Research Article
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Parental health literacy and sociodemographic determinants: a cross-sectional analysis

Year 2026, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 49 - 54, 06.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1821160

Abstract

Aims: This study aimed to determine the levels of health literacy among parents living in eastern Turkiye and to identify the sociodemographic factors influencing these levels. In particular, the relationships between variables such as education, income, and number of children, and parents’ health service utilization behaviors were evaluated.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between July and October 2025 at the Pediatric Outpatient Clinic of Malatya Training and Research Hospital. A total of 410 parents were included. Data were collected using a Sociodemographic Information Form and the Turkish Health Literacy Scale (TSOY-32). Analyses were performed with SPSS version 29.0. Group comparisons were made using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests, correlations were evaluated by Spearman’s rank correlation, and predictors were identified through multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 34.2±7.8 years, and 90.5% were female. The mean TSOY-32 score was 35.7±8.1. Based on classification, 19.3% of parents had “inadequate,” 28.0% had “problematic,” 35.9% had “sufficient,” and 16.8% had “excellent” levels of health literacy. Education level (r=0.48; p<0.001) and income level (r=0.37; p<0.001) were positively correlated with health literacy, whereas number of children showed a negative correlation (r=-0.21; p=0.006). In logistic regression analysis, low education (OR=2.41; 95% CI=1.58-3.65; p<0.001) and low income (OR=1.89; 95% CI=1.21-2.97; p=0.004) were identified as independent risk factors.
Conclusion: Approximately half of the parents exhibited inadequate or limited health literacy levels. Education and income were the strongest determinants of health literacy. These findings highlight the need to expand targeted health literacy interventions for populations with low socioeconomic status.

Ethical Statement

The study was approved by the Malatya Turgut Özal University Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Decision No: 2025/127; Date: 15 March 2025).

Supporting Institution

None.

Thanks

Acknowledgments: The authors thank all participating parents and the staff of the Pediatric Outpatient Clinic of Malatya Training and Research Hospital for their valuable cooperation.

References

  • Sørensen K, Van den Broucke S, Pelikan JM, et al. Measuring health literacy in populations: illuminating the design and development process of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q). BMC Public Health. 2013;13:948. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-948
  • Kickbusch I, Pelikan JM, Apfel F, Tsouros AD (eds). Health literacy: the solid facts. copenhagen: world health organization regional office for Europe; 2013. ISBN 9789289004641
  • Rudd RE. The evolving concept of health literacy. J Health Commun. 2021;26(3):160-167. doi:10.1080/10810730.2021.1907452.
  • Berkman ND, Sheridan SL, Donahue KE, et al. Low health literacy and health outcomes: an updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(2):97-107. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005
  • Paasche-Orlow MK, Wolf MS. The causal pathways linking health literacy to health outcomes. Am J Health Behav. 2007;31:19-S26. doi:10. 5555/ajhb.2007.31.supp.S19.
  • Joffe A, Ladas EJ. Health literacy and pediatric cancer: a call for action. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):349-351. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642 (20)30090-3
  • Schaeffer D, Berens EM, Vogt D, Hurrelmann K. Health literacy in Germany-results of a representative survey. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2022;119 (1-2):13-19. doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0004
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Health literacy development for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Geneva: WHO; 2022.
  • Okyay P, Abacıgil F. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği (TSOY-32) Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Ankara: Sağlık-Sen Yayınları; 2016.
  • Yılmaz M, Sezer T, Kalkan S. The relationship between health literacy and health service utilization among parents in Turkey. Int J Nurs Pract. 2021;27(5):e12937. doi:10.1111/ijn.12937
  • Aydın D, Yalçınkaya M, Gül E. The role of parental health literacy in antibiotic use among children. J Pediatr Infect Dis. 2022;17(1):1-7. doi:10. 1055/s-0041-1730945
  • Uysal N, Cevik C, Çelik R, et al. Determinants of health literacy among mothers with children under 5 years old: a cross-sectional study from Turkey. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23:411. doi:10.1186/s12887-023-04253-8
  • Güner P, Çınar S, Arslan GG. Health literacy level and influencing factors in Turkish society: a community-based study. Public Health Nurs. 2022;39(5):1124-1132. doi:10.1111/phn.13076
  • Erişen MA. Effect of health literacy and patient activation on health-seeking behaviour: a cross-sectional study in Turkey. Health Expect. 2024;27(5):e70052. doi:10.1111/hex.70052
  • Facing rural digital health literacy study group. facing rural digital health literacy: understanding health literacy and digital healthy diet literacy in rural Turkish women. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1559159. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1559159
  • Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175-191. doi:10.3758/BF031931 46
  • Sezer A, Kadıoğlu H, Yıldırım Y. Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi. 2017;25(2):85-94. doi:10.17672/fnjn.344180
  • Duong TV, Aringazina A, Kayupova G, et al. Measuring health literacy in Asia: validation of the HLS-EU-Q47 in six Asian countries. J Epidemiol. 2017;27(2):80-86. doi:10.1016/j.je.2016.09.005
  • Sørensen K, Levin-Zamir D, Duong TV, et al. Building health literacy system capacity: a framework for health literate systems. Health Promot Int. 2021;36(1):i13–i23. doi:10.1093/heapro/daab153
  • Nutbeam D, McGill B, Premkumar P. Improving health literacy in community populations: a systematic review of intervention studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(7):1451. doi:10.3390/ijerph15071451
  • Vaillancourt R. Health literacy for children and families. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(9):4152-4160. doi:10.1111/bcp.14948
  • Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal. Health Promot Int. 2000;15(3):259-267. doi:10.1093/heapro/15.3.259
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Stratejik Planı 2024-2030. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayınları; 2024
  • Parental Health Literacy and Acute Care Utilization in Pediatrics. Hospital Pediatrics. 2024;14(10):e426-e435. doi:10.1542/hpeds.2023-002 100
  • Zaidman EA, Scott KM, Hahn D, Bennett P, Caldwell PH. Impact of parental health literacy on the health outcomes of children with chronic disease globally: A systematic review. J Paediatr Child Health. 2023; 59(1):12-31. doi:10.1111/jpc.16297
  • Hölgyesi Á, Luczay A, Tóth-Heyn P, et al. the impact of parental electronic health literacy on disease management and outcomes in pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus: cross-sectional clinical study. JMIR Pediatr Parent. 2024;7:e54807. doi:10.2196/54807
  • Sakamoto M, Ishikawa H, Suzuki A. Evaluation of parents' use of a child health care information app and their health literacy: cross-sectional study. JMIR Pediatr Parent. 2024;7:e48478. doi:10.2196/48478
  • Sakamoto M, Suzuki A, Ishikawa H. Effects of application-based information provision on parents’ health literacy. J Health Commun. 2025;30(1):112-120. doi:10.1080/10810730.2025.2001123

