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Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the intensive care unit: indications, complications, and bronchoscopic culture results

Year 2026, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 1 - 6, 06.01.2026

Abstract

Aims: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB), although generally considered safe, can lead to significant complications, particularly in critically ill patients. This study aimed to evaluate the indications, complications, and bronchoscopic culture results of FOB in patients monitored in the intensive care unit (ICU).
Methods: FOBs performed in the respiratory ICU between December 2021 and July 2024 were evaluated. The indications for FOB, complication rates, and bronchoscopic culture results were analyzed. The relationship between culture growth and inflammatory markers was also assessed.
Results: In this study, a total of 454 FOB procedures were performed on 234 patients hospitalized in the ICU. The most common indication for FOB was secretion clearance, accounting for 41.9% of cases. The most frequent procedure-related complications were transient hypoxemia (9%) and minor bleeding (7%). The growth rate in bronchoscopic cultures was determined as 53.2%, while Acinetobacter spp. (11.2%), Pseudomonas spp. (7.3%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.6%) were detected as resistant bacteria. Additionally, a weak but statistically significant correlation was found between CRP levels and bronchoscopic culture growth (p=0.040).
Conclusion: FOB is a safely applicable and valuable diagnostic tool in infection management in the ICU. Bronchoscopic cultures can guide targeted antibiotic therapy. However, these findings need to be supported by large-scale studies.

References

  • Ergan B, Nava S. The use of bronchoscopy in critically ill patients: considerations and complications. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2018;12(8):651- 663. doi:10.1080/17476348.2018.1494576
  • Du Rand IA, Blaikley J, Booton R, et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy in adults: accredited by NICE. Thorax. 2013;68 Suppl 1:i1-i44. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203618
  • Facciolongo N, Patelli M, Gasparini S, et al. Incidence of complications in bronchoscopy. Multicentre prospective study of 20,986 bronchoscopies. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2009;71(1):8-14. doi:10.4081/monaldi.2009.370
  • Kabadayı S, Bellamy MC. Bronchoscopy in critical care. BJA Educat. 2017;17(2):48-56. doi: 10.1093/bjaed/mkw040
  • Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, et al. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(3):318-327. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30753-3
  • Kaya AG, Öz M, Dilegelen U, et al. Is flexible bronchoscopy a safe procedure for critical care patients wıth respiratory failure? Acta Clin Croat. 2023;62(2):291-299. doi:10.20471/acc.2023.62.02.06
  • Cracco C, Fartoukh M, Prodanovic H, et al. Safety of performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy in critically ill hypoxemic patients with acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(1):45-52. doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2687-
  • Bernasconi M, Koegelenberg CFN, Koutsokera A, et al. Iatrogenic bleeding during flexible bronchoscopy: risk factors, prophylactic measures and management. ERJ Open Res. 2017;3(2):00084-2016. doi:10. 1183/23120541.00084-2016
  • Ergan B, Nava S. The use of bronchoscopy in critically ill patients: considerations and complications. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2018;12(8):651- 663. doi:10.1080/17476348.2018.1494576
  • Nair GB, Niederman MS. Updates on community acquired pneumonia management in the ICU. Pharmacol Ther. 2021;217:107663. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107663
  • Bjarnason A, Westin J, Lindh M, et al. Incidence, etiology, and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(2):ofy010. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy010
  • Gupta R, Malik A, Rizvi M, Ahmed SM. Incidence of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas spp. in ICU patients with special reference to ESBL, AMPC, MBL and biofilm production. J Glob Infect Dis. 2016;8(1):25-31. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.176142
  • Folic MM, Djordjevic Z, Folic N, Radojevic MZ, Jankovic SM. Epidemiology and risk factors for healthcare-associated infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Chemother. 2021;33(5):294-301. doi:10.1080/1120009X.2020.1823679
  • Recio R, Mancheño M, Viedma E, et al. Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and impact of antimicrobial resistance and bacterial virulence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(2):e01759-19. doi:10.1128/AAC.01759-19
  • Pogue JM, Zhou Y, Kanakamedala H, Cai B. Burden of illness in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections in US hospitals between 2014 and 2019. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):36. doi:10. 1186/s12879-021-07024-4
  • Effah CY, Sun T, Liu S, Wu Y. Klebsiella pneumoniae: an increasing threat to public health. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2020;19(1):1. doi:10.1186/s12941-019-0343-8

Yoğun bakım ünitesinde fiberoptik bronkoskopi: endikasyonlar, komplikasyonlar ve bronkoskopik kültür sonuçları

Year 2026, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 1 - 6, 06.01.2026

