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Evaluation of glycerol tert-butyl ethers as renewable fuel additive

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 66 - 75, 08.06.2020

Abdülvahap Çakmak , Hakan Özcan

https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.655168
Cited By: 5

Öz

The aim of this research is the investigation of using glycerol tert-butyl ethers as a bio-renewable fuel additive to diesel-biodiesel blend in a diesel engine. In this context, an experimental study was carried out to synthesize glycerol tert-butyl ethers and investigate the effect of glycerol ethers on diesel engine performance and emissions. Glycerol tert-butyl ethers were synthesized by the etherification reaction of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in a high-pressure stainless steel batch reactor using Amberlyst-15 as solid acidic catalyst. Produced glycerol ethers were mixed by 2 vol.% with a biodiesel-diesel blend to investigate the glycerol ethers usage as a fuel additive in a diesel engine. Three test fuels were considered for the experiments: (i) diesel fuel, (ii) B20 (80 vol.% diesel + 20 vol.% corn oil biodiesel); (iii) BD+GTBEs (80 vol.% diesel + 18 vol.% corn oil biodiesel + 2 vol.% glycerol tert-butyl ethers). Some basic fuel properties of test fuels were determined prior to engine tests. Engine performance and emissions tests were performed on a single-cylinder research diesel engine at four brake power output. The results revealed that the addition of glycerol tert-butyl ethers in the fuel showed no significant effect on determined fuel properties and caused a decrease in engine performance and exhaust emissions except for CO emissions when compared to base diesel fuel. However, BD+GTBEs presented similar performance and emissions characteristics with B20, as a consequence, glycerol tert-butyl ethers have the possibility of being utilized as a bio-renewable fuel additive to diesel-biodiesel blends.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Glycerol tert-butyl ethers Oxygenated fuels biodiesel diesel engine performance Emissions

Destekleyen Kurum

Project Management Office of Ondokuz Mayis University

Proje Numarası

PYO.MUH.1904.19.016

Teşekkür

Abdülvahap ÇAKMAK was awarded a scholarship by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-BIDEB: 2211-C). He thanks to TUBİTAK.