ChatGPT: “Ebeveyn sağlık okuryazarlığı ve sosyodemografik belirleyiciler: kesitsel bir analiz”

Year 2026, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 49 - 54, 06.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1821160

Abstract

Amaç:
Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin doğusunda yaşayan ebeveynlerin sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeylerini belirlemeyi ve bu düzeyleri etkileyen sosyodemografik faktörleri tanımlamayı amaçlamıştır. Özellikle eğitim, gelir ve çocuk sayısı gibi değişkenlerle ebeveynlerin sağlık hizmeti kullanım davranışları arasındaki ilişkiler değerlendirilmiştir.

Gereç ve Yöntem:
Bu kesitsel çalışma, Temmuz–Ekim 2025 tarihleri arasında Malatya Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Çocuk Polikliniği’nde yürütülmüştür. Toplam 410 ebeveyn çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Veriler, Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu ve Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği (TSOY-32) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Analizler SPSS 29.0 programı ile yapılmıştır. Gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda ANOVA veya Kruskal–Wallis testleri, değişkenler arası ilişkilerde Spearman korelasyon testi, yordayıcı değişkenlerin belirlenmesinde çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular:
Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 34,2 ± 7,8 yıl olup, %90,5’i kadındı. Ortalama TSOY-32 puanı 35,7 ± 8,1 idi. Sınıflandırmaya göre ebeveynlerin %19,3’ü “yetersiz,” %28,0’ı “sorunlu,” %35,9’u “yeterli” ve %16,8’i “mükemmel” düzeyde sağlık okuryazarlığına sahipti. Eğitim düzeyi (r = 0,48; p < 0,001) ve gelir düzeyi (r = 0,37; p < 0,001) sağlık okuryazarlığı ile pozitif, çocuk sayısı ise negatif yönde ilişkili bulundu (r = –0,21; p = 0,006). Lojistik regresyon analizinde düşük eğitim düzeyi (OR = 2,41; %95 GA = 1,58–3,65; p < 0,001) ve düşük gelir düzeyi (OR = 1,89; %95 GA = 1,21–2,97; p = 0,004) bağımsız risk faktörleri olarak saptandı.

Sonuç:
Yaklaşık olarak ebeveynlerin yarısı yetersiz veya sınırlı sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeyine sahiptir. Eğitim ve gelir düzeyleri sağlık okuryazarlığının en güçlü belirleyicileridir. Bu bulgular, düşük sosyoekonomik düzeydeki bireyleri hedefleyen sağlık okuryazarlığı müdahalelerinin genişletilmesi gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Çalışma, Malatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır (Karar No: 2025/127; Tarih: 15 Mart 2025).

Supporting Institution

Yok

Thanks

Yazarlar, çalışmaya katılan tüm ebeveynlere ve Malatya Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Çocuk Polikliniği personeline değerli katkılarından dolayı teşekkür eder.