Abstract

Amaç: Fiberoptik bronkoskopi (FOB), genellikle güvenli kabul edilmekle birlikte, özellikle kritik hastalarda anlamlı komplikasyonlara yol açabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yoğun bakım ünitesinde (YBÜ) izlenen hastalarda FOB endikasyonlarını, komplikasyonlarını ve bronkoskopik kültür sonuçlarını değerlendirmektir.
Yöntemler: Aralık 2021 ile Temmuz 2024 tarihleri arasında solunum yoğun bakım ünitesinde gerçekleştirilen FOB işlemleri retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. FOB endikasyonları, komplikasyon oranları ve bronkoskopik kültür sonuçları analiz edildi. Ayrıca kültür üremesi ile inflamatuvar belirteçler arasındaki ilişki incelendi.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya, YBÜ’de yatan 234 hastada gerçekleştirilen toplam 454 FOB işlemi dahil edildi. FOB’un en sık endikasyonu sekresyon temizliği olup, olguların %41,9’unu oluşturdu. İşleme bağlı en sık komplikasyonlar geçici hipoksemi (%9) ve minör kanama (%7) olarak saptandı. Bronkoskopik kültürlerde üreme oranı %53,2 bulundu. Dirençli bakteriler arasında Acinetobacter spp. (%11,2), Pseudomonas spp. (%7,3) ve Klebsiella pneumoniae (%12,6) tespit edildi. Ayrıca CRP düzeyleri ile bronkoskopik kültür üremesi arasında zayıf ancak istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir korelasyon saptandı (p=0,040).
Sonuç: FOB, yoğun bakım ünitesinde güvenle uygulanabilen ve enfeksiyon yönetiminde değerli bir tanı yöntemidir. Bronkoskopik kültürler, hedefe yönelik antibiyotik tedavisini yönlendirebilir. Bununla birlikte, elde edilen bulguların geniş ölçekli çalışmalarla desteklenmesi gerekmektedir.

References

  • Ergan B, Nava S. The use of bronchoscopy in critically ill patients: considerations and complications. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2018;12(8):651- 663. doi:10.1080/17476348.2018.1494576
  • Du Rand IA, Blaikley J, Booton R, et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy in adults: accredited by NICE. Thorax. 2013;68 Suppl 1:i1-i44. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203618
  • Facciolongo N, Patelli M, Gasparini S, et al. Incidence of complications in bronchoscopy. Multicentre prospective study of 20,986 bronchoscopies. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2009;71(1):8-14. doi:10.4081/monaldi.2009.370
  • Kabadayı S, Bellamy MC. Bronchoscopy in critical care. BJA Educat. 2017;17(2):48-56. doi: 10.1093/bjaed/mkw040
  • Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, et al. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(3):318-327. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30753-3
  • Kaya AG, Öz M, Dilegelen U, et al. Is flexible bronchoscopy a safe procedure for critical care patients wıth respiratory failure? Acta Clin Croat. 2023;62(2):291-299. doi:10.20471/acc.2023.62.02.06
  • Cracco C, Fartoukh M, Prodanovic H, et al. Safety of performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy in critically ill hypoxemic patients with acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(1):45-52. doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2687-
  • Bernasconi M, Koegelenberg CFN, Koutsokera A, et al. Iatrogenic bleeding during flexible bronchoscopy: risk factors, prophylactic measures and management. ERJ Open Res. 2017;3(2):00084-2016. doi:10. 1183/23120541.00084-2016
  • Ergan B, Nava S. The use of bronchoscopy in critically ill patients: considerations and complications. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2018;12(8):651- 663. doi:10.1080/17476348.2018.1494576
  • Nair GB, Niederman MS. Updates on community acquired pneumonia management in the ICU. Pharmacol Ther. 2021;217:107663. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107663
  • Bjarnason A, Westin J, Lindh M, et al. Incidence, etiology, and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(2):ofy010. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy010
  • Gupta R, Malik A, Rizvi M, Ahmed SM. Incidence of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas spp. in ICU patients with special reference to ESBL, AMPC, MBL and biofilm production. J Glob Infect Dis. 2016;8(1):25-31. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.176142
  • Folic MM, Djordjevic Z, Folic N, Radojevic MZ, Jankovic SM. Epidemiology and risk factors for healthcare-associated infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Chemother. 2021;33(5):294-301. doi:10.1080/1120009X.2020.1823679
  • Recio R, Mancheño M, Viedma E, et al. Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and impact of antimicrobial resistance and bacterial virulence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(2):e01759-19. doi:10.1128/AAC.01759-19
  • Pogue JM, Zhou Y, Kanakamedala H, Cai B. Burden of illness in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections in US hospitals between 2014 and 2019. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):36. doi:10. 1186/s12879-021-07024-4
  • Effah CY, Sun T, Liu S, Wu Y. Klebsiella pneumoniae: an increasing threat to public health. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2020;19(1):1. doi:10.1186/s12941-019-0343-8
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Chest Diseases, Intensive Care
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Maşide Arı 0000-0002-5078-3176

Murat Yıldız 0000-0002-9625-9994

Tarkan Özdemir 0009-0005-8718-5208

Deniz Çelik 0000-0003-4634-205X

Oral Menteş 0000-0003-3599-2719

Eray Çınar 0000-0002-4564-6097

Eren Usul 0000-0003-3980-6768

Hasan İbiş 0000-0001-5580-4741

Ömer Faruk Tüten 0009-0001-5908-4670

Submission Date September 6, 2025
Acceptance Date October 30, 2025
Publication Date January 6, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Arı M, Yıldız M, Özdemir T, et al. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the intensive care unit: indications, complications, and bronchoscopic culture results. Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj. January 2026;8(1):1-6.

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