Kaynakça

  • British Petroleum., "BP Energy Outlook 2019", 2019.
  • Singh, S. P., Singh, D., "Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 14, 200–216, 2010.
  • l-Zuhair, S., "Production of biodiesel: possibilities and challenges", Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefining, 1, 57–66, 2007.
  • OECD/FAO, "OECD-FAO Agrıcultural Outlook 2018-2027", 2018.
  • IEA, "Key World Energy Statistics 2018", 2018.
  • OECD/FAO, "OECD Agriculture statistics (database)", 2018.
  • Noureddini, H., Dailey, W R., and Hunt, B. A.,"Production of ethers of glycerol from crude glycerol - The by-product of biodiesel production", Pap. Biomater., 18, 1–14, 1998.
  • Rahmat, N., Abdullah, A. Z., Mohamed, A. R., "Recent progress on innovative and potential technologies for glycerol transformation into fuel additives: A critical review", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 14, 987–1000, 2010.
  • Cornejo, A., Barrio, I., Campoy, M., Lázaro, J., Navarrete, B., "Oxygenated fuel additives from glycerol valorization. main production pathways and effects on fuel properties and engine performance: A critical review", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79, 1400-1413, 2017.
  • Serafim, H., Fonseca, I. M., Ramos, A. M., Vital, J., Castanheiro, J. E., "Valorization of glycerol into fuel additives over zeolites as catalysts", Chemical engineering journal, 178, 291-296, 2011.
  • Karinen, R. S., Krause, A. O. I., "New biocomponents from glycerol", Appl. Catal. A Gen., 306, 128–133, 2006.
  • Klepáþová, K., Mravec, D., Hajekova, E., Bajus, M., "Etherification of glycerol", Pet. Coal, 45, 1-2, 2003.
  • Klepáčová, K., Mravec, D., Bajus, M., "tert-Butylation of glycerol catalysed by ion-exchange resins", Appl. Catal. A Gen., 294, 141–147, 2005.
  • González, M. D., Cesteros, Y., Llorca, J., Salagre, P., "Boosted selectivity toward high glycerol tertiary butyl ethers by microwave-assisted sulfonic acid-functionalization of SBA-15 and beta zeolite", Journal of catalysis, 290, 202-209, 2012.
  • Ozbay, N., Oktar, N., Dogu, G., Dogu, T.," Conversion of Biodiesel By-Product Glycerol to Fuel Ethers over Different Solid Acid Catalysts", Int. J. Chem. React. Eng., 8, 2010.
  • Beatrice, C., Di Blasio, G., Lazzaro, M., Cannilla, C., Bonura, G., Frusteri, F., Asdrubali, F., Baldinelli, G., Presciutti, A.,Fantozzi, F., Bidini, G., "Technologies for energetic exploitation of biodiesel chain derived glycerol: Oxy-fuels production by catalytic conversion", Applied energy, 102, 63-71, 2013.
  • Beatrice, C., Di Blasio, G., Guido, C., Cannilla, C., Bonura, G., Frusteri, F., "Mixture of glycerol ethers as diesel bio-derivable oxy-fuel: Impact on combustion and emissions of an automotive engine combustion system", Appl. Energy, 132, 236–247, 2014.
  • Çakmak, A., Özcan, H., "Benzin için oksijenli yakıt katkıları", Politeknik Dergisi, 21, 831–840, 2018.
  • Chang, J.-S., Chen, D.H., "Optimization on the etherification of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol", J. Taiwan Inst. Chem., Eng., 42, 760–767, 2011.
  • Frusteri, F., Arena, F., Bonura, G., Cannilla, C., Spadaro, L., Di Blasi, O., "Catalytic etherification of glycerol by tert-butyl alcohol to produce oxygenated additives for diesel fuel", Appl. Catal. A Gen., 367, 77–83, 2009.
  • Kiatkittipong, W., Intaracharoen, P., Laosiripojana, N., Chaisuk, C., Praserthdam, P., Assabumrungrat, S., "Glycerol ethers synthesis from glycerol etherification with tert-butyl alcohol in reactive distillation", Comput. Chem. Eng., 35, 2034–2043, 2011.
  • Klepáčová, K., Mravec, D., Bajus, M., "Etherification of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol catalysed by ion-exchange resins", Chem. Pap., 60, 224–230, 2006.
  • Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, P., Yang, B., "On the kinetics of multiphase etherification of glycerol with isobutene", Chemical Engineering Journal, 375, 122037, 2019.
  • Ozbay, N., Oktar, N., Dogu, G., "Dogu, T. Effects of Sorption Enhancement and Isobutene Formation on Etherification of Glycerol with tert -Butyl Alcohol in a Flow Reactor", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51, 8788–8795, 2012.
  • Ozbay, N., Oktar, N., Dogu, G., Dogu, T., "Activity Comparison of Different Solid Acid Catalysts in Etherification of Glycerol with tert-Butyl Alcohol in Flow and Batch Reactors", Top. Catal., 56, 1790–1803, 2013.
  • Bozkurt, Ö. D., Bağlar, N., Çelebi, S., Uzun, A., "Assessment of acid strength in sodium-exchanged resin catalysts: Consequences on glycerol etherification with isobutene in batch and flow reactors", Molecular Catalysis, 466, 1-12, 2019.
  • Paula M. Veiga, Cláudia O. Veloso, Ayres G. Dias, C. A. H., "Identification of Ethyl and t-Butyl Glyceryl Ethers Using Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry", J. Brazilian Chem. Soc,. 29, 1328–1335, 2018.
  • Viswanadham, N., Saxena, S. K., "Etherification of glycerol for improved production of oxygenates", Fuel, 103, 980–986, 2013.
  • Frusteri, F., Cannilla, C., Bonura, G., Spadaro, L., Mezzapica, A., Beatrice, C., Di Blasio, G., Guido, C., "Glycerol Ethers Production and Engine Performance with Diesel/Ethers Blend", Top. Catal., 56, 378–383, 2013.
  • Beatrice, C., Di Blasio, G., Lazzaro, M., Mancaruso, E., Marialto, R., Sequino, L., Vaglieco, B. M., "Investigation of the combustion in both metal and optical diesel engines using high-glycerol ethers/diesel blends", Int. J. Engine Res., 16, 38–51, 2015.
  • Özbay, N., "Gliserin Eterlerinin Sentezi ve Reaksiyon Kinetiğinin İncelenmesi", Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 54, Ankara., 2013.
  • Vlad, E., Bildea, C. S., Bozga, G., "Design and Control of Glycerol-tert-Butyl Alcohol Etherification Process", Sci. World J., 2012, 2012.
  • Spooner-Wyman, J. K., Appleby, D. B., Yost, D. M., "Evaluation of Di-Butoxy Glycerol (DBG) for Use As a Diesel Fuel Blend Component", SAE Tech. Pap., No. 2003-0, 2003.
  • Gülüm, M., Bilgin, A., Çakmak, A., "Comparison of optimum reaction parameters of corn oil biodiesels produced by using sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) and potassium hydroxide ( KOH )", J. Fac. Eng. Archit. Gazi Univ., 30, 503–511, 2015.
  • Yilmaz, N., Atmanli, A., Vigil, F. M., "Quaternary blends of diesel, biodiesel, higher alcohols and vegetable oil in a compression ignition engine", Fuel, 212, 462–469, 2018.
  • Emiroğlu, A. O., Şen, M., "Combustion, performance and exhaust emission characterizations of a diesel engine operating with a ternary blend (alcohol-biodiesel-diesel fuel)", Appl. Therm. Eng., 133, 371–380, 2018.
  • Özcan, H., Çakmak, A., "Comparative exergy analysis of oxygenated fuel additives in a spark-ignition (SI) engine", Int. J. Automot. Eng. Technol., 7, 124–133, 2018.
  • Atmanli, A., Ileri, E., Yilmaz, N., "Optimization of diesel-butanol-vegetable oil blend ratios based on engine operating parameters", Energy 96, 569–580, 2016.
  • Kaul, S., Behera, B., Negi, M. S., Porwal, J., Kanojia, P., Tripathi, D., Gupta, P., Bangwal, D., "Efficacy of a bio-additive on the exhaust emissions of petrodiesel", Biomass Convers. Biorefinery, 5, 387–395, 2015.
  • Heywood, J. B., "Internal combustion engine fundamentals", McGraw Hill International Editions, 1988.
  • Behçet, R., Çakmak, A., The Effects on Engine Performance And Emissions of Fish Oil Methyl Ester Blends Used As Fuel in A Diesel Engine", 6th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS’11), 16-18 May 2011, Elazığ, Turkey 161–165, 2011.