References

  • Sørensen K, Van den Broucke S, Pelikan JM, et al. Measuring health literacy in populations: illuminating the design and development process of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q). BMC Public Health. 2013;13:948. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-948
  • Kickbusch I, Pelikan JM, Apfel F, Tsouros AD (eds). Health literacy: the solid facts. copenhagen: world health organization regional office for Europe; 2013. ISBN 9789289004641
  • Rudd RE. The evolving concept of health literacy. J Health Commun. 2021;26(3):160-167. doi:10.1080/10810730.2021.1907452.
  • Berkman ND, Sheridan SL, Donahue KE, et al. Low health literacy and health outcomes: an updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(2):97-107. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005
  • Paasche-Orlow MK, Wolf MS. The causal pathways linking health literacy to health outcomes. Am J Health Behav. 2007;31:19-S26. doi:10. 5555/ajhb.2007.31.supp.S19.
  • Joffe A, Ladas EJ. Health literacy and pediatric cancer: a call for action. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):349-351. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642 (20)30090-3
  • Schaeffer D, Berens EM, Vogt D, Hurrelmann K. Health literacy in Germany-results of a representative survey. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2022;119 (1-2):13-19. doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0004
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Health literacy development for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Geneva: WHO; 2022.
  • Okyay P, Abacıgil F. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği (TSOY-32) Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Ankara: Sağlık-Sen Yayınları; 2016.
  • Yılmaz M, Sezer T, Kalkan S. The relationship between health literacy and health service utilization among parents in Turkey. Int J Nurs Pract. 2021;27(5):e12937. doi:10.1111/ijn.12937
  • Aydın D, Yalçınkaya M, Gül E. The role of parental health literacy in antibiotic use among children. J Pediatr Infect Dis. 2022;17(1):1-7. doi:10. 1055/s-0041-1730945
  • Uysal N, Cevik C, Çelik R, et al. Determinants of health literacy among mothers with children under 5 years old: a cross-sectional study from Turkey. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23:411. doi:10.1186/s12887-023-04253-8
  • Güner P, Çınar S, Arslan GG. Health literacy level and influencing factors in Turkish society: a community-based study. Public Health Nurs. 2022;39(5):1124-1132. doi:10.1111/phn.13076
  • Erişen MA. Effect of health literacy and patient activation on health-seeking behaviour: a cross-sectional study in Turkey. Health Expect. 2024;27(5):e70052. doi:10.1111/hex.70052
  • Facing rural digital health literacy study group. facing rural digital health literacy: understanding health literacy and digital healthy diet literacy in rural Turkish women. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1559159. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1559159
  • Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175-191. doi:10.3758/BF031931 46
  • Sezer A, Kadıoğlu H, Yıldırım Y. Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi. 2017;25(2):85-94. doi:10.17672/fnjn.344180
  • Duong TV, Aringazina A, Kayupova G, et al. Measuring health literacy in Asia: validation of the HLS-EU-Q47 in six Asian countries. J Epidemiol. 2017;27(2):80-86. doi:10.1016/j.je.2016.09.005
  • Sørensen K, Levin-Zamir D, Duong TV, et al. Building health literacy system capacity: a framework for health literate systems. Health Promot Int. 2021;36(1):i13–i23. doi:10.1093/heapro/daab153
  • Nutbeam D, McGill B, Premkumar P. Improving health literacy in community populations: a systematic review of intervention studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(7):1451. doi:10.3390/ijerph15071451
  • Vaillancourt R. Health literacy for children and families. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(9):4152-4160. doi:10.1111/bcp.14948
  • Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal. Health Promot Int. 2000;15(3):259-267. doi:10.1093/heapro/15.3.259
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Stratejik Planı 2024-2030. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayınları; 2024
  • Parental Health Literacy and Acute Care Utilization in Pediatrics. Hospital Pediatrics. 2024;14(10):e426-e435. doi:10.1542/hpeds.2023-002 100
  • Zaidman EA, Scott KM, Hahn D, Bennett P, Caldwell PH. Impact of parental health literacy on the health outcomes of children with chronic disease globally: A systematic review. J Paediatr Child Health. 2023; 59(1):12-31. doi:10.1111/jpc.16297
  • Hölgyesi Á, Luczay A, Tóth-Heyn P, et al. the impact of parental electronic health literacy on disease management and outcomes in pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus: cross-sectional clinical study. JMIR Pediatr Parent. 2024;7:e54807. doi:10.2196/54807
  • Sakamoto M, Ishikawa H, Suzuki A. Evaluation of parents' use of a child health care information app and their health literacy: cross-sectional study. JMIR Pediatr Parent. 2024;7:e48478. doi:10.2196/48478
  • Sakamoto M, Suzuki A, Ishikawa H. Effects of application-based information provision on parents’ health literacy. J Health Commun. 2025;30(1):112-120. doi:10.1080/10810730.2025.2001123
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Paediatrics (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Emrullah Arıkanoğlu 0000-0002-8356-6872

Cem Alataş 0000-0002-3981-1383

Abdulgani Gülyüz 0000-0001-5797-9115

Submission Date November 10, 2025
Acceptance Date December 1, 2025
Publication Date January 6, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Arıkanoğlu E, Alataş C, Gülyüz A. Parental health literacy and sociodemographic determinants: a cross-sectional analysis. Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj. January 2026;8(1):49-54. doi:10.38053/acmj.1821160

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