More SJ (2011a). Calf health from birth to weaning. II. Management of diarrhoea in pre-weaned calves. Irish Vet J, 64 (9), 1-6.
  • Lorenz I, Mee JF, Earley B, More SJ (2011b). Calf health from birth to weaning. I. General aspects of disease prevention. Irish Vet J, 64 (10), 1- 8.
  • Luginbühl A, Reitt K, Metzler A, Kollbrunner M, Corboz L, Deplazes, P (2005). Field study about prevalence and diagnostics of diarrhea causing agents in the new-born calf in a Swiss veterinary practice area. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 147 (6), 245-252.
  • Muccio JL, Grooms DL, Mansfield LS, Wise AG, Maes RK (2004). Evaluation of two rapid assays for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum in calf feces. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 225 (7), 1090-1092.
  • Naciri M, Lefay MP, Mancassola R, Poirier P, Chermette R (1999). Role of Cryptosporidium parvum as a pathogen in neonatal diarrhoea complex in suckling and dairy calves in France. Vet Parasitol, 85, 24525
  • Pohjola S, Oksanen H, Neuvonen E, Veijalainen P, Henriksson K (1986). Certain enteropathogens in calves of Finnish dairy herds with recurrent outbreaks of diarrhea. Prev Vet Med, 3(6), 547-558.
  • Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD (2006). Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the diseases of catle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses. 10 th ed. Saunders Co, London.
  • Ragsdale J (2004). Diagnostic samples, tests for calf diarrhea. Vet Quart, 7 (1), Reschova S, Pokorova D, Nevorankova Z, Franz J (2001). Monoclonal antibodies to bovine coronavirus and their use in enzymoimmunoanalysis and immunochromatography. Vet Med Czech, 46 (5), 125-131.
  • Samad MA, Hossain KMM, Islam MA, Saha S (2004). Concurrent infection of gastrointestinal parasites and bacteria associated with diarrhoea in calves. Bangl J Vet Med, 2(1), 49-54.
  • Thorns CJ, Bell MM, Chasey D, Chesham J, Roeder PL (1992). Development of monoclonal antibody ELISA for simultaneous detection of bovine coronavirus, rotavirus serogroup A, and Escherichia coli K99 antigen in feces of calves. Am J Vet Res, 53(1), 36
  • Toparlak M, Değer S, Yılmaz H (1989). Van yöresi sığırlarında Toxocara (neoascaris) vitulorum enfeksiyonunun yayılışı. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg,36(2), 404-412.
  • Trotz-Williams LA, Martin SW, Martin D, Duffield T, Leslie KE, Nydam DV, Jamieson F, Peregrine AS (2005). Multiattribute evaluation of two simple tests for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in calf faeces. Vet Parasitol, 134, 15-23.
  • Younis EE, Ahmed AM, El-Khodery SA, Osman SA, El-Naker YFI (2009). Molecular screening and risk factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. In diarrheic neonatal calves in Egypt. Res Vet Sci, 87, 373-379.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nuri Altuğ This is me

Nazmi Yüksek This is me

Cumali Özkan This is me

İhsan Keleş Yıldıray Başbuğan Zahid Tevf Ağaoğlu This is me

Abdullah Kaya This is me

Yakup Akgül This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 24 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Altuğ, N., Yüksek, N., Özkan, C., Ağaoğlu, İ. K. Y. B. Z. T., et al. (2013). Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin İmmunokromotografik Test Kitleri İle Hızlı Etiyolojik Teşhisi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 123-128.
AMA Altuğ N, Yüksek N, Özkan C, Ağaoğlu İKYBZT, Kaya A, Akgül Y. Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin İmmunokromotografik Test Kitleri İle Hızlı Etiyolojik Teşhisi. YYU Vet Fak Derg. September 2013;24(3):123-128.
Chicago Altuğ, Nuri, Nazmi Yüksek, Cumali Özkan, İhsan Keleş Yıldıray Başbuğan Zahid Tevf Ağaoğlu, Abdullah Kaya, and Yakup Akgül. “Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin İmmunokromotografik Test Kitleri İle Hızlı Etiyolojik Teşhisi”. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 24, no. 3 (September 2013): 123-28.
EndNote Altuğ N, Yüksek N, Özkan C, Ağaoğlu İKYBZT, Kaya A, Akgül Y (September 1, 2013) Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin İmmunokromotografik Test Kitleri İle Hızlı Etiyolojik Teşhisi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 24 3 123–128.
IEEE N. Altuğ, N. Yüksek, C. Özkan, İ. K. Y. B. Z. T. Ağaoğlu, A. Kaya, and Y. Akgül, “Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin İmmunokromotografik Test Kitleri İle Hızlı Etiyolojik Teşhisi”, YYU Vet Fak Derg, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 123–128, 2013.
ISNAD Altuğ, Nuri et al. “Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin İmmunokromotografik Test Kitleri İle Hızlı Etiyolojik Teşhisi”. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 24/3 (September 2013), 123-128.
JAMA Altuğ N, Yüksek N, Özkan C, Ağaoğlu İKYBZT, Kaya A, Akgül Y. Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin İmmunokromotografik Test Kitleri İle Hızlı Etiyolojik Teşhisi. YYU Vet Fak Derg. 2013;24:123–128.
MLA Altuğ, Nuri et al. “Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin İmmunokromotografik Test Kitleri İle Hızlı Etiyolojik Teşhisi”. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 3, 2013, pp. 123-8.
Vancouver Altuğ N, Yüksek N, Özkan C, Ağaoğlu İKYBZT, Kaya A, Akgül Y. Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin İmmunokromotografik Test Kitleri İle Hızlı Etiyolojik Teşhisi. YYU Vet Fak Derg. 2013;24(3):123-8.