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 66 - 75, 08.06.2020

Abdülvahap Çakmak , Hakan Özcan

https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.655168
Cited By: 5

Öz

Proje Numarası

PYO.MUH.1904.19.016

Kaynakça

  • British Petroleum., "BP Energy Outlook 2019", 2019.
  • Singh, S. P., Singh, D., "Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 14, 200–216, 2010.
  • l-Zuhair, S., "Production of biodiesel: possibilities and challenges", Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefining, 1, 57–66, 2007.
  • OECD/FAO, "OECD-FAO Agrıcultural Outlook 2018-2027", 2018.
  • IEA, "Key World Energy Statistics 2018", 2018.
  • OECD/FAO, "OECD Agriculture statistics (database)", 2018.
  • Noureddini, H., Dailey, W R., and Hunt, B. A.,"Production of ethers of glycerol from crude glycerol - The by-product of biodiesel production", Pap. Biomater., 18, 1–14, 1998.
  • Rahmat, N., Abdullah, A. Z., Mohamed, A. R., "Recent progress on innovative and potential technologies for glycerol transformation into fuel additives: A critical review", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 14, 987–1000, 2010.
  • Cornejo, A., Barrio, I., Campoy, M., Lázaro, J., Navarrete, B., "Oxygenated fuel additives from glycerol valorization. main production pathways and effects on fuel properties and engine performance: A critical review", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79, 1400-1413, 2017.
  • Serafim, H., Fonseca, I. M., Ramos, A. M., Vital, J., Castanheiro, J. E., "Valorization of glycerol into fuel additives over zeolites as catalysts", Chemical engineering journal, 178, 291-296, 2011.
  • Karinen, R. S., Krause, A. O. I., "New biocomponents from glycerol", Appl. Catal. A Gen., 306, 128–133, 2006.
  • Klepáþová, K., Mravec, D., Hajekova, E., Bajus, M., "Etherification of glycerol", Pet. Coal, 45, 1-2, 2003.
  • Klepáčová, K., Mravec, D., Bajus, M., "tert-Butylation of glycerol catalysed by ion-exchange resins", Appl. Catal. A Gen., 294, 141–147, 2005.
  • González, M. D., Cesteros, Y., Llorca, J., Salagre, P., "Boosted selectivity toward high glycerol tertiary butyl ethers by microwave-assisted sulfonic acid-functionalization of SBA-15 and beta zeolite", Journal of catalysis, 290, 202-209, 2012.
  • Ozbay, N., Oktar, N., Dogu, G., Dogu, T.," Conversion of Biodiesel By-Product Glycerol to Fuel Ethers over Different Solid Acid Catalysts", Int. J. Chem. React. Eng., 8, 2010.
  • Beatrice, C., Di Blasio, G., Lazzaro, M., Cannilla, C., Bonura, G., Frusteri, F., Asdrubali, F., Baldinelli, G., Presciutti, A.,Fantozzi, F., Bidini, G., "Technologies for energetic exploitation of biodiesel chain derived glycerol: Oxy-fuels production by catalytic conversion", Applied energy, 102, 63-71, 2013.
  • Beatrice, C., Di Blasio, G., Guido, C., Cannilla, C., Bonura, G., Frusteri, F., "Mixture of glycerol ethers as diesel bio-derivable oxy-fuel: Impact on combustion and emissions of an automotive engine combustion system", Appl. Energy, 132, 236–247, 2014.
  • Çakmak, A., Özcan, H., "Benzin için oksijenli yakıt katkıları", Politeknik Dergisi, 21, 831–840, 2018.
  • Chang, J.-S., Chen, D.H., "Optimization on the etherification of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol", J. Taiwan Inst. Chem., Eng., 42, 760–767, 2011.
  • Frusteri, F., Arena, F., Bonura, G., Cannilla, C., Spadaro, L., Di Blasi, O., "Catalytic etherification of glycerol by tert-butyl alcohol to produce oxygenated additives for diesel fuel", Appl. Catal. A Gen., 367, 77–83, 2009.
  • Kiatkittipong, W., Intaracharoen, P., Laosiripojana, N., Chaisuk, C., Praserthdam, P., Assabumrungrat, S., "Glycerol ethers synthesis from glycerol etherification with tert-butyl alcohol in reactive distillation", Comput. Chem. Eng., 35, 2034–2043, 2011.
  • Klepáčová, K., Mravec, D., Bajus, M., "Etherification of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol catalysed by ion-exchange resins", Chem. Pap., 60, 224–230, 2006.
  • Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, P., Yang, B., "On the kinetics of multiphase etherification of glycerol with isobutene", Chemical Engineering Journal, 375, 122037, 2019.
  • Ozbay, N., Oktar, N., Dogu, G., "Dogu, T. Effects of Sorption Enhancement and Isobutene Formation on Etherification of Glycerol with tert -Butyl Alcohol in a Flow Reactor", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51, 8788–8795, 2012.
  • Ozbay, N., Oktar, N., Dogu, G., Dogu, T., "Activity Comparison of Different Solid Acid Catalysts in Etherification of Glycerol with tert-Butyl Alcohol in Flow and Batch Reactors", Top. Catal., 56, 1790–1803, 2013.
  • Bozkurt, Ö. D., Bağlar, N., Çelebi, S., Uzun, A., "Assessment of acid strength in sodium-exchanged resin catalysts: Consequences on glycerol etherification with isobutene in batch and flow reactors", Molecular Catalysis, 466, 1-12, 2019.
  • Paula M. Veiga, Cláudia O. Veloso, Ayres G. Dias, C. A. H., "Identification of Ethyl and t-Butyl Glyceryl Ethers Using Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry", J. Brazilian Chem. Soc,. 29, 1328–1335, 2018.
  • Viswanadham, N., Saxena, S. K., "Etherification of glycerol for improved production of oxygenates", Fuel, 103, 980–986, 2013.
  • Frusteri, F., Cannilla, C., Bonura, G., Spadaro, L., Mezzapica, A., Beatrice, C., Di Blasio, G., Guido, C., "Glycerol Ethers Production and Engine Performance with Diesel/Ethers Blend", Top. Catal., 56, 378–383, 2013.
  • Beatrice, C., Di Blasio, G., Lazzaro, M., Mancaruso, E., Marialto, R., Sequino, L., Vaglieco, B. M., "Investigation of the combustion in both metal and optical diesel engines using high-glycerol ethers/diesel blends", Int. J. Engine Res., 16, 38–51, 2015.
  • Özbay, N., "Gliserin Eterlerinin Sentezi ve Reaksiyon Kinetiğinin İncelenmesi", Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 54, Ankara., 2013.
  • Vlad, E., Bildea, C. S., Bozga, G., "Design and Control of Glycerol-tert-Butyl Alcohol Etherification Process", Sci. World J., 2012, 2012.
  • Spooner-Wyman, J. K., Appleby, D. B., Yost, D. M., "Evaluation of Di-Butoxy Glycerol (DBG) for Use As a Diesel Fuel Blend Component", SAE Tech. Pap., No. 2003-0, 2003.
  • Gülüm, M., Bilgin, A., Çakmak, A., "Comparison of optimum reaction parameters of corn oil biodiesels produced by using sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) and potassium hydroxide ( KOH )", J. Fac. Eng. Archit. Gazi Univ., 30, 503–511, 2015.
  • Yilmaz, N., Atmanli, A., Vigil, F. M., "Quaternary blends of diesel, biodiesel, higher alcohols and vegetable oil in a compression ignition engine", Fuel, 212, 462–469, 2018.
  • Emiroğlu, A. O., Şen, M., "Combustion, performance and exhaust emission characterizations of a diesel engine operating with a ternary blend (alcohol-biodiesel-diesel fuel)", Appl. Therm. Eng., 133, 371–380, 2018.
  • Özcan, H., Çakmak, A., "Comparative exergy analysis of oxygenated fuel additives in a spark-ignition (SI) engine", Int. J. Automot. Eng. Technol., 7, 124–133, 2018.
  • Atmanli, A., Ileri, E., Yilmaz, N., "Optimization of diesel-butanol-vegetable oil blend ratios based on engine operating parameters", Energy 96, 569–580, 2016.
  • Kaul, S., Behera, B., Negi, M. S., Porwal, J., Kanojia, P., Tripathi, D., Gupta, P., Bangwal, D., "Efficacy of a bio-additive on the exhaust emissions of petrodiesel", Biomass Convers. Biorefinery, 5, 387–395, 2015.
  • Heywood, J. B., "Internal combustion engine fundamentals", McGraw Hill International Editions, 1988.
  • Behçet, R., Çakmak, A., The Effects on Engine Performance And Emissions of Fish Oil Methyl Ester Blends Used As Fuel in A Diesel Engine", 6th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS’11), 16-18 May 2011, Elazığ, Turkey 161–165, 2011.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Makine Mühendisliği
Bölüm Article
Yazarlar

