Uses of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and Vaccines and Social Effects

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 143 - 151, 29.04.2022

Aybüke Okay Semra Soydam Aydın , Levent Akın

https://doi.org/10.47493/abantmedj.977792

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Human Papilloma Virus (IPV/HPV) is a DNA virus belonging to the papillomavirus family that infects basal epithelial cells on skin and mucosal surfaces. HPV is the cause of cancers of the anus, penis, vulva, vagina and oropharynx as well as cervical (cervix) cancer. It has been understood that HPV virus can be seen at almost any age, regardless of sociocultural and economic parameters. In addition, although there are no symptoms for a long time in infected people, the life cycle of the virus in the body can continue and may cause cancer development in the long term. It has been proven that generating neutralizing antibodies against HPV capsid proteins can be achieved through an effective prophylactic vaccine production strategy against infection. There are three types of HPV vaccines: bivalent (2vHPV), quadrivalent (4vHPV), and nanovalent (9vHPV). The bivalent HPV vaccine (2vHPV) contains VLPs 16 and 18, the most oncogenic HPV types responsible for approximately 71% of cervical cancers. Quadrivalan HPV (4vHPV) includes VLPs 16 and 18, along with VLPs 6 and 11, which are responsible for approximately 90% of genital warts. In addition to the quadrivalent HPV (4vHPV) content, the nanonovalan (9vHPV) vaccines also contain the HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 VLPs that are frequently detected in cervical cancer. Prophylactic HPV vaccines are known to be immunogenic and effective against targeted types of HPV infections and type-specific genital lesions, including high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), when administered prior to HPV infection. In this review study, the basic mechanism of the HPV virus, the types of vaccines administered, its global use, and its social effects after vaccination are discussed.

Keywords

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Immunity, Vaccine, Social Impact

İnsan Papilloma Virüsü (HPV) ve Aşılarının Kullanımı Sonrası Toplumsal Etkileri

Abstract

İnsan Papilloma Virüsü (IPV/HPV) deri ve mukozal yüzeylerdeki bazal epitelyal hücreleri enfekte eden papillomavirus ailesine mensup bir DNA virüsüdür. HPV, rahim ağzı (serviks) kanserinin yanı sıra anüs, penis, vulva, vajina ve orofarenks kanserlerinin de nedenidir. HPV virüsünün sosyokültürel ve ekonomik parametrelerden bağımsız olarak hemen her yaşta görülebileceği anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca enfekte olan kişilerde uzun süre herhangi bir belirti olmasa da virüsün vücuttaki yaşam döngüsü devam edebilmektedir ve uzun vadede kanser gelişimine neden olabilmektedir. HPV kapsid proteinlerine karşı nötralize edici antikorlar üretmenin, enfeksiyona karşı etkili bir profilaktik aşı üretim stratejisi sayesinde gerçekleşebildiği kanıtlanmıştır. Bivalan (2vHPV), quadrivalan (4vHPV) ve nanovalan (9vHPV) olmak üzere üç tip HPV aşısı bulunmaktadır. Bivalan HPV aşısı (2vHPV), servikal kanserlerin yaklaşık %71'inden sorumlu olan en onkojenik HPV tipleri olan 16 ve 18 VLP'leri içermektedir. Quadrivalan HPV (4vHPV) ise, genital siğillerin yaklaşık %90'ından sorumlu olan 6 ve 11'deki VLP'ler ile birlikte 16 ve 18 VLP'leri de içermektedir. Nanovalan (9vHPV) aşıları ise, quadrivalan HPV (4vHPV) içeriğine ek olarak rahim ağzı kanserinde sık sık tespit edilen HPV tipleri 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 VLP'leri de içermektedir. Profilaktik HPV aşılarının immünojenik olduğuna ve HPV enfeksiyonundan önce uygulandıklarında yüksek dereceli servikal intraepitelyal neoplazi (CIN) dahil olmak üzere hedeflenen tipte HPV enfeksiyonlarına ve tipe özgü genital lezyonlara karşı etkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında özellikle, HPV virüsünün temel mekanizması, uygulanan aşı tipleri, küresel kullanımı ve aşılama sonrasında görülen toplumsal etkileri ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

İnsan Papilloma Virüsü (HPV), Bağışıklık, Aşı, Toplumsal Etki

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