Abdülvahap Çakmak 0000-0003-1434-6697

Hakan Özcan 0000-0002-7848-3650

Proje Numarası PYO.MUH.1904.19.016
Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakmak, A., & Özcan, H. (2020). Evaluation of glycerol tert-butyl ethers as renewable fuel additive. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 9(2), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.655168
AMA Çakmak A, Özcan H. Evaluation of glycerol tert-butyl ethers as renewable fuel additive. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. Haziran 2020;9(2):66-75. doi:10.18245/ijaet.655168
Chicago Çakmak, Abdülvahap, ve Hakan Özcan. “Evaluation of Glycerol Tert-Butyl Ethers As Renewable Fuel Additive”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 9, sy. 2 (Haziran 2020): 66-75. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.655168.
EndNote Çakmak A, Özcan H (01 Haziran 2020) Evaluation of glycerol tert-butyl ethers as renewable fuel additive. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 9 2 66–75.
IEEE A. Çakmak ve H. Özcan, “Evaluation of glycerol tert-butyl ethers as renewable fuel additive”, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, c. 9, sy. 2, ss. 66–75, 2020, doi: 10.18245/ijaet.655168.
ISNAD Çakmak, Abdülvahap - Özcan, Hakan. “Evaluation of Glycerol Tert-Butyl Ethers As Renewable Fuel Additive”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 9/2 (Haziran 2020), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.655168.
JAMA Çakmak A, Özcan H. Evaluation of glycerol tert-butyl ethers as renewable fuel additive. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2020;9:66–75.
MLA Çakmak, Abdülvahap ve Hakan Özcan. “Evaluation of Glycerol Tert-Butyl Ethers As Renewable Fuel Additive”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, c. 9, sy. 2, 2020, ss. 66-75, doi:10.18245/ijaet.655168.
Vancouver Çakmak A, Özcan H. Evaluation of glycerol tert-butyl ethers as renewable fuel additive. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2020;9(2):66-75